CJIOJKHLIE IIPEJJJIOJKEHHH C B0 3 0 EH0 BJIHK>mHMHCH 3JIEMEHTAMH

H OH OHII.3

B COBpeMeHHOM pyCCKOM H3bIKe ßOBOJJLHO M3CTO BCTpe^aiOTCH T3I<He CJIOKHbie

npeflJIOH<eHHH, B KOTOpblX OflHO CJIOBO HJIH CJIOBOCOMeTaHHe BO306HOBJIfleTCH,

KaK H anpH M ep:

1. « K p o M e T oro , .zyra n c n x o jio rH H H3b iK a b 3>kho OTjum aTb b o t h o ih c h h h

flaHH ofi h 3 i> ik o b oh (JjopM bi npedtuecm eyw iqee cocm onuue , T .e . t o , m to 3apaHee

3a^aHO flaHHblM H H3bIKOBbIMH npHBblH K aM H , OT XapaKTepa pa3BHTHH HJIH HCnOJlB-

30B3HHH h x b peneBOM aK T e» ( O . C. A x M a H O B a , O nepK u no o6ufeü u

pyccK oü AexciiKOAOBUu, M . , 1957 , c r p . 2 1 ) ; 2 ) « B h h k h h t c caMH, B e flt M o r 6b i fi

He BaM OTKpbiTb nepBOM y flBa-TO h m c h h , a npHM O MaxHyTb m y d a , T .e . T y ^ a ,

r f le nepB O H aH ajibH b ie o 6 bHCHeHHH A a B a n . . . » (<E>. M . J I o c t o c b c k h h ,

C o h . , t . 7 , M . , 1957 , CTp. 3 7 6 ); 3 . « B KanecTBe oßp33y iom H X ocnoe (T .e . o c h o b ,

o t K0T0p b ix npoH cxoflH T 0ßpa30BaH H e K aK oro-Jinßo c jiO B a) M oryT BbicTynaTb h

np0H 3B 0 flH b ie (fle jiH M bie) o c h o b b i , h H enp0H 3B 0flH b ie (p aB B b ie K o p H io ) . . . »

(E. M . T a j i k h h a - O e j o p y k , K . B . T o p m k o b a , H . M . IH a h-

c k h h , CoepeM enHbiü pyccK uü H3UK, M . , 1957 , c r p . 6 1 ).

T a n K an b npHBe,neH Hbix npH M epax c jiO B a , B b i^e jieH H b ie KypcHBOM , B0306-

h o b j ih io t c h n p n n o m o m n Tex h j ih f lp y r n x c j io b , H anenaTaHH bix >KHpHbiM iupHcJ)-

TOM, TO M bl npeflJIO>KH.JIH flüH H33B3HHH T3KHX KOHCTpyKHHH TepMHH «CJIOJKHbie

npefljio>KeHHH c b o 3 o 6 h o b jih io u ;h m h c h s jic m c h ts m h » .

O TC io fla BbiTeKaeT, m to TepMHHOM eo3o6HoeAMMtque 3/iejnenm bi M bi Ha3biBaeM

KaK c jiO B a , KOTopbie n p o c r o noB T opn ioT A p y ra e (c p . b o 2-om r ipH M epe: . . . m y d a ,

T .e. T y a a . . . ) , TaK h c j io b s , KOTopbie b o 3 o 6 h o b j ih io t f lp y r n e , h b j ih h c l c h h o h h m h h -

HbiMH b aaHHOM KOHTeKCTe JieKCHHecKHMH e^HHHHaMH (c p . b nepBOM npH M epe :

. . . npeduiecm eyw ufee cocm om iue , T .e. t o . . . ) .

B A3HH0H paßOTe M bl CT3BHM Ceße HeJItIO np03H3JlH3Hp0BaTb TOJILKO T3KHe

CJIO>KHbie IipeAJIO>KeHHH C B03o6hOBJ1HK)H;HMHCH 3JieMeHTaMH, B KOTOpblX OßHO

H3 npeflJio>KeHHH yroHHHeT , p acK pbm aeT co fle pw aH H e , BKJiaAbiBaeM oe b K3K0e-

JIH60 CJIOBO HJIH CJIOBOCO'ieT3HHe.HeOÖXOflHMOCTB n 0f lp 0 6H0 np03H3JIH3Hp0BaTb T3KHe KOHCTpyKHHH flCKaabl-

BaeTCH cjiefly io iHH M H oßcronTejiBCTBaM H: B O -nepB b ix , o h h He ßbiJiH 3 0 c h x n o p

