TEST #3 NotesCivil War and Reconstruction

VUS.6-7

Economic and Political Differences of the North and SouthNorthern economy was based on the developing

industry The north supported tariffs to protect their growing

industryThe dominant economic and social class comprised :

merchants manufacturers bankers, and professionals

Southern economy was based on plantation farming and slave labor—cottonThe agricultural south opposed tariffs that raised the

prices on imports

Debate over the extension of slaveryBefore the Civil War, a debate existed on

whether or not slavery should extend westward or stay isolated in the south

The Northwest Ordinance (1781) helped slavery extend westward—new states below the Ohio River could become slave states

The demand for cotton solidified the need for slavery to keep up with the demand for cottonWhitney’s cotton gin had made cotton cheapIndustrial revolution was churning out lots of

cotton textiles

Debate over States’ RightsAnother debate looming over the nation on

the eve of the Civil War was the rights belonging to the statesMany states still wanted to have more power

over federal decisionsMany states disliked the power of the federal

governmentThese debates will eventually come to a head

in South Carolina in the 1830s—the Nullification of South Carolina

Nullification of South CarolinaControversy over states’ rights1820s : Pres. Jackson came up with tariffs on all foreign

goodsThe tariffs were designed to protect America’s fledgling

industryThe South did not like the tariffs because the south relied

heavily on imported goodsJohn C. Calhoun—a southern complainer who believed

in old idea set forth in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)An idea that stated that states do not have to follow

federal law if the states believed the federal government was exceeding its powers under the Constitution

Nullification of South Carolina1832: Congress passed another series of high tariffs on

European goodsPoliticians in South Carolina became very upsetThe South Carolinian politicians nullified the tariffs

They refused to follow the federal law saying the state had to pay the tariffs

South Carolina also threatened to secede (leave the Union) if they were forced to pay

Dec. 1832: Pres. Jackson was ready to send federal troops into South Carolina to force South Carolina to payWar was avoided when Henry Clay made a compromise between

South Carolina and the JacksonMany southern states still believed they had the right to leave

the Union if the federal government forced states to follow laws the states did not believe in

AbolitionismMany in the US saw slavery as cruel and wanted it

to end—AbolitionistsAbolitionists wanted to completely end slavery in the

United StatesMost abolitionists were in favor of a slow

emancipation so as not to hurt the southern economy

Some others were calling for immediate abolishment of slavery, regardless of the impact on southern agriculture

Many people—both black, white, male, and female became spokespersons for the ending of slavery

AbolitionismWilliam Lloyd GarrisonHe led the Northerners in their movement to end slavery

in the SouthSpoke against slavery in his newspaper The LiberatorHe viewed slavery as a violation of Christian principles He criticized the Constitution because it allowed slaveryHe wanted an immediate end to slaveryHis supporters formed the American Anti-Slavery SocietySoutherners grew alarmed by the growing Anti-Slavery

movement in the north

William Garrison

AbolitionismHarriet Beecher StoweConnecticut woman who wrote Uncle Tom’s

CabinThe book was widely read by people in the

North and SouthThe book looked at the legal, social, and

religious arguments of what many abolitionists were saying

AbolitionismSlave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser

fed white southerners’ fears about slave rebellionsNat Turner—a preacher and slave—led a slave rebellion in

Southampton County, VA His revolt killed 60 whites The revolt was put down, Turner was arrested and executed Many believed Turner’s revolt was created by abolitionist propaganda

Gabriel Prosser was a slave who planned to lead a large revolt in Richmond, VA His plans were leaked, and the revolt never occurred He was hanged

The revolts also led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves

Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated into silence

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

AbolitionismFrederick Douglass:Douglass was a former slave—he escaped

when he was 21 years oldHe became a prominent voice for abolitionDuring the Civil War, Douglass urged

President Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union Army

Frederick Douglass

AbolitionismUnderground RailroadA group of people looking to end slaveryA network of people who helped escaped

slaves on their way to freedom to the North and Canada

The network helped to hide slaves so they could continue their journey northward

Many Underground Railroad members were freed slaves

Dred Scott CaseIn March of 1857, the United States Supreme

Court declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States

Fugitive Slave Act – required slaves who escaped to free states to be forcibly returned to their owners in the South

Dred Scott

Extension of SlaveryAs people moved into the new territories,

many people wanted to create new statesThe question arose on whether these new

states could be free or slaveA series of compromises—and debates—will

erupt on how to settle the arguement

Extension of Slavery1.) Missouri Compromise:Before 1818, there was an equal number of free and slave states

There was equal representation in the Senate (2 for each state)1818: Missouri petitioned to become a slave state

