CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE (Latin 1 items in bold) · Web viewTwo cities buried by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD were Pompeii and Brundisium Rome Herculaneum Ostia What type

National Latin Exam Culture Notes

CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE (Latin 1 items in bold)

GEOGRAPHY: The Roman World, e.g. Roma, Graecia, Italia, Britannia, HispaniaImportant Italian locations, e.g. Ostia, Pompeii, Brundisium, Mt. Vesuvius, Apenine Mts. Provinces and Major cities, e.g. Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, TroyThe Roman world, Athens, Carthage, Gaul, Important bodies of water, e.g., Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea;Rivers, e.g., Rhine, Po, Nile, Rubicon; important islands and provinces, e.g., Germania, Aegyptus, Sicilia, Creta

HISTORY: Basic historical divisions (Monarchy, Republic Empire) and associated terms (king, consul, emperor)Kings of Rome and early Roman heroes, e.g. Romulus, Tarquinius Superbus, Horatius, CincinatusProminent historical characters from Roman history, e.g., Augustus, Hannibal, Julius Caesar; Cleopatra,Mare Antony, SpartacusMajor events of Roman history, e.g., Punic Wars, Caesar's conquest of Gaul

MYTHOLOGY:

Olympians (Greek and Roman names) and associated attributes and myths, e.g. Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and MinervaMajor heroes and monsters, e.g. Hercules, Aeneas, Jason and Medusa, Odysseus and the Cyclops, Trojan war, e.g. Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, HelenFounding of Rome (Romulus and Remus)Heroes and monsters, e.g., Jason and Medea, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, Daedalus, Minotaur; ChimeraUnderworld, e.g., Cerberus, Charon, Prosperina, Styx, Pluto

ROMAN LIFE:

City of Rome, e.g. Palatine Hill, Via Appa, Tiber River, Curia, the Forum, Circus Maximus, ColosseumArchitectural structures and their functions, e.g. aqueduct, thermae (bath), circus, amphitheater, curia, basilicaHousing, e.g. atrium, triclinium, insulae Meals, e.g. cena, culinaClothing, e.g. toga, tunica, stolaRecreation and entertainment, e.g., baths, chariot racing, gladiatoria1 combats, stage performances

LATIN IN USE

BASIC SPOKEN PHRASES: e.g. Salve(te), Vale(te), Quid est nomen tibi? Gratias tibi ago, Quid agis? Sol lucet, Quota hora est? Adsum, Quid novi? e.g., Quaenam est tempestas? Surge, Ignosce mihi, Bene respondistiDerivatives: English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixese.g. ambulatory, fraternity, sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped, agriculture, portable, aquamarinee.g., introspection, omniscient, omnipotent, incredulous, benevolentEXPRESSIONS, MOTTOES, ABBREVIATIONS: e.g. e pluribus unum, tempus fugit, semper fidelis, i.e., A.D., Veni vidi vici, Summa cum laude, per annum, N.B.e.g., caveat emptor, carpe diem, et al., vs., ad astra per aspera, status quo, ars longa, vita brevis

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Checklist of Previously Distributed Materials:- Roman Numerals Handout- Latin Abbreviations Handout

- Olympic Pantheon Handout- Roman History Outline Handout

Trojan War – 10 years- Aeneas flees Troy in search of a new homeland, eventually settling in Italy- Aeneas’ son Ascanius founds Alba Longa- Numitor, a king of Alba Longa descended from Ascanius, has a daughter named Rhea

Silvia. Amulius, Numitor’s brother, seizes the throne and makes Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin. She and Mars have twin children, Romulus and Remus. They grow up and depose Amulius. Later, Romulus eventually kills Remus and founds Rome.

April 21, 753 BC – 510 BC – Monarchy, Rome ruled by kings – 7 total- 1st king is Romulus (and co-ruler Titus Tatius); “Rape of the Sabine Women” (Romans

tricked neighbors to steal their wives)- Q. Horatius Cocles defends the Pons Sublicius (Rome’s first bridge) against Etruscans - 7th king is Tarquinius Superbus – driven out by the people when his son rapes Lucretia

509 BC – 27 BC – Republic (Res Publica) – “SPQR” (Senatus Populusque Romanus)- first two consuls (consules) – Brutus and Collatinus- 2 elected every year; other offices: praetor (judge); quaestor (treasurer); aedile (public games, buildings)- fasces the symbol of power – bundle of rods tied around an ax - Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate in 60 BC, but civil war eventually erupted between Caesar and Pompey. Caesar, who won, was later assassinated on “The Ides of March” (March 15th) 44 BC by a conspiracy of senators led by Brutus (a descendant of 1st consul Brutus) and Cassius. 27 BC – 476 AD – Empire (Imperium)- Octavian became Augustus, the first emperor of Rome in 27 BC; he had defeated his rival Marc Antony (and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra) at a naval battle at Actium in 31 BC

Geography7 Hills of Rome – Aventine, Esquiline, Caelian, Capitoline, Palatine, Quirinal, Viminal

- Flumen Tiberis (Tiber Riber) – river that flows through Rome- Forum (Forum Romanum) – business center, located between the Capitoline and Palatine - Via Sacra – “sacred road” runs through the Forum; only pedestrians allowed to use it

(except Vestal Virgins, who could ride carts)- Via Appia – most important road in ancient Rome/Italy – the “Queen of Roads” (Regina

Viārum); most important Roman road originally extended from Rome to Capua and later east to Brundisium.

