Civilian Control of the Civilian Control of the MilitaryMilitary

2

How do we achieve the How do we achieve the delicate balance delicate balance

between liberty and between liberty and security?security?

3

OverviewOverview

DemocracyDemocracy• What is it?What is it?

MilitaryMilitary Civil-Military relationshipsCivil-Military relationships Three ContextsThree Contexts

• European, Colonial African, AmericanEuropean, Colonial African, American

ConclusionsConclusions

4

Samples of BehaviorSamples of Behavior

Describe how the US was able to continue its Describe how the US was able to continue its commitment to civilian control prior to the 20commitment to civilian control prior to the 20thth centurycentury

Describe the factors, events, and influences on Describe the factors, events, and influences on civil-military relations the US experienced during civil-military relations the US experienced during the 20the 20thth century century

Describe the criteria that govern civil-military Describe the criteria that govern civil-military relations in democratic states, according to Louis relations in democratic states, according to Louis SmithSmith

Distinguish the different roles the President and Distinguish the different roles the President and the legislative branch of the US have in civil-the legislative branch of the US have in civil-military relations under the US Constitutionmilitary relations under the US Constitution

5

DemocracyDemocracy

Government by the people:Government by the people: Supreme Supreme power vested in the peoplepower vested in the people exercised exercised either directly, or indirectly through a either directly, or indirectly through a system of delegated authority in which system of delegated authority in which people choose their representatives in people choose their representatives in free electionsfree elections..

6

The The KeyKey to Democracies to Democracies

Supreme power vested in the peopleSupreme power vested in the people

People create government to protect existing People create government to protect existing human rightshuman rights

Government does not give people their rights--Government does not give people their rights--government is instituted to protect government is instituted to protect rights rights which already existwhich already exist!!

7

TraitsTraits

Acceptance for minoritiesAcceptance for minorities

Freedom of expression/of the pressFreedom of expression/of the press

Respect for the dignity of the individualRespect for the dignity of the individual

8

““The end for which a soldier is The end for which a soldier is recruited, clothed, armed, and trained, recruited, clothed, armed, and trained, the whole object of his sleeping, the whole object of his sleeping, eating, drinking and marching, is eating, drinking and marching, is simply that he should fight at the simply that he should fight at the right right place and the right timeplace and the right time.”.”

Carl von Clausewitz, 1831

9

War is a continuation of War is a continuation of political political activity activity by other meansby other means

Carl von Clausewitz, 1831

10

War’s Dual NatureWar’s Dual Nature

Autonomous activity in/of itselfAutonomous activity in/of itself• It’s what we do!It’s what we do!• has its own set of principles--grammarhas its own set of principles--grammar

Subordinate political instrumentSubordinate political instrument• Does not have its own logic/purposeDoes not have its own logic/purpose• We have to be told the right place and timeWe have to be told the right place and time• Most importantly the right reasonMost importantly the right reason

11

WarWar

It has no meaning in itselfIt has no meaning in itself At one level war can be an autonomous At one level war can be an autonomous

collection of complex parts (battles, collection of complex parts (battles, campaigns, operations)campaigns, operations)

The meaning is derived from some The meaning is derived from some external logic or purposeexternal logic or purpose

12

How do Democracies How do Democracies and Militaries Interact?and Militaries Interact?

We must look to the people for the We must look to the people for the reason for warreason for war

Articulation of purposeArticulation of purpose Definition of warDefinition of war Limits of warLimits of war

13

AccountabilityAccountability

Military officers have to be Military officers have to be responsible for using the tool responsible for using the tool

(military) in the way the (military) in the way the government/people wish.government/people wish.

14

Society must trust us!Society must trust us!

Military professionals are commissioned Military professionals are commissioned to use violence on society’s behalf--never to use violence on society’s behalf--never on their own behalf!on their own behalf!• Subordinate natureSubordinate nature• Inherent in ConstitutionInherent in Constitution• Balancing liberty and securityBalancing liberty and security

15

ExamplesExamples

• European European • Colonial African Colonial African • AmericanAmerican

16

Western European Western European ExampleExample

19th century Napoleonic law articulated a 19th century Napoleonic law articulated a theory for controlling a state’s coercive theory for controlling a state’s coercive powers.powers.

