Civil War

North vs South

The South’s Decision

• Secession

– Compact vs. Perpetual Union

– S.C secedes 

– Feb 1861- (C.S.A) Confederate States of America

The Leaders of the The Leaders of the ConfederacyConfederacy

The Leaders of the The Leaders of the ConfederacyConfederacy

Pres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander VP Alexander StevensStevens

VP Alexander VP Alexander StevensStevens

A Northern View of Jeff A Northern View of Jeff DavisDavis

A Northern View of Jeff A Northern View of Jeff DavisDavis

The North’s Decision

• Crittenden Compromise (Constit. amendment– Enforce Fugitive Slave Law–  Union would accept free or slave states– MO Compromise line to the Pacific

• Lincoln/Republicans reject– Undermine the democratic principle of majority rule

(remember platform include Free Soilers)

Ft. Sumter

•  South starts the war– Lincoln wants to send

provisions to the fort– South attacks and takes fort– Lincoln:

• Calls for troops• Places MY under “martial law”• Suspends habeas corpus

– Upper South secedes

Civil War Defined

•  Attrition- a wearing down or weakening of resistance by continuous pressure

• Elements of Total War-complete use of resources/ppl– B/c didn’t preserve Southern

infrastructure– But, North not a war economy

North’s Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

• Blockade South

•  Control the Miss. River

• Attack Richmond

The Union

Advantages• Population (22 Mill)

– Immigrants (800,000)– Black soldiers (180,000)

• 85% Industry; 65% Farms• Tactical Plan and Aims•  U.S navy• ¾ of nation’s income

– Revenue: taxes, bonds

Disadvantages• Not fully supported• Civil unrest (draft)• Military leadership

– Exception= Grant

The Confederacy

Advantages• Home field advantage• Cotton (bargain power)• Govt arsenal supply• Talented officers•  Railroads where needed• High Morale

Disadvantages• Supplies•  Smaller pop. (5.5 mill)• Food b/c cash crops•  Inflation• Leadership

– State’s rights undermine organization

• Slavery

Rating the North & the Rating the North & the SouthSouth

Rating the North & the Rating the North & the SouthSouth

Railroad Lines, Railroad Lines, 18601860

Railroad Lines, Railroad Lines, 18601860

Resources: North & the Resources: North & the SouthSouth

Resources: North & the Resources: North & the SouthSouth

Men Present for Duty Men Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Men Present for Duty Men Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War

ImmigrantImmigrantss

as a as a %%of a of a

State’sState’sPopulationPopulation

inin18601860

ImmigrantImmigrantss

as a as a %%of a of a

State’sState’sPopulationPopulation

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Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals

Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowell

Winfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield Scott

George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!

George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!

George McClellanMcClellanGeorge McClellanMcClellan

Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Joseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph Hooker

George MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

Battle of Bull Run July, 1861

• Drew spectators from North

•  Southern victory– Confed. Stonewall

Jackson– Ended illusion of short

war

The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3

•  Trent Affair (1861)– Union ship stopped a British ship (Trent) and

removed two Confederate diplomats (Mason and Slidell)

–  GB threaten war over POWs– Lincoln released the prisoners

The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3Part II

• The Alabama – Confederate raider–  Purchased from GB

• GB promised to give $15.5 mill for damages

– Captured 60 vessels and was sunk in 1864– Results : North had to divert naval strength

from the blockade

• Laird’s Ram (1863)– GB about to buy ships with iron rams – U.S threatens war; GB cancels sale

The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3Part III

RECOGNITION," or "NO." RECOGNITION," or "NO."

J. BULL to NAPOLEON III. "Can you recognize that thing J. BULL to NAPOLEON III. "Can you recognize that thing they call the C. S. A. ?" they call the C. S. A. ?" NAP. "Well, I think I could, if 'twere not for that Big Fellow NAP. "Well, I think I could, if 'twere not for that Big Fellow who stands in front." who stands in front." • England

– South wanted them to end the blockade. Rely on fact that GB wants cotton

• GB decides on hands off policy– Egypt and India increase their output– B/c of famine need wheat from North

• France– Won’t recognize South unless GB does

The War (1862)

• Peninsula Campaign– McClellan (U) attacks VA– After 5 months, retreats. Bad move– Lincoln replaces McClellan with Pope

• 2nd Battle of Bull Run– Lee defeats Pope (U)

The Battle of the Ironclads March 1862

• The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

• Establishes Union naval dominance

• Changes naval warfare!

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the “Bloodiest Single Day of the

War”War”

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the “Bloodiest Single Day of the

War”War”

23,000 23,000 casualtiescasualties

23,000 23,000 casualtiescasualties

September 17, September 17, 18621862September 17, September 17, 18621862

1862

• Conscription Law (South)–  Men between the ages of 18-45 liable for

draft– Owners w/ 20 slaves or more can be exempt

• Western Campaign– Union victories at Shiloh (Grant) and New

Orleans (Farragut)

1862 cont.

•  Homestead Act– 160 acres of land in the West (Great Plains)– settle and improve over period of five years

•  Morrill Land Grant– Large amts of fed. land given to states if est.

agricultural and mechanical colleges

Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863)

– Frees slaves in Confederacy– Preserve the Union– Made the fight a moral issue

• South lost Europe 

• Confiscation Act (1861)– All enslaved ppl used to support Confederate

military freed “contraband”

The Southern View of The Southern View of EmancipationEmancipation

The Southern View of The Southern View of EmancipationEmancipation

African-American RecruitingAfrican-American RecruitingAfrican-American RecruitingAfrican-American Recruiting

• Confiscation Act II (1861)– African Americans used in military for North

• African American solders– Assigned menial tasks– Many died working long hours in unsanitary

conditions– Paid a 1/3rd less than whites (change mid-

1864)– Blacks POWs returned to slavery or executed

The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts

The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts

Enrollment Act (North)1863

•  All men between 20-45 liable for draft– Allowed the rich to hire

subs or exempt for $300

– Led to NY riots, ~120 dead

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdwLxOK7xLc

Gangs of New York clip of the riots and dislike of Lincoln respectively

NY Riot

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTapR73pfrY

1863 – The Tide Turns

• Grant takes Vicksburg, secures Mississippi River

• Gettysburg (July)– Union repels Lee’s invasion

into Pennsylvania–  Most crucial and bloodiest

battle of the war–  Gettysburg Address

Inflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the South

Copperheads in Politics

•  ”Peace Democrats”– Supported war, but don’t like

how Lincoln handles– Fear war induced growth of

feds and North power– Oppose racial equality

• Lincoln re-elected 1864

1864

• Sherman’s March to the Sea– Takes Atlanta then Savannah by December–  Destroyed everything in sight

• Broke the South

• Grant drives Lee from Richmond

• Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

• Assassination of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

AssassinationAssassinationAssassinationAssassination

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!

Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!

Results

• 13th Amendment passed 1865– African Americans free, not equal

•  Devastated Southern economy

•  Catalyst to industrialization

• Women–  nursing an viable career choice now

• Clara Barton (Red Cross)

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other

WarsWars

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other

WarsWars