- Mare Nostrum – “Our Sea,” what the Romans called the Mediterranean Sea- Rome was located in a geographical area called Latium, giving us the term “Latin” - The Alps were mountains that ran across the northern border of Italy – the “scalp”- The Apenines were mountains that ran along the length of Italy – the “spine”- Ostia – Rome’s first seaport, off the Tiber, on the western shore of Italy- Brundisium – a seaport in the eastern shore of Italy, the endpoint of the Via Appia

Countries [Germania (Germany), Hispania (Spain), Brittania (Britain), Helvetia (Switzerland), Gallia [(Gallia, (Gaul, now France), Graecia (Greece)]; Islands [Sicilia (Sicily), Corsica, Sardinia, Crete (below the southern tip of Greece)]

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Roman Life- Architecture

o Colosseum (aka Flavium Amphitheatrum) – gladiatorial contests; wild beast hunts; mock naval battles

o Circus Maximus – a stadium chariot racing; auriga is charioteer; factionēs (racing teams spectators bet on; various colors: red, blue, green, white, gold); carceres (starting gates); spina (the dividing “spine” around which the chariots raced), metae (turning posts)

o Curia – Senate house (senatorēs)o Basilica – law court (praetor – judge; patronus – lawyer)o Order of Columns (simplest to fanciest)

Doric >> Ionic >>Corinthian (decorated with acanthus leaves)o Temple of Vesta – sacred fire of Vestao Aqua Appia – a famous aqueduct – brought water into the city for public baths,

fountains and the homes of the wealthyo Cloaca Maxima – the great sewer system in Romeo Campus Martius – a military training ground in Rome for athletic training

- Houseo Villa (farmhouse), Insulae (apartments), Casa (hut, house), Domus (house)o Atrium – main room of the house, the reception hall, it contained the following:

compluvium – square hole in the ceiling for allowing the entry of rainwater

impluvium – a marble basin that catches the rainwatero cubiculum – bedroomo triclinium – dining room; three couches arranged around a small round table o tablinum – a study, where the master of the house would write in a tabela (wax

tablet) with a stilus (a writing instrument)o peristylium – an indoor garden surrounded by columns with an open roofo hortus – an outdoor gardeno taberna – a small shop on the exterior of the house facing the streeto culina - kitchen

- Meals: ientaculum (breakfast), prandium (lunch), cena (dinner), secunda mensa (dessert)- Baths (thermae) – strigil (strigiles pl.) – used to scrape oil off of body; caldarium (hot

bath), frigidarium (cold bath), tepidarium (warm bath), apodyterium (changing room)- Clothing

o toga – ONLY male Roman citizens could wear this (toga praetexta for boys and senators; toga virilis/pura for men; toga candida for candidates for office)

o tunica – an undergarment/shirt worn by slaves, also worn by men underneath a toga

o stola – a dress for womeno palla – a shawl for women, worn over the stolao soleae (sandals); caligae (boots); calceī (shoes)

Calendar

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Kalends (Kalendae) – first of every month; Nones (Nonae) –5th or 7th (7th for March, May, July, October); Ides (Idus) – 13th or 15th (15th for March, May, July, October)

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Latin mottos and abbreviations

ab ovo usque ad mala – from egg to apples – from beginning to end (from Alpha to Omega)ad astra per aspera – to the stars through difficulties (state motto of Kansas)ad hoc – for this (thing) – refers to something that is temporary for a particular purposead infinitum – to infinity – without limit, endlesslyad libitum – at pleasure – extemporaneously (done without preparation/planning)ad nauseam – to seasickness – to the point of (causing) nauseaA.M. – ante meridiem – before noonamor omnia vincit – love conquers allantebellum – before war – referring to the period before the American Civil Warannuit coeptis – he nods upon our undertakings – He blesses our beginningscarpe diem – seize the day (live for the moment)cave canem – beware of the dogcaveat emptor – let the buyer bewarecf. – confer – compare (indicates something you should look at in comparison)de gustibus non est disputandum – there is no (point in) arguing about tastesdeus ex machina – god from the machine – an abrupt solution to a narrative problemin medias res – into the middle of things – beginning a story in the middlee pluribus unum – one out of manye.g. – exempli gratia – for the sake of an example (for example)errare humanum est – to err is human (nobody’s perfect)ex libris – from the books – from the library of…ex tempore – extemporaneously (without preparation)et al. – et alii – and othersetc. - et cetera – and the rest (indicates an ongoing list)festina lente – make haste slowly (haste makes waste); favorite saying of Augustusi.e. – id est – that is (introduces and explanation)in absentia – in (one’s) absencein memoriam – to the memory of (in memory of)interregnum – between kingdom – a period between rulersipso facto – by the very factlabor omnia vincit – work/effort conquers alllapsus linguae – a slip of the tongue (a verbal misstep)mens sana in corpore sano – a sound mind in a sound body N.B. – nota bene – note well (indicates something to pay special attention to)nos morituri te salutamus – we (who are) about to die salute you (ceremonial greeting given by gladiators before combat)novus ordo s(a)eclorum – a new order of the ages (new world order)panem et circenses – bread and circuses (bread and circus games; written by Juvenal, it is a reference to the only things Roman society seemed to value – free food and cheap entertainment)per annum – by the year – annually per diem – by the day – daily per capita – by the heads – individually per se – by itself – intrinsically persona non grata – an unwelcome person

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P.M. - post meridiem - afternoonP.M. - post mortem – after death (an autopsy)pro bono – for the good (something done as a public service, usually free of charge)pro tem. – pro tempore – for the time (temporarily)P.S. – post scriptum – written after (introduces an afterthought)quis custodiet ipsos custodes – who will guard the guardians themselves (Juvenal) Q.E.D. – quod erat demonstrandum – that which was to be shown/proven (we proved it)rara avis – a rare bird (a rarity; unique person)R.I.P. – requiescat in pace – may (s)he rest in peaceRx (recipe) – receive (symbol for a medical prescription)sine die – without a day (meaning without a day for a second appointment)sine qua non – without which not (a necessity; something indispensable)sub rosa – beneath the rose - in strict confidence; secretly tabula rasa – a clean slate tempus fugit – time fliesterra incognita – unknown land - unknown territory vade mecum – go with me (something that is regularly carried on one’s person)viva voce – with the living voice – orally

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MCMLXXVIII (1978) Quaestionēs

1. The abbreviation which warns someone to note something carefully is:a. e.g.b. i.e.

c. N.B.d. A.D.