La Force PubliqueLa Force Publique

17

La Force Publique:

“Collection of individual forces organized by the constitution to maintain rights of all and assure execution of the general will.”

18

Important DistinctionsImportant Distinctions

Separated interior and exterior securitySeparated interior and exterior security• Interior functions were for the policeInterior functions were for the police• Exterior functions were the Army’s responsibilitiesExterior functions were the Army’s responsibilities• Established two distinct lines of authorityEstablished two distinct lines of authority

19

La Force PubliqueLa Force Publique

The democratic state represented the The democratic state represented the basis for and regulator of the state’s basis for and regulator of the state’s

coercive instrumentscoercive instruments

20

Colonial African ExampleColonial African Example

The colonial state in Africa was artificialThe colonial state in Africa was artificial Lacked shared values and general willLacked shared values and general will Distinction between interior and exterior Distinction between interior and exterior

security functions was erased--the interior security functions was erased--the interior had to be conqueredhad to be conquered

21

Colonial armed forces for policeColonial armed forces for police Undermined legitimacy which lead to a Undermined legitimacy which lead to a

lack of accountabilitylack of accountability

Colonial African ExampleColonial African Example

22

American ExampleAmerican Example

• 1787 Constitutional Convention reluctance 1787 Constitutional Convention reluctance to having a standing armyto having a standing army

• Military protection from external threatsMilitary protection from external threats• How to provide for defense without How to provide for defense without

endangering libertyendangering liberty

23

How to Control Armed How to Control Armed ForcesForces

ConstitutionConstitution

Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature

Responsibility to the statesResponsibility to the states

24

OathOath

Remember our allegiance is to the Remember our allegiance is to the Constitution, not to a political party or an Constitution, not to a political party or an individual.individual.

25

So......internal security functions conducted by the military should be avoided?

Have they happened?

26

Internal Security Internal Security FunctionsFunctions

1794 - Whiskey Rebellion1794 - Whiskey Rebellion

19th Century - in matters dealing with 19th Century - in matters dealing with slaveryslavery

1957 - Integration of public schools1957 - Integration of public schools

27

American Internal American Internal InterventionIntervention

The President determines when to use The President determines when to use federal troopsfederal troops

Use of force is to restore orderUse of force is to restore order Military is not the final answerMilitary is not the final answer Generally restored order with a minimum Generally restored order with a minimum

of bloodshedof bloodshed

28

Intervention Intervention EffectivenessEffectiveness

Decision is always a civilian oneDecision is always a civilian one

Meant to protect property and lifeMeant to protect property and life

Never a substitute military for civilian lawNever a substitute military for civilian law

29

ConclusionsConclusions

Same basic value systemSame basic value system Subordinate nature of militarySubordinate nature of military AccountabilityAccountability Trust of societyTrust of society Solicit and maintain that trustSolicit and maintain that trust Separate interior and exterior functionsSeparate interior and exterior functions

30

SummarySummary

DemocracyDemocracy• Government by the people with supreme power Government by the people with supreme power

vested in themvested in them

MilitaryMilitary• Dual natureDual nature

ExamplesExamples• European--La Force PubliqueEuropean--La Force Publique• Colonial African--Internal/External & AccountabilityColonial African--Internal/External & Accountability• American--Oath to ConstitutionAmerican--Oath to Constitution

31

SummarySummary

ConclusionsConclusions• Value systemValue system• Subordinate natureSubordinate nature• TrustTrust

““All force is dangerous and a menace if it is not All force is dangerous and a menace if it is not answerable; a will is required to govern the force answerable; a will is required to govern the force publique and this will must be separated from it; publique and this will must be separated from it; when the force can act independently it becomes when the force can act independently it becomes everything...the army must be accountable; everything...the army must be accountable; action and accountability are what characterize action and accountability are what characterize the solidly grounded force publique.”the solidly grounded force publique.”

1791 French Penal Code1791 French Penal Code

Your responsibility!Your responsibility!