OßbeKTOM OTfleJILHOrO, CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO HCCJieflOBaHHH B JlHHrBHCTHHeCKOH JIHTepSType; BO-BTOpbIX, OHH COOTHOCHTeJIbHbl CO MHOIHMH APyrHMH KCHCTpyK-

HHHMH, B KOTOpblX OTCyTCTByiOT B03o6HOBJIHIOLL(He SJieMeHTbl, a B pe3yjILTaTe

62 H O H 0H U 3

TaKOli COOTHOCHTeJIBHOCTH B H3bII<e H3JIHHeCTByiOT pa3Hbie C TOMKH 3peHHH CrpyK- Typw KOncrpyKL(HH, KOTOpbie Bbipa>KaioT oflHO h to >Ke npe^MeTHO-BemecTBeHHoe co^ep>Kanne; B-TpeTbHx, 3H3JiH3HpyeMbie hsmh 3flecb KOHcrpyKHHH mnp0K0 pacnpocrpaHeHbi b H3biKe, 0C06eHH0 b nayqHo.w cm ne.

B npHBe/jennbix npHMepax Mbi HMeeM ßejio c ßByMH crpyKTypHO-cMbicjiOBbiMH neHTpaMH, OTrpauHMeiiHbiMH o^hh ot flpyroro npn noMomn noiicuHTejii.iioro coio3a

mo ecmb, KOTopbiii Bbipa>KaeT OTHOiiieHHe TO>K^ecTBa, ycTaH3BJiHB3iomerocH Me>K^y

aaHHbiMH CTpyKTypHO-cMbicjiOBbiMH qenTpaMH. CjieflCBaTejibHo, OTHOLuenne to>k-

aecTBa b npHBefleHHbix npmiepax CKJiaflbmaeTCH crieflyiomHM cßpa30M:

1) . . . npediuecmeywufee cocmoHHue — T.e. to , hto 3apaHee 33/J3H0 gaHHbiMHH3bIK0BbIMH npHBbIMKaMH . . .

2) . . . m yda = T.e. Ty/ja, rß e nepBOHaqajiw ibie

oGbHCHenHH f la B a j i . . .

3) . . . o6pa3yiomHe ociwebi — T.e. ochobbi, o t K0T0pbix npoHcxo^HT

06pa30BaHne KaKoro-jra6o cjiOBa

H 3 aHajiH3a npHBe^euHbix npHMepoB HBCTByeT, h to b HHTepecyiomHx Hac

cjio>KHbix npeyjio>!<eHHHX o ;m a cHHTaKaraecjOH eflHHmja yToqHHeT co^ep>KaHHe

A py ro ii. r ipnqeM 3iiaqenne yT om iem in b h h x npOHBjraeTCH n0-pa3H0My: b o ^h h x

cjio>KHbix npeflJio>KeHHHx yTOMHHeTCH coflep>KaHHe BO3c6H0BJiHK>iqerccH 3Jie-

MeHTa (cm. 1-biii h 2-ofi npHM epbi); b ^ p y ra x >i<e (J jsk thhcckh pacKpbiBaeTcn

coflep>KaiiHe cjiOBa, noTopoe jih ih b 3 3 bh ch t o t B03o6HOBJiHioinerccH 3JieMeHTa:

b nociieflHeM cjio>i<hom npeßJiOHceHHH, nanptiM ep , npH^aTO 'ince onpe/je jnrre jib iioe

npe;;jio>KenHe, npucoeAHHHioineecH k cjiOBy omoebi, b cy inHOcra pacKpbiBaeT

He coAep>Kanne s to fo cjiOBa, a coflepm aHne npnjiaraTejibH oro o6pa3ywtifux. T an

Kai< b aHajiH3HpyeMbix 3,qecb cjio>KHbix npe^jiOKeHHHx o^Ha CHHTaKCHHecKan

eAHHuqa pacKpbiBaeT, yTOHHHeT co^ep>Kaiine ^ p y ro ii , t o no/joßHbie chh t3kch-

qecKHe KOHCTpyKUHH mo>kho Ha3BaTb caookhumu nped.aoMceiiuHMu co 3naueitueM

ymoHHeuuH c eo3o6}ioe.'inwu}UMucn 3AeM.eHma.MU.B CBH3H C OTHeceHHeM 3THX KOHCTpyKIJHii K CO>KHbIM npeflJlOJKeHHHM C

yTOMHemieM B03HHKaeT t 3koh Bonpoc: He hbjihiotch jih BbiflejieHHbie b npHBe- ^eHHbix npHMepax »cnpHbiM mpHcJrroM cjiOBa noncHHTejibHbiMH HJieHaMH npefljio- >KeHHH? 1 riOJIOKHTeJIBHblH OTBeT Ha T3K0H BOnpOC CfleJiaJI 6bl JIHHIHHM aHajIH3 T3KHX KOHCTpyKnHH B CBH3H CO CJIO>KHbIMH npe/piOHieHHHMH. H a H3UI B3rJIHfl,