2. In the Roman house, the pool which caught rainwater was the:a. atriumb. peristylium

c. impluviumd. culina

3. A Roman would most likely see a chariot race at thea. Curiab. Forum

c. Campus Martiusd. Circus Maximus

4. If you were short of money, you would bea. impecuniousb. impeccable

c. unbiquitousd. pulchritudinous

5. A derivative of moneo is:a. moneyb. demonstrate

c. premonitiond. month

6. A Roman boy was most often accompanied to school by aa. senatorb. paedagogus

c. lectord. magister

7. The Aegean Sea was named for the father of:a. Herculesb. Jason

c. Aeneas d. Theseus

8. The caduceus is the symbol of:a. Jupiterb. Mars

c. Mercuryd. Diana

9. In his quest for the Golden Fleece, Jason was aided by:a. Ariadneb. Circe

c. Medead. Medusa

10. In the naming of the city of Athens, Athena contended witha. Neptuneb. Apollo

c. Plutod. Vulcan

11. The Nemean Lion was slain by:a. Bellerophonb. Theseus

c. Herculesd. Perseus

12. The “Regina Viarum” was the Via:a. Appiab. Sacra

c. Latinad. Aurelia

13. The traditional mythological date for the founding of Rome was:a. 1188 BCb. 79 AD

c. 753 BCd. 476 AD

14. The father of Romulus was: a. Marsb. Vulcan

c. Plutod. Jupiter

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One of Rome’s first consuls was:e. Brutusf. Augustus

g. Romulush. Pompey

(Questions 16-20 were based on a Latin Reading passage about Romulus and Remus)15. Numitor was driven out by

a. Rhea Silviab. Romulus

c. Amuliusd. Remus

16. Amulius __________ Romulus and Remusa. fearsb. loves

c. warnsd. kills

17. Romulus and Remus are the sons of a. Numitorb. Rhea Silvia

c. Amuliusd. Faustulus

18. Romulus and Remus are thrown into the river by:a. Amuliusb. Numitor

c. Rhea Silviad. Faustulus

19. The wolf carries Romulus and Remusa. to the shoreb. to the river

c. into a caved. to Faustulus’ house

MCMLVVIX (1979) Quaestionēs

1. A lecture on horticulture would most likely be attended by:a. gymnastsb. stamp collectors

c. sports fansd. gardeners

2. The six Vestal Virgins were priestesses of the goddess of the a. huntb. hearth

c. harvestd. moon

3. The river on which Rome is located is thea. Pob. Rubicon

c. Styxd. Tiber

4. The Latin phrase ad infinitum meansa. literallyb. temporarily

c. endlesslyd. conversely

5. The war in which Aeneas and Ulysses fought was thea. Punicb. Trojan

c. Civild. Persian

6. An English derivative of the Latin verb petere is:a. prettyb. petite

c. petitiond. pet

7. Under Augustus Rome became:a. a republicb. a monarchy

c. an empired. a democracy

8. The Queen of Hades and wife of Pluto was a. Junob. Ceres

c. Proserpinad. Minerva

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9. Rigoletto suffered because of the malediction of Monterone.a. mistakeb. crime

c. cursed. death

10. “In the year of Our Lord” is represented by the Latin abbreviationa. AMb. AD

c. ABd. BC

11. In mythology, fire was brought to mankind from Olympus by:a. Pyrrhusb. Perseus

c. Prometheusd. Phrixus

12. The public baths of Rome were known as:a. Thermaeb. Basilicae

c. Aquaed. Forum

13. The hero Theseus slew the a. Minotaurb. Nemean Lion

c. Pythond. Centaur

14. A mythological creature, half-horse and half-man, was aa. Hydrab. Centaur

c. Harpyd. Gorgon

15. The garden area of a Roman villa was thea. culinab. compluvium

c. insulaed. peristylium

MCMLXXX (1980) Quaestionēs

1. E pluribus unum meansa. many are hereb. much in little

c. all for oned. one out of many

2. A Roman dinner was called:a. secunda mensab. ientaculum

c. cenad. palaestra

3. The two-faced Roman god of beginnings and doorways wasa. Marsb. Bacchus

c. Janusd. Cupid

4. A president pro tem holds office:a. for one termb. for two terms

c. temporarilyd. until he dies

5. All of the following are derived from audiō except:a. audibleb. audition

c. audacityd. auditorium

6. The Kalends of a Roman month was:a. the seventh dayb. the fifteenth day

c. the last dayd. the first day

7. The Roman senate house was calleda. Curiab. Pantheon

c. Acropolisd. Thermae

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Sailing west from Rome one would encounter the country:e. Spainf. Greece

g. Egypth. Libya

8. According to mythology, the winter and summer seasons are a result of the story of:a. Daedalus and Icarusb. Orpheus and Eurydice

c. Cupid and Psyched. Ceres and Proserpina

9. Mare Nostrum was the Roman name for the a. Tiber Riverb. Mediterranean Sea

c. Aegean Sead. Atlantic Ocean

10. The winged horse produced from the blood of Medusa and tamed by Bellerophon was:a. Circeb. Pegasus

c. Chimaerad. Cerberus

11. The Roman monarchy lasted from 753-510 BC. The year 509 B.C. was the beginning of the Roman:

a. Republic b. anarchy

c. Empire d. dictatorship

12. The small shops along the streets of Rome were called:a. insulaeb. tabernae

c. aedificiad. templa

13. Quis erat dea amoris?a. Venusb. Minerva

c. Vestad. Diana

14. An agrarian law would most likely affect:a. minersb. hunters

c. sailorsd. farmers

MCMLXXXI (1981) Quaestionēs:

1. The Esquiline, Aventine, Viminal, and Capitoline are all __________ of Rome.a. emperorsb. temples

c. roadsd. hills

2. Sine qua non means:a. something indispensableb. without delay

c. lacking a quorumd. without legal right

3. A Roman would enjoy his prandium at:a. lunch timeb. the baths

c. dawnd. the temple

4. Amor omnia vincit meansa. I love being invincibleb. Victory is love

c. Everyone loves the victord. Love conquers all

5. In classical times the toga was a garment worn bya. male Roman citizens onlyb. senators only

c. men and women of the upper class

d. Roman men of all classes

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A sylvan scene always includese. farmlandsf. brooks

g. woodsh. mountains

6. Who was the seventh and last king of Rome?a. Tarquinius Superbusb. Appius Claudius

c. Coriolanusd. Romulus

7. The word permanent is a derivative of the Latin verb:a. moneob. mando

c. maneod. mitto

8. Many different types of gladiatorial games were staged in the:a. Thermaeb. Curia

c. Cloaca Maximad. Colosseum

9. The lame blacksmith who forged invincible weapons for Olympians and heroes was:a. Herculesb. Vulcan

c. Aetnad. Orpheus

10. Charon, Cerberus, and Pluto are mythological characters associated with a. the founding of Romeb. the voyage of Jason