Missouri’s entering as a slave state would throw off the balance of power in the Senate in favor of the slave states

Slave states would have 2 extra SenatorsNortherners were concerned about losing power in the Senate

Northerners told Missouri that they could only enter as a free state This demand by Northerners made Southerners really angry

Eventually a compromise was made: Missouri would enter as a slave state Maine—formerly Northern Massachusetts—would enter as a free state A line was drawn at 36⁰30’ latitude Territories north of the line could become free states Territories south of the line could become slave states More land was giving to the north than to the south

Map of Missouri Compromise

Extension of Slavery2.) Compromise of 1850:By 1850—a balance once again existed between free

and slave states (15 free and 15 slave)California wanted to enter as a free state

This would shift the balance of power in favor of the free states in the Senate (they would have 2 extra senators)

A compromise was created:A.) California would become a free stateB.) the territorial governments in Utah and New

Mexico would let the people decide on the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty)

C.) The slave trade was prohibited in Washington D. C.D.) A new fugitive slave law—allowed federal marshals

to assist slaveholders in capturing runaway slaves

Extension of Slavery3.) Kansas-Nebraska Act:1854: the Kansas-Nebraska Act saw debate in CongressThe bill was pushed through Congress by Stephen

Douglas of IllinoisDouglas wanted to see the territory west of Missouri and

Iowa open for settlementHe wanted the people in the new territory to be able to

decide the issue of slavery for themselves—popular sovereignty

1854: The K-N Act passed, but with lots of debateA.) the Nebraska territory was divided into 2 separate

territories—Kansas and NebraskaB.) repealed the prohibition of slavery north of the

Missouri Compromise line(36⁰30’)—this would allow slavery to spread further to the North

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Extension of Slavery4.) Formation of the Republican Party:Many anti-slavery politicians did not like the

Kansas-Nebraska Act because of its disregard for the Missouri Compromise

1854: These politicians broke away and formed the Republican PartyThe Republican Party favored Northern Interests

Problems surrounding the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party will come to a boil in Kansas

The Republican party wanted the area in the North to be Free Soil

Extension of Slavery5.) Bloody Kansas--John Brown(in Kansas

and VA):Pro and anti-slavery forces went to war with

each other in Kansas in 1854The root of the problem was whether Kansas

should enter as a free state or slave stateIn 1855, John Brown came to Kansas to help fight

slaveryIn 1859, John Brown led 21 men on an attack of

the federal arsenal @ Harpers Ferry, VABrown was trying to create a slave rebellion

He was unsuccessful in his attempt, but the south was afraid of future slave uprisings

Tragic Prelude by John Steuart Curry, illustrating John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas

Extension of Slavery6.) Lincoln-Douglas Debates1858: Abraham Lincoln was running against Stephen

Douglas for an Illinois Senate SeatDouglas (Democrat) believed in popular sovereignty—let

the people decide the issue of slaveryLincoln (Republican) opposed the spread of slavery into

new states—keep slavery where it is and do not let it spread Lincoln did not want slavery to extend into the new territories Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

The nation could not continue half-free, half-slave. The issue must be resolved.

Douglas won the Senate seat by a narrow margin over Lincoln

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Women’s Suffrage MovementWhile the ideas of abolitionism grew, so did the

movement to give women equal rightsSeneca Falls Declaration

Modeled after the Declaration of IndependenceCalled for more equality of women in the US

Elizabeth Cady StantonPrinciple author of the Seneca Falls Declaration An abolitionistsCalled for more equality for women

Susan B. AnthonyShe pushed for women’s suffrage in the United States

both before and after the Civil War

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

Causes of the American Civil WarSectional disagreements and debates over tariffs,

extension of slavery into the territories, and the nature of the Union (states’ rights)

Northern abolitionists versus Southern defenders of slavery

United States Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case

Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850sA series of failed compromises over the expansion of

slavery in the territories

Secession of the SouthSeveral factors contributed to many southern states

seceding from the Union1.) Election of 1860:

The presidential election in 1860 was the catalyst for southern secession

Abraham Lincoln was elected president with only 40% of the popular vote

Many in the south did not want Lincoln (Republican) because he had the same ideas as many in the North

After the election, South Carolina secededOther states soon followed—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,

Georgia, Louisiana, TexasThese seceded states formed their own nation—the

Confederacy

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Secession of the South2.) Fort Sumter:The opening confrontation of the Civil WarThe fort was located in Charlestown, SCThe Confederacy wanted the fort to drive

Union troops out of the SouthVirginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and

Tennessee seceded and joined the ConfederacyThe bloody Civil War had officially began

Union Advantages1.) More resources

More $ to finance the war effort2.) More industry

Most factories were in the north These factories could produce what the union needed