1 B CBH3H C Bbipa>KCHHeM I IO H C H H T eJlbH b lX OTHOUleHHH KaK B npO C T O M , TaK H B OITOKHOM

npe flJ iO H <eH H H c m . C J ie a y io m H e p a S o T t i : M . I\ III a T y x , ymomimoufue hachu npeÖMKUceHUH

KaK ocoöaa cuHmaxcunecxan xametopun, «PyccKHÜ h 3 w k b u iK O J ie » , 1959, Ns 2; KD. I\ Y e n -

m e B a , rioncHumejibHue xoHcmpyxtfuu c yxasameAbHbiMU HapemiHMU, « P y c c K H Ö H 3 b iK B uiKOJie»,

1961, Ns 1; A . <t>. I I p H H T K H H a , C.iyMceÖHbie cjioea, äbipaitcaioufue ymOHHenuc u noncnenue

e coepeMeuHOM pyccKOM nsuxe (KaH;;n;;aTci<aH ;(HccepTaqn>i), M . , 1954; ee wee, KoHcmpyxifuu c

noHCHwneAbHUMu coro3a.uu, « P y c c K H H H 3 b iK b niKOJie», 1956, Ns 5; H . C . ü o c n e n o B ,

O epaMMamuuecKoü npupode u npumfunax XAaccutßuxaifUU 6eccow3Hbix caojkhux npeÖAOMcenuü,

C6.«Bonpocbi cH H T aK C H ca coBpe.MeHHoro p y c e n o r o H 3 b iK a » , n o a peAaKUHeii anan. B. B. B h h o-

r p a j o B a , y * m e f l r H 3 , M ., 1950; J I . A . T j i h h k h h a, K eonpocy o 6eccow3MM caomchom

nped.ioMceiiuu « H3uxe X V I — X V I I eexoe (6eccow3Hue npedAowceuun c noHcnumeAbHoü ceH3bto

uaemeü), «HcaieflOBamra n o jie K C H K O J io rH H h rpaM M aT H K e p y c c K o r o H 3 b iK a » , H3a. A H C C C P ,

M ., 1961; H . B . K i i p n h m h h k o b a , EeccoH>3Hue CAOMCHbie npedAOMceuun, e Komopux

emopa.H uacnib nonennem oöho U3 caos tiepeoü uaemu, « P y c c K H H H3biK B uikoJie » , 1956, Ne 6;I . O i { ä, Despre propozifiile explicative in limba rom änä, „L im ba romänä-', 1961, N» 5;

e r o >Ke, O noHCHUtne.ibHbix xoiicmpyxtfujix e pyccxo.u H3bixe, „Culegere de s tu d ii“ , I I , Bucurc^ti,

1961. T a K K aK M H o r n e Tep^HHbi, KOTopbiMH Mbi ö y a e M onepHpoBaTb b aaHHoft p a S o T e , n o j iy -

qaiOT flOBOJibHO noapciÖHOe o c B e m e H H e b y K a 3 a H H b ix p a ö o T a x , to M b i H a o6tncHeHHH AaHHbix TepMHHOB ocTanaBiiHBaTLca h c 6 y a e M .

C JlO K H b lE nPE flJIC »KEH H a C B 03 0E H 0B H M I0m H M H C « 3JIEM EH TAM H 63

CHHTaTh yKa3aHHLie cjiOBa yTOUHjnomHMH nenb 3H. H arne M nenne ormpaeTCH Ha

CJieayiomee 06cT0HTejii.cTB0 : bo Bcex t3 k h x c jio jk hm x npe/iJio>i<eHiiHx bo3o6hob-

ju u o o p ie ajieMeiiTti HHuero He b h o c h t b npe/iMeTno-BemecTBenHoe co/iep>i<aHHe

cjio>KHoro npeflJiOKeHHH. O h h num ero He y to ^ h h io t , a to jib k o b o3 o 6 h o b jih io t

<J>3KTHUeCKH yTOMHHeMbie CJIOBa H jn i CJIOBa, CT KOTOpbIX 38BHCHT (J)3KTHMeCKH

yToquHCMbie sjie.weHTLi. YTO^Henne b cynjHOCTH coflepjKHTcn b npH/jaTouHbix

npeAJio>KeHHHX, KOTopbie npucoe/iHHHioTCH k B0306H0BJiHi0mHM ojie.wenTaM.