c. the oceansd. the underworld

11. The hero who slew Medusa and saved Andromeda from a sea-monster wasa. Jasonb. Perseus

c. Bellerophond. Hercules

12. In a Roman villa the dining room was thea. tricliniumb. tablinum

c. peristyliumd. atrium

13. The chief magistrate of the Roman Republic were two consuls who held office fora. one yearb. two years

c. ten yearsd. life

14. On March 15, 44 B.C., the newspaper headlines in Rome might have read:a. Julius Caesar Declared

Dictatorb. Julius Caesar Assassinated

c. Julius Caesar Invades Gauld. Julius Caesar Joins

Triumvirate

MCMLXXXII (1982) Quaestionēs

1. The Latin abbreviation e.g. means: a. that isb. for example

c. note welld. and the rest

2. An aged couple who were very hospitable to Mercury and Jupiter were: a. Baucis & Philemonb. Daedalus & Icarus

c. Pygmalion & Galatead. Pandora & Epimetheus

3. The word vitality is derived from the Latin word which meansa. lifeb. road

c. farmhoused. wealth

4. The son of Apollo, ___________, tried to drive his father’s sun chariot across the sky.a. Icarusb. Phaethon

c. Herculesd. Cupid

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5. The date which marks the fall of the Roman Empire in the West isa. 79 ADb. 476 AD

c. 1066 ADd. 44 BC

6. Roman homes were called insulae, villa, casa and ___________. a. domusb. thermae

c. curiad. basilica

7. The Trojan leader who was reputed to be the ancestor of the Romans wasa. Augustusb. Caesar

c. Aeneas d. Cincinnatus

8. The Cloaca Maxima was the famous _______________ in ancient Rome.a. prisonb. theatre

c. courthoused. sewer

9. Moonlight and the hunt are associated with the goddessa. Dianab. Proserpina

c. Vestad. Venus

10. Commonly seen in Rome is the abbreviation S.P.Q.R. which symbolizes Roman:a. educationb. mythology

c. governmentd. slavery

11. Carthage, located on the continent of ______________, fought the three Punic Wars with Rome during the years 264-146 BC.

a. Europeb. Africa

c. Asiad. Australia

12. A tepidarium, frigidarium, caldarium could be found in a Romana. forumb. amphitheater

c. bathd. circus

13. A Romance language which developed from Latin is:a. Greekb. Arabic

c. Frenchd. Russian

14. The phrase ab ovo usque ad mala refers to Roman:a. schoolsb. baths

c. mealsd. clothing

15. They collaborated with the enemy.a. foughtb. worked

c. departedd. remained

MCMLXXXIII (1983) Quaestionēs

1. The goddess of wisdom and patroness of arts and crafts was:a. Dianab. Juno

c. Minervad. Vesta

2. The Latin abbreviation i.e. meansa. for exampleb. and others

c. in the name of the emperord. that is

3. The name for the large area in Rome used for military training and athletic exercise was:a. Curiab. Basilica

c. Pantheond. Campus Martius

4. Epimetheus’ curious wife who opened the box of human ills was

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a. Proserpina b. Medea

c. Pandorad. Echo

5. The politician’s arguments for his re-election were cogent ones.a. logicalb. forceful

c. deceitfuld. weak

6. The Roman bireme, trireme and quinquereme werea. shipsb. chariots

c. coinsd. public buildings

7. The two young lovers of Babylon whose blood changed the mulberry from white to red were:

a. Pyramus and Thisbeb. Theseus and Ariadne

c. Jason and Medead. Baucis and Philemon

8. Octavian’s acceptance of the title “Augustus” in 27 BC is associated with the beginning of the Roman:

a. monarchyb. empire

c. republicd. democracy

9. The month named for the Roman god of war is:a. Julyb. May

c. Augustd. March

10. The jury was convinced that the witness was veracious.a. truthfulb. greedy

c. lyingd. prejudiced

11. The mythological creature whose head was covered with serpents wasa. Chimaerab. Chiron

c. Medusad. Pan

12. The Latin phrase in toto means:a. potentiallyb. entirely

c. existingd. officially

13. Gaius, Marcus and Publius were common Romana. templab. prandia

c. viaed. praenomina

14. Sicily, Rome’s first province, is the largest island in the _____________ Sea.a. Aegeanb. Black

c. Mediterraneand. Ionian

15. The two most famous epic poets in the ancient world were:a. Caesar and Cicerob. Homer and Vergil

c. Livy and Tacitusd. Plautus and Terence

MCMLXXXIV (1984) Quaestionēs

1. The central room in a Roman house was thea. cubiculumb. atrium

c. tricliniumd. culina

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Which Latin phrase means orally?e. vade mecumf. vice versa

g. viva voceh. vox Dei

2. The Romans called the 13th or 15th of each month the __________________.a. Nonesb. Kalends

c. Idesd. Mensis

3. Mercury left the cradle on the day he was born and created the seven-stringed lyre, which he later gave to his brother,

a. Vulcanb. Midas

c. Neptuned. Apollo

4. From 753 BC to 510 BC, Rome was ruled bya. consulsb. emperors

c. kingsd. praetors

5. Quis erat deus belli et pater Romuli Remique?a. Bacchusb. Mars

c. Iuppiterd. Pluto

6. Besides the city of Rome, what other city is located on the Tiber River?a. Naplesb. Pompeii

c. Brundisiumd. Ostia

7. After the Helvetians had burned their homes, their decision to depart was irrevocable.a. unalterableb. unjustified

c. unfortunate d. unwise

8. Which early Italian rustic god, usually equated with the Greek Cronos, brought a Golden Age and taught men to till the fields?