Uniforms, weapons, shoes, ammunition, etc. Most rail lines were located in the north

3.) Larger population North—22 million South—9 million

4.) Union was able to keep many border states from seceding5.) Union had the support of many in the South who were against

secession Many in SW Virginia, Eastern Tennessee, and Western NC did not

support secession

Confederate Advantages1.) Generals were better trained

Many had fought against Mexico in the Mexican-American War

Gained leadership and military experience2.) Soldiers were more experienced with

horses, guns, and the terrainMost were farmers with their own horses and

gunsMost of the fighting occurred in the south

3.) Soldiers were defending their homes and land

Key Leaders and their rolesAbraham Lincoln:

President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary

Jefferson Davis: U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of

AmericaUlysses S. Grant:

Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed

Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed

secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox

Frederick Douglass: Former enslaved African American who became a prominent

abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union army

Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant

Robert E. Lee

Major Events of the Civil War1.) Battle of Antietam—Emancipation Proclamation:The Confederacy lost the battle @ AntietamSept. 22, 1862: Pres. Lincoln issued the Emancipation

Proclamation after the battle @ AntietamThe document freed slaves located in the “rebelling” states

(Confederate states)The document made the abolition of slavery a Northern war

aimIt also was issued to discourage any interference of foreign

governments in the Civil WarThe document also allowed for the enlistment of African

American soldiers into the Union ArmyEmancipation Proclamation

Major Events of the Civil War2.) Gettysburg :Confederate General Robert E. Lee attempt to attack

the North at GettysburgLee’s advance into Pennsylvania was unsuccessfulThe Confederate Army was forced to retreat back to

the SouthThe battle had the highest number of casualties of any

battleThe Confederate Army lost roughly 28,000 men

This battle has been called the Turning Point of the warFrom this battle on, the South was on the run and

retreating from the Union Army

Major Events of the Civil War3.) Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address:Lincoln gave the speech at the cemetery for those who

had died in the Battle of Gettysburg on Nov. 19, 1863Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to

preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”

Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign statesSoutherners believed that states had freely joined the

Union and could freely leave.

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bM9geY0do

Major Events of the Civil War4.) Appomattox:Battle where the Civil War ended in 1865The Confederacy (army of N. VA led by Lee)

surrendered to Grant (Union)The Union (North) had won the war

The surrender occurred at Appomattox Court HouseGrant structured the treaty settlements as not to be

too harsh on the ConfederacySouthern soldiers could go home if they pledged to

fight no moreSouthern officers could keep their pistols (a sign of

rank) and the men could keep their horses

Economic Impact of the Civil War1.) NorthExperience economic prosperityDeveloped strong economies based on

industryThis industrial growth laid the foundation for

the US become a strong industrial nation in the 20th Century

The North also began to expand westward with the help of new railroads—Transcontinental Railroad

Economic Impact of the Civil War2.) SouthThe economy of the South suffered greatly after

the warFarms, railroads, and factories had been destroyedConfederate money was worthlessMany towns and cities had been destroyed

With the outlawing of slavery, not enough labor existed to continue large scale cotton production

The south would remain agriculturalThe south would be the poorest section of the

nation for many decades after the war

The War’s effect on people1.) African Americans

The Emancipation Proclamation will allow for the enlistment into the Union Army

After the war, former slaves will gain their freedom Many former slaves will move into Union territories

2.) Common Soldiers Wrote many letters and diaries illustrating the horrors of war After the war, many southern soldiers returned home to find

destroyed homes and farms Many soldiers on both sides had to live with disabilities—physical

scars (loss of limbs, etc.) and mental scars3.) Women

Managed homes and families with few resources during the war Women were often faced with poverty and hunger Forced to assume new roles in agriculture, nursing, and industries

ReconstructionAfter the Civil War ended, the question

loomed over what to do with the SouthMany Northerners began to develop plans for

reconstructing the South

ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan:Lincoln believed that secession was illegal

Since it was illegal, Lincoln believed the Confederate states had never really left the Union

“with malice towards none, with charity for all……to bind up the nation’s wounds”Lincoln believed the federal government should

NOT punish the southUnfortunately, Lincoln will never see if his plan will

be put into placeHe is assassinated just a few days after Lee’s

surrender at Appomattox

Lincoln near the end of the War

ReconstructionAndrew Johnson’s ActionsJohnson became President after Lincoln’s assassinationMany expected Johnson to be harsh on the SouthInstead, he took on a plan very similar to Lincoln’s

Johnson made the Radical Republicans very angry by following a plan like Lincoln’s