T o , u t o B03o6HOBJiHK)o;He cjiOBa He BHOCHT H im ero HOBOro b npe^MeTHO-BtmecT-

BeHHoe co^ep>KaHHe cno>KHoro npefljiOK enHH jieirco ^0Ka3biBaeTCH TeM, u to b

noflaBJiHiomeM SojibiimHCTBe Tai<nx k o h c tp y k h h h OTMeneHHbie cjiOBa MoryT onycKaTBCH 6 e3 ym epßa 3JIH co^ep>KaHHH cjimkhoi-o npe^Jio>KeHHH. C p . ocymecr- BJieHHe TaKOH bo3m o>khccth b ripHBe^cHHbix npHM epax : . . . npeflmecTByiom ee

cocTOHHHe, T.e. u t o 3 apaH ee .. . ; . . . Tyija, T.e. r f l e . c 6 p a 3 y i o m n x o cho b ,

T.e. OT K O T opb ix .. . . B pe3yjibTaTe onymeHHH B 03o6noB jm iom nx sjieMenTOB

nojiy^aioTCH KOHCxpyKHHH c HHTepti03HTHBHbiM yTomienneM (cm. 1-biii h 3-hh npHMepbl) HJIH C n0CTn03HTHBHbIM yTOUHeHHeM (cm. 2-oil IipHM ep). B 3TOM H COCTOHT COOTHCCHTejlbHOCTb KOHCTpyKHHH C B0306h0BJIHK1LL(HMHCH 3JieMeHT3MH

CO MHOrHMH KOHCTpyKUHHMH C yTOUHeHHeM, He XapaKTepH3yK)U;HMHCH HaJIHUHeM

bo3o6hobjihk)Ihhx sjieMeHTOB. O m eueH H aH coothcchtcjilhoctl nojiHOCTtio no,n-

TBep>K^aeTCH H T3KHMH npHMepaMH, KOTOpbie flOK33bIB3IOT o6p3THyiO B03M0>KH0CTb ;

1 ) « . . -HO 3T0 npOTHBOpeUHT C tlpCOK- l ) « . . . H O 3TO npOTHBOpeUHT Chum MHCHueM aBTopa, T .e., u t o 3eM- npejKHUM MHeuueM aBTOpa, T.e. c TeM,

JieflejiHe iiaxo^HTCH y KOjiyMSamjeB u t o seM jieflejme h b x o ^h tc h y KOjiyM-

He b HBeTymeM c o c to h h h h h u t o G hhhcb He b ijBeTymeM c o c to h h h h h

o h h A3>i<e Hy>K^aioTCíi b 3eMJieflejib- u t o o hh fla>i<e Hy>K/jaioTCH b 3eMJie-

uecKHx opy^H H X . . . » (MocKoecKuü me- flenbuecKHx opyzpw tx .. . »

jiezpaçfi, 1825, u . V , Ne. 20 , orp,. I l l ,

c rp . 367).

2) « . . . cjio>KHoe cy>KfleHHe « A V B » 2) « . . . cjio>KHce cy>KfleHiie « A V B »

HBjraeTCH HCTHHHbXM B IiepBbIX TpeX HBJIHeTCH HCTHHHbIM B nepBbIX TpeX

npH M epax: . . . , h hb jiíic t c h j io k h i j m n p H M e p a x ; . . . , h h bjih ct c h Jio>KHbiM

JiHHib b nocneòneM cnynae, T.e. KOrfla j ih ih b b nocjiedneM c/iynae, T.e. T o r^ a ,

H A , H B JIO>KHbI» (JI- n . ropCKHÍÍ, KOI'^a H A , H B JIO>KHbI».

JIoeuKa, y u n e a rH 3 , M . , 1958, CTp.

126).

Pa3 cjiOBa, B03o6HOBJiHioniHe Te h .ih f lpy rne eflHHHLjbi H3 yrouHHeMon uacTH,

HHuero He b h o c h t b npe^MeTHO-BemecTBeHHce coflep>i<aHne cjio jKHoro npefljio-

>KeHHH (nOUeMy HX h HeJIb3H CUHTaTh yTOUHHTejILIiblMH HJIH nOHCHHTeJIbHblMH oiOBaMH), t o b ueM >Ke Torfla h x p o ja ? Po jii, /jaHHbix c jio b TaKOBa: BO-nepBbix,

OHH HBJIHIOTCH OnOpHbIMH, CTepjKHeBbIMH 3JieMeHT3MH B T3KHX KOHCTpyKUHflX c yTOUHeHHeM