a. Saturnb. Janus

c. Apollod. Pan

9. If you were to travel from Athens to ancient Troy, in what direction would you be going? a. westb. northeast

c. southd. southwest

10. Pegasus and Bellerophon, with the help of Athena, freed the country of Lycia from a frightful monster called the

a. Medusab. Minotaur

c. Hydrad. Chimaera

11. The twelve lectors who preceeded each consul carried what symbol of Roman power?a. aquilaeb. fasces

c. tubaed. signa

12. What was the first meal of the day in ancient Rome?a. secunda mensab. cena

c. prandiumd. ienctaculum

13. Rx is a symbol for the Latin worda. rexb. rogo

c. reducd. recipe

14. The English word corpulent refers to the size of one’s a. headb. heart

c. bodyd. nose

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MXMLXXXV (1985) Quaestionēs

1. The mountain range running down through the center of Italy is thea. Alpsb. Appenines

c. Pyreneesd. Jura

2. The virgin goddess who was the protectress of hearth, home and public buildings in Rome was

a. Vestab. Venus

c. Junod. Ceres

3. A girl received her name from her father’sa. domusb. prandium

c. nomend. paedagogus

4. A Latin phrase often found on the face of a clock isa. per seb. tabula rasa

c. ipso factod. tempus fugit

5. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First ______________a. Consulshipb. Dictatorship

c. Tribunated. Triumvirate

6. The term terra icognita, often found on ancient maps, meansa. enemy territoryb. mountainous land

c. unexplored regiond. inhabited area

7. Amity was the keynote of the ambassador’s speechesa. Optimismb. Challenge

c. Hoped. Friendship

8. The god who became the patron of tragic drama for the Athenians and who taught men to cultivate the vine and grapes was

a. Apollob. Zeus

c. Dionysus d. Ares

9. The phrase cave canem was often seena. on a water fountainb. at a doorway

c. on an aqueductd. on an arch

10. When Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, the cities of Herculaneum, Stabiae and ____________ were destroyed

a. Capuab. Pompeii

c. Ostiad. Brundisum

11. Which of these was NOT located in ancient Romea. Circus Maximusb. Parthenon

c. Colosseumd. Campus Martius

12. Signs were posted at the factory entrance to notify itinerant workers of job opportunities. a. constructionb. elderly

c. volunteerd. travelling

13. The fifth or seventh day of a Roman month was known as thea. Nonesb. Kalends

c. Fascesd. Ides

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Achilles, Odysseus and Hector were heroes of the ___________ War.e. Punicf. Peloponnesian

g. Trojanh. Persian

14. The favorite daughter of Zeus, __________, is said to have sprung fully armed from the head of her father.

a. Artemisb. Hestia

c. Athenad. Hera

MXMLXXXVI (1986) Quaestionēs

1. Mount Olympus, the home of the gods and goddesses, was located ina. Italyb. Greece

c. Egyptd. Persia

2. Novem plus tres sunta. duodecimb. quindecim

c. sexd. decem

3. Which of the following is NOT a part of the Roman house?a. atriumb. curia

c. tablinumd. triclinium

4. She spoke in an imperious manner. The word imperious meansa. sadb. frightened

c. commandingd. mysterious

5. Which period of Roman history is characterized by the joint rule of two consuls who carried out decrees of the Senate?

a. Monarchyb. Interregnum

c. Republicd. Empire

6. Before 27 BC, Augustus was known as a. Juliusb. Octavian

c. Antoniusd. Nero

7. Brundisium and Ostia are famousa. mountain rangesb. rivers

c. islandsd. seaports

8. The teacher announced several innovative policies for the coming year. Innovative is derived from the Latin word

a. novemb. novus

c. noxd. invoco

9. The son of Jupiter who wore winged sandals and carried the caduceus was a. Apollob. Pluto

c. Marsd. Mercury

10. Aqueducts were used by the Romans to a. drain harborsb. bring water into the cities

c. find underground springsd. build temples

11. The stola and the palla are both associated with Romana. menb. children

c. slavesd. women

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A well known expression of caution to a prospective buyer ise. exempli gratiaf. caveat emptor

g. corpus delictih. bona fide

12. The princess Ariadne gave Theseus a ball of thread to guide him through the a. Augean stablesb. Kingdom of Pluto

c. Cretan labyrinthd. Cave of the Cyclops

13. Ancient Greeks and Romans used the lyre toa. play musicb. prepare food

c. repair clothingd. write a letter

14. Deus aquarum qui tridentem portabat erat: a. Vulcanusb. Neptunus

c. Bacchusd. Pluto

MCMLXXXVII (1987) Quaestionēs

1. Viginti minus quattuor sunta. quindecimb. undecim

c. sedecimd. tredecim

2. The abbreviation P.S. stands fora. Post Scriptumb. Per Silvam

c. Prope Senatumd. Pro Sorore

3. Acanthus leaves usually decorate the capital of the ______________ columna. Ionicb. Doric

c. Gothicd. Corinthian

4. The conflicts between the Romans and the Carthaginians are known as the __________ Wars.

a. Alexandrineb. Punic

c. Trojand. Latin

5. Venus : Aphrodite :: Minerva : _____________. a. Hestiab. Artemis

c. Demeterd. Athena

6. A person’s appellation is his:a. homeb. name

c. familyd. country

7. The opening in the ceiling of the atrium in a Roman house was called thea. peristyliumb. compluvium

c. ientaculumd. caldarium

8. Initially the Via Appia led from Rome to Capua; later it was extended toa. Ostiab. Brundisium

c. Pompeiid. Tarentum

9. Mansions built in America before the Civil War are often referred to asa. antebellumb. interregnum

c. per capitad. per annum

10. The Roman Forum is located between the Capitoline and ____________ hills in Rome.a. Acropolisb. Apennine

c. Olympiand. Palatine

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11. _______________ was the youth who disobeyed his father’s admonition not to fly too close to the sun lest his wax wings melt.

a. Icarusb. Iris

c. Io d. Jason

12. The English word postpositive is derived from the Latin verba. possumb. pono

c. portod. postulo

13. The month whose name is derived from the Roman god with two faces isa. Marchb. June

c. July d. January

14. Ceres, goddess of ____________, is often pictured with a cornucopia.a. loveb. marriage

c. agricultured. moon

15. In 509 BC Rome’s first two consuls werea. Romulus and Remusb. Castor and Pollux

c. Brutus and Collatinusd. Caesar and Pompey

MCMLXXXVIII (1988) Quastionēs

1. The Trojan ancestor of the Roman people who fled burning Troy and sailed to Italy wasa. Aeneasb. Augustus

c. Ulyssesd. Hercules

2. The Roman numeral LXIV representsa. 514b. 64

c. 46d. 5115

3. The _________________ was the center of governmental and business activity in Rome.a. Forumb. Temple of Vesta

c. Pantheond. Via Appia

4. Jupiter punished ________________ because he had given fire to mankind.a. Janusb. Prometheus

c. Orpheusd. Paris

5. Leo, felis, canis, lupus taurusque sunt:a. discipulib. urbes

c. insulaed. animalia

6. The Latin abbreviation which advises us to pay special attention is:a. i.e.b. A.D.

c. e.g.d. N.B.

7. The _________________ was the most famous amphitheater in Rome and the arena for gladiatorial events.

a. Circus Maximusb. Thermae

c. Capitolined. Colosseum

8. Pater Romuli Remique et deus belli erata. Iuppiterb. Mercurius

c. Apollod. Mars

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The recitation of prayers for nine consecutive days is called a e. decadef. novena

g. tertiaryh. octave

9. Stola, calliga, palla and tunica are Roman:a. modes of transportationb. fruits and vegetables

c. articles of clothingd. religious festivals

10. Quot sunt quattuor et tres?a. quinqueb. septem

c. sexd. octo

11. In classical mythology, the changing seasons are explained by the a. labors of Herculesb. kidnapping of Proserpina

c. quest for the Golden Fleeced. slaying of Medusa

12. Which language is NOT a Romance language?a. Frenchb. Italian

c. Germand. Spanish

13. A Roman atrium and peristylium would be founda. in aquāb. in caelō

c. in naved. in villā

14. 753 BC is the legendary date of the a. fall of the Roman Empireb. founding of Rome

c. destruction of Pompeiid. death of Julius Caesar

MCMLXXXIX (1989) Quaestionēs

1. Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and doorways, was always pictured witha. snakes as hairb. the body of a horse

c. the head of a liond. two faces

2. Corsica et Sicilia et Sardinia sunta. montesb. insulae

c. fluminad. urbes

3. The last meal of the day for most Romans wasa. cenab. prandium

c. vinumd. ientaculum

4. The Latin abbreviation which introduces an example is a. e.g.b. N.B.

c. etc.d. et al.

5. Thermae, tepidarium and strigiles are terms associated with a Roman:a. religious ceremonyb. political office

c. schoold. bath

6. A septilateral figure has a. six anglesb. many arcs

c. seven sidesd. eight surfaces

7. The Greek hero Bellerophon, riding the winged horse Pegasus, killed thea. Minotaurb. Medusa

c. Hydrad. Chimaera

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The atrium was the _______________ in a Roman house.e. kitchenf. garden

g. bedroomh. main room

8. The stilus was used by the Romans:a. to predict future eventsb. for cooking meat

c. to store dry goodsd. as a writing implement

9. In order to emphasize the swiftness of its service a company might use the god ______________ as its symbol.

a. Atlasb. Mercury

c. Marsd. Vulcan

10. In a medieval monastery the scribe was responsible for:a. ringing the tower bellb. copying manuscripts

c. preparing the mealsd. leading the prayers

11. The Roman symbol of authority, a bundle of rods tied around an axe, was called thea. comitiab. Lares

c. curus honorumd. fasces

12. Sailing down the Tiber toward the open sea, one would pass through the harbor ofa. Ostiab. Brundisium

c. Naplesd. Venice

13. Toga : vir :: __________ : feminaa. soleaeb. stola

c. fibulad. bulla

14. The hero who left his farm to lead the Roman army to victory over the Aequi wasa. Fabriciusb. Cincinnatus

c. Horatiusd. Romulus

MCMXC (1990) Quaesetionēs

1. A committee established for a particular purpose is called an ______________ committeea. ad infinitumb. ad hoc

c. ad nauseamd. ad astra

2. One of the causes of the Trojan War was a. Jason’s quest for the golden

fleeceb. awarding of the golden apple

to Venus

c. Aeneas’ discovery of the golden bough

d. King Midas’ golden touch

3. The Twelve Tables relate to Roman a. medicineb. games

c. lawd. architecture

4. The river that flows through Rome isa. Vesuviusb. Ostia

c. Palatined. Tiber

5. The word binoculars is derived from:a. nosterb. nocte

c. oculusd. octo

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6. Which two gods joined Jupiter, king of gods, in ruling over the three regions of the universe?

a. Mars and Vulcanb. Mercury and Apollo

c. Janus and Bacchusd. Neptune and Pluto

7. What famous couple met a tragic death near a mulberry tree? a. Apollo and Daphneb. Philemon and Baucis

c. Orpheus and Eurydiced. Pyramus and Thisbe

8. In triclinio Romano errant ____________a. cibus et aquab. silva et via

c. templum et dead. leo et equus

9. In order to write a letter, one would need:a. tabella et stilusb. aqua et lac

c. lares et penatesd. tunica et toga

10. The Athenian craftsman who built the labyrinth for the Minotaur and who tried to escape from Crete by making wings from feathers and wax was:

a. Theseusb. Bellerophon

c. Daedalusd. Midas

11. Three tall pines dominated the landscape. Dominated is related to a Latin noun meaning:a. masterb. beauty

c. gift d. shadow

12. Perseus used his shield as a mirror when he killed the monster ___________a. Cerberusb. Medusa

c. Hydrad. Chimaera

13. The Latin motto e pluribus unum which is found on the Great Seal of the United States means:

a. One out of manyb. Always first

c. One step togetherd. One for all

14. Where did Romans gather for recreation, relaxation and bathing?a. basilicab. taberna

c. curiad. thermae

15. Tres et septem sunta. Xb. XI

c. IXd. VI

MCMXCI (1991) Quaestionēs

1. Quae urbs est in Italia?a. Athenaeb. Troia

c. Carthagod. Ostia

2. Athena gave a golden bridle to Bellerophon so that he could tame the winged horse named _________________.

a. Hydrab. Pegasus

c. Sphinxd. Cyclops

3. Centum et octo sunt:a. CIIIb. CIV

c. CVIIId. CIX

4. In some towns it is difficult to find nocturnal entertainment.a. summer b. nighttime

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c. inexpensive d. holiday5. What mountain range is called the backbone of Italy?

a. Alpsb. Apennines

c. Pyrenees d. Caucasus

6. Theseus sailed to Crete in order to slay the monster __________a. Cerberusb. Centuar

c. Minotaurd. Medusa

7. Which group of terms refers to Roman government?a. tablinum, culina, peristyliumb. caldarium, frigidarium,

strigiles

c. proconsul, fasces, curiad. paedagogus, tabella, stilus

8. What type of government existed in Rome from 27 BC to 476 AD?a. city statesb. republic

c. empired. monarchy

9. Over her stola a Roman wore a a. tunicab. toga

c. pallad. bulla

10. The Latin word from which the English words reduce, duchess, introduction, and aqueduct are derived is:

a. ducob. do

c. duod. durus

11. We like to read about Roman historical characters, e.g. Caesar, Scaevola, and Cicero. The abbreviation e.g. means

a. for exampleb. note well

c. among othersd. in addition to

12. At the root of the words transmission, remittance, and promise is the Latin verb meaning:a. warnb. send

c. leaved. fear

13. In ancient Rome the cena was aa. children’s gameb. religious festival

c. main meal of the dayd. man’s cloak

14. Which god did NOT live on Mt. Olympus? a. Mercuryb. Pluto

c. Venusd. Jupiter

15. What famous Trojan hero, son of Venus, founded the Roman race?a. Ulyssesb. Aeneas

c. Achillesd. Hercules

MCMXCII (1992) Quaestionēs

1. Which of the following is a Mediterranean island? a. Ostiab. Crete

c. Carthaged. Brundisium

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A somnambulist is someone whoe. talks in his sleepf. sleeps too much

g. sleep walksh. is unable to fall asleep

2. The month January was named for the Roman god of a. the sun and prophecyb. war

c. beginnings and doorwaysd. the sea

3. The mythological creature which is half horse and half man is a a. centaurb. satyr

c. minotaurd. sphinx

4. Quot pedes habet equus?a. VIb. III

c. Vd. IV

5. The woman who used her magic power to help Jason in his quest for the Golden Fleece was

a. Medeab. Circe

c. Ariadned. Andromeda

6. A fraternity is so called because its members consider each other to be: a. friendsb. sisters

c. studentsd. brothers

7. The abbreviation N.B. indicates that a. what follows is an exampleb. something is left out

c. an item is to be carefully noticed

d. an answer is to be given8. Roman senators usually met in the

a. Circus Maximusb. villa rustica

c. Curiad. cloaca maxima

9. Which one is a Romance language, i.e., derived from Latin?a. Germanb. French

c. Greekd. Russian

10. What deity do the oak tree and the eagle symbolize?a. Apollob. Mercury

c. Jupiterd. Neptune

11. Roma : Italia :: Athenae : ______________a. Hispaniab. Graecia

c. Siciliad. Asia

12. A male Roman slave would most likely wear a a. togab. stola

c. tunicad. palla

13. The Apennines are:a. montesb. flumina

c. viaed. insulae

14. Where would you find a triclinium, impluvium, and a cubiculum?a. in villāb. in agrō

c. in scholād. in templō

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MCMXCIII (1993) Quaestionēs

1. Taurine, porcine, and equine are English words derived from Latin words for a. rooms of the houseb. hills of Rome

c. leisure activitiesd. animals

2. The symbol of supreme authority of kings who ruled Rome during the Monarchy was the fasces. The term fasces refers to

a. a set of lawsb. a crown and a throne

c. a bundle of rods with an axd. a golden robe with fur lining

3. Ubi in villa Romana erat impluvium?a. in atriob. in culina

c. in peristyliod. in cubiculo

4. The diagnosis of the patient’s disease was conducted post mortem. a. in the afternoonb. in detail

c. after deathd. without surgery

5. Jupiter and Juno were known to the Greeks as a. Apollo and Dianab. Poseidon and Demeter

c. Hermes and Artemisd. Zeus and Hera

6. Tarquinius Superbus ruled Rome during the peiod of government known as the a. Monarchyb. Republic

c. Empired. Dictatorship

7. After the presentation, the speaker apologized for his lapsus linguae.a. delayed arrivalb. nervousness

c. running overtimed. slip of the tongue

8. The maiden Andromeda was saved by the hero Perseus from a. spending half of each year in

the Underworldb. turning into a spider

c. being devoured by a sea monster

d. being changed into a tree9. Martial music is usually played

a. when putting a baby to sleepb. during a wedding procession

c. at religious servicesd. when soldiers march

10. A Roman traveler setting out for Pompeii form the city of Rome would heada. northb. south

c. northwestd. west

11. A septuagenarian is a person who is in his _____________ in age.a. thirtiesb. fifties

c. sixtiesd. seventies

12. The Roman numeral MCMXCIII represents the yeara. 1943b. 1933

c. 1773d. 1993

13. The domed building erected in honor of all gods which still stands in Rome today is thea. Acropolisb. Colosseum

c. Pantheond. Curia

14. A helmet, spear and owl are attributes of the goddessa. Junob. Ceres

c. Minervad. Diana

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15. The traditional date for the fall of the Roman Empire was 476 AD. The abbreviation A.D. means

a. after the founding of Romeb. after the end of the Monarchy

c. during the reign of Augustusd. in the year of the Lord

MCMXCIV (1994) Quaesetionēs

1. When the student looked at the clock and realized that the afternoon had gone quickly, he exclaimed,

a. Amor omnia vincitb. Cave canem

c. Ad astra per asperad. Tempus fugit

2. The judge lectured the young men about their malicious behavior.a. evilb. careless

c. silly d. angry

3. Brundisium et Pompeii et Capua sunt urbes ina. Graeciab. Gallia

c. Hispaniad. Italia

4. The city of Rome was founded by a. Jupiterb. Romulus

c. Neptuned. Athena

5. The lucid statement in the lawyer’s closing argument greatly influenced the jurors.a. bitterb. enlightening

c. kindd. bold

6. The Romans worshipped Bacchus as the god ofa. the underworldb. wine

c. traded. the sea

7. E pluribus unum, the motto of the United States, emphasizes the idea ofa. community serviceb. foreign policy

c. the right to voted. national unity

8. The Romans watched chariot races in the a. Pantheonb. Colosseum

c. Circus Maximusd. Temple of Jupiter

9. To the Romans she was Juno, but the Greeks called hera. Athenab. Artemis

c. Demeterd. Hera

10. A traveler leaving Rome on a journey to Gaul woulda. sail up the Nileb. cross the Alps

c. spend a night in Athensd. travel through the city of

Carthage11. During the Republic

a. two consuls were electedb. kings seized power by

military takeover

c. Rome was foundedd. emperors were appointed

12. Because he was ill, the senior class president was awarded his diplomaa. Nota Beneb. id est

c. in absentiad. ex libris

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MCMXCV (1995) Quaestionēs

1. Tarquin the Proud was the last of seven Romana. emperorsb. consuls

c. senatorsd. kings

2. Which land is west of Italy? a. Hispaniab. Aegyptus

c. Graeciad. Germania

3. The Latin words cena, secunda mensa, and prandium refer to Romana. mealsb. games

c. clothingd. rooms

4. When Romulus and Remus were young, they a. strangled two snakesb. rode a chariot too close to the

sun

c. went to the Underworldd. were nursed by a wolf

5. What does the abbreviation i.e. mean?a. for the time beingb. that is

c. and the restd. note well

6. Who was the goddess of love and beauty?a. Venusb. Juno

c. Minervad. Vesta

7. The English words laboratory, laborious, and collaborate share a root which meansa. workb. move

c. pulld. run

8. The river that flows through the city of Rome is the a. Via Appiab. Campus Martius

c. Mons Capitolinusd. Flumen Tiberis

9. The god who stole Proserpina and carried her to the Underworld isa. Neptuneb. Mars

c. Vulcand. Pluto

10. The customer complained vociferously. a. in a loud voiceb. by letter

c. with gesturesd. with good humor

11. When you make a mistake, you might saya. Mens sana in corpore sanob. Errare humanum est

c. Carpe diemd. E pluribus unum

12. Quis erat rex deorum?a. Apollob. Mercury

c. Jupiterd. Bacchus

MCMXCVI (1996) Quaestionēs

1. Which Roman numeral represents the year 1996?a. MDCXCVIb. MCMXCVI

c. MXCVId. MMXCVI

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2. Two cities buried by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD were Pompeii anda. Brundisiumb. Rome

c. Herculaneumd. Ostia

3. What type of government did Augustus initiate in 27 BC? a. monarchyb. republic

c. empired. dictatorship

4. Who was the god of the sun, medicine, and music, rejected by the nymph Daphne?a. Neptuneb. Jupiter

c. Vulcand. Apollo

5. The toga could be worn by a. all men living in Romeb. all men and women who

owned property in Rome

c. only men who were Roman citizens

d. only elected public officials6. If your friends greet you with “Laetam tibi natalem diem,” they are

a. wishing you a happy birthdayb. complaining that you are late

c. congratulating you on a victory

d. telling you to enjoy your vacation

7. Caesar, Cicero, Brutus, et al., were political figures during the Republic. Et al. meansa. That isb. For example

c. Note welld. And others

8. The words enamored, amiable, and inimical are all related to the Latin word fora. praiseb. love

c. walkd. see

9. gladiator fight : Colosseum :: ____________ : Circus Maximusa. chariot raceb. play performance

c. military exercised. public bath

10. What characterized the triclinium in a Roman house?a. a garden surrounded by

columnsb. three couches on which

Romans reclined to dine

c. a shrine for worshipping the household gods

d. a pool which collected rainwater

11. Which god was often called Dis, the Latin word meaning “rich,” because his kingdom in the Underworld included the rich minerals under the earth?

a. Jupiterb. Neptune

c. Bacchusd. Pluto

12. What is the shape of a lunate window?a. 5-pointed starb. crescent moon

c. squared. right triangle

MCMXCVII (1997) Quaestionēs

1. Nomen mihi est Marcusa. My name is Marcusb. I gave a name to Marcus

c. It is the name of Marcusd. Your name is Marcus

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What is the Greek name for Venus, the goddess of love and beauty?e. Athenaf. Hera

g. Demeterh. Aphrodite

2. Ancient mapmakers used to indicate an unknown land by using the phrase _________a. persona non gratab. terra icognita

c. cave canemd. in medias res

3. The date traditionally given for the fall of the Roman Empire is 476 A.D. a. CDLXXVIb. CMLXXVI

c. DCLXXVId. DLXXVI

4. A multifaceted argument has a. many aspectsb. no solution

c. an obvious answerd. two sides

5. Which of these Roman provinces was in the eastern part of the Empire?a. Britanniab. Hispania

c. Asia Minord. Gallia

6. Curiosity was the downfall of __________, the first woman, who opened the box of misfortunes.

a. Penelopeb. Arachne

c. Pandorad. Daphne

7. According to tradition, which of these events happened first? a. the last king was driven out

of Romeb. L. Iunius Brutus became the

first consul

c. Aeneas settled in Italyd. Augustus was made the first

emperor

8. This covered channel provided water for the wealthy private homes as well as for public baths and fountains.

a. circusb. aqueduct

c. peristyled. dome

9. This most important Roman road originally extended from Rome to Capua and later east to Brundisium.

a. Via Flaminiab. Via Aurelia

c. Via Appiad. Via Sacra

10. Early Roman legends said that Romulus and Remus were the sons of ____________a. Jupiterb. Mars

c. Neptuned. Apollo

11. The pool used to catch rainwater in the Roman house was the _____________a. cubiculumb. impluvium

c. tricliniumd. tablinum

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MCMXCVIII (1998) Quaestionēs

1. Quid agunt Romani in triclinio?a. currunt et pugnantb. tacent et dormiunt

c. scribunt et leguntd. cenant et bibunt

2. In Arabic numbers, MMV would bea. 205b. 2005

c. 1505d. 2505

3. In its earliest days, Rome was ruled by __________.a. generalsb. consuls

c. emperorsd. kings

4. Often pictured wearing a war helmet, ____________ is also known to the Greeks as the goddess of arts and crafts.

a. Athenab. Hera

c. Aprhodited. Demeter

5. The Roman equivalent of our proverb “Haste makes waste” isa. Ad infinitumb. Caveat emptor!

c. Festina lente!d. Nota bene

6. According to its name, the Pacific Ocean should bea. immenseb. dark blue

c. peacefuld. very deep

7. What Roman province was located between Hispania and Germania? a. Britanniab. Graecia

c. Africad. Gallia

8. The French word soeur, the Italian word sorella, and the English word sorority come from the Latin word for

a. kindb. fate

c. communityd. sister

9. Pluto took Proserpina, the daughter of _________, to the Underworld to be his queen.a. Junob. Ceres

c. Minervad. Vesta

10. A bystander was trying to ignite a conflict between two candidates. The use of the word ignite here reflects its Latin root meaning

a. fireb. sword

c. battled. hatred

11. According to the Roman custom of naming children, which of these men was the father of a daughter named Cornelia?

a. C. Julius Caesarb. P. Cornelius Scipio

c. M. Tullius Cicerod. C. Caecilius Iucundus

12. When you attend sports events in a huge, circular, multi-story building with entrances all around, you might think back to the Roman

a. curiab. Colosseum

c. Forumd. basilica

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