Johnson wanted to re-establish relations with the Confederacy

1865: he issued the Reconstruction ProclamationPardoned all Confederate states if they signed an oath of

loyalty to the UnionBy Dec. 1865, all Confederate States—except Texas—had

met Johnson’s requirementsThese states would also get representation in Congress

President Andrew Johnson

ReconstructionRadical Republican PlanThey were developing reconstruction plans in the

early 1860sWanted a plan to be more punitive (punishing) to the

southThe states that seceded were not allowed back into

the Union immediatelyPut the South under military occupation (martial law)

Divided the South into 5 military districts, each under command of a general

Believed in giving voting rights and other civil rights to African Americans in the south

ReconstructionWhen Congress reconvened in Dec. 1865 (dominated

by Radical Republicans), they would not allow the representative from the former Confederate states to take their seats

Congress passed the Reconstruction ActsThese laws reversed much of what Johnson had done

with his reconstruction planDivided the south into 5 military districts

Each district was occupied by federal troops

Leadership of the south was in the hands of Congress

Many northerners saw military presence in the south as necessary to make social and political changes

Reconstruction—Amendments to the ConstitutionThe Radical Republicans passed 3

amendments designed to give African Americans more freedom

13th Amendment Slavery was abolished permanently in the US

14th AmendmentStates were prohibited from denying equal

rights under the law to any American15th Amendment

Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (former slaves)

Many white southerners did not like the new Constitutional Amendments

Congress also said that states could not discriminate against African AmericansBut Congress said nothing about businesses and individuals

discriminating against African AmericansMany southerners began finding ways to keep African

Americans from having equal rightsA.) Sharecropping

An agricultural system that developed from the Cotton Plantation system after the Civil War

Landlords would provide land, seeds, and creditCroppers (usually former slaves) did the labor and received part of

the money earned from selling the cropsB.) Ku Klux Klan

A terrorist organization developed in the South during Reconstruction

At first, the KKK went after the Republican Reconstruction PolicyKKK also mistrusted freed slaves

Cotton Sharecroppers

C.) Black CodesMany whites in the South did not want freed

slaves to have equal rights to whitesMany states started to pass Black CodesThese were “laws” designed to keep freed

slaves from having rightsFreed slaves could only buy land in rural areasFreed slaves could not preach without a licenseFreed slaves had to sign annual contracts for

work

Postwar views of Key Civil War LeadersUlysses S. GrantUrged radical Republicans not to be harsh

with former ConfederatesWas elected president and served during

most of ReconstructionAdvocated rights for the freedmanOpposed retribution directed at the defeated

South

Postwar views of Key Civil War LeadersRobert E. LeeUrged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin

the United StatesServed as president of Washington College

(Washington & Lee University today)Emphasized the importance of education to

the nation’s future

Postwar views of Key Civil War LeadersFrederick DouglassSupported full equality for African AmericansAdvocated for the passage of the 14th and

15th AmendmentsEncouraged federal government actions to

protect the rights of freedmen in the SouthServed as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil

service

Impeachment of President Johnson Pres. Johnson was not in favor of giving freed

slaves the same rights as whitesHe did not support much of the equality

legislation handed down by CongressHe was in favor of many Southern

governments’ Black CodesHe did little to stop or place controls over the

KKKThe Radical Republicans became highly upset

at Johnson when he refused to follow the Tenure of Office Act

Impeachment of President Johnson The Tenure of Office Act:

Required Senate approval for the removal of cabinet members

Designed to keep the President from removing anyone from the cabinet that he may not like

1868: Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approvalJohnson and Stanton rarely agreed on most issues

The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson on 11 counts of misconduct—including violating the Tenure of Office Act

Johnson was acquitted by 1 vote

Edwin Stanton

Compromise of 18771876: two men were running for president

Rutherford B. Hayes—Republican and supported by the Radical Republicans

Samuel Tilden—Democrat from the southTilden won the election, but a dispute arose

over electoral votes in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana

A special electoral commission was created to solve the problem

The commission gave the election to the Republican candidate Hayes

Samuel Tilden Rutherford B. Hayes

Compromise of 1877To get the southern Democrats to agree to Hayes

as president, a compromise was create—Compromise of 1877The Republicans promised to remove federal troops

from the SouthThe Southern Democrats promised to accept Hayes

as PresidentThe Compromise ended the Reconstruction period

in the south but ushered in the “Jim Crow” period where Southern states began to deny African Americans their full rights of citizenship

Jim Crow LawsLaws passed after 1890 that were designed

to segregate (separate) blacks and whitesBlacks were forced to ride in separate rail carsBlacks had to use different restrooms than

whitesBlacks had to eat in different sections of

restaurants1896: Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as the facilities were equal

Video on Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow Era