Civil War and Reconstruction

Big Ideas

1. Causes

1. Economic and social differences between North and South

2. States’ rights vs. federal rights3. Slave state vs. free state decision4. Growth of abolitionist movement5. The election of Abraham Lincoln

2. Election of Lincoln

• Final straw for the South• Caused South Carolina to secede

3. Divided House

• A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided.– Lincoln

4. Economic differences

• South: Cotton is King = agricultural economy• North: Industrial economy

5. Advantages/Disadvantages

CIVIL WARADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

NORTH

ADVANTAGESLarger populationMore industryMore resourcesBetter banking systemMore railroad mileageAbraham LincolnMore ships

DISADVANTAGESFaced hostile peopleSouthern territory unfamiliar

CIVIL WARADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

SOUTH

ADVANTAGESStrong popular supportFamiliar territorySuperior military leadership

DISADVANTAGESSmaller populationFew factoriesLess food productionFewer railroad milesFewer shipsJefferson DavisBelief in states’ rights

6. First Modern War

• It was the first war where widespread use of mechanized and electrified devices like railroad trains, aerial observation, telegraph, photography, torpedoes, mines, ironclad ships and rifles occurred.

7. Anaconda Plan

1. Blockade the South2. Split the Confederacy by gaining

control of the Mississippi River3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate

capital

8. Emancipation Proclamation

• Significance: With the Proclamation, there could no longer be a compromise. One side had to win

9. American Life

• War led to dislocation of society on an unprecedented scale– Much of the south was destroyed– More than 90% of eligible men participated– Widespread carnage– Women took over farms and factories

10. Impact of Assassination

• Andrew Johnson became president (void in leadership)

• Unable to control Radical Republicans

11. Radical Republican Plan

• The Radical Republicans passed four Reconstruction Acts in 1868:

• (1) ratify the Fourteenth Amendment• (2) write new state constitutions that

guarantee freedmen the right to vote;• (3) form new governments to be elected by all

male citizens including African Americans.• (4) military: the South was treated as

conquered territory

12. Freedman’s Bureau

• The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees.First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.

13. Impeachment

• Andrew Johnson was impeached because he fired a disloyal member of his cabinet

• (He was not actually removed)

14. Military Rule

• Radical Republicans in control• Punish the south

Key terms

Martial Law

• military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.

Habeas Corpus

• the writ protects an individual against an unlawful arrest.

• May be suspended in times of rebellion or unrest

Attrition

• Type of warfare in which the military attempts to wear down its enemies until the enemy is defeated

Crittenden’s Compromise

• an unsuccessful proposal introduced by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden . It aimed to resolve the U.S. secession crisis by addressing the grievances that led the south to secede.

Jefferson Davis

• President of the Confederate States of America

Confederacy

• Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Tennesse, Louisiana, and Mississippi

Fort Sumter

• Began the civil war

Robert E Lee

• Leader of the Confederate forces

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th president of the US: President during the civil war

Blockade Runners

• seafaring steam ships that were used to make their way through the Union blockade that extended some 3,500 miles along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines and the lower Mississippi River

Siege

• a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

Mandate

• the authority to do something

“Stonewall” Jackson

• Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate general

• At Chancellorsville ______ again flanked the Union army but was mortally wounded by his own troops.

U.S. Grant

• Union general who got the nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant

Emancipation Proclamation

• declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.“

• Key: only set slaves free in rebelling states

William Tecumseh Sherman

• He undertook the Atlanta Campaign. He burned Atlanta and continued on his famous march to the sea

13th Amendment

• Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

• addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

15th Amendment

• prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Amnesty

• an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses

Pocket Veto

• President indirectly denies the passage of a bill by waiting until it is too late to be signed

Black Codes

• Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom.

Carpetbaggers

• a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction.

Scalawags

• a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit

Sharecroppers

• A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land

Reconstruction

• The period after the Civil War in which the states formerly part of the Confederacy were brought back into the United States.

Radical Republicans

• Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

Freedman’s Bureau

• Temporary agency that aimed to help the freed slaves

Compromise of 1877

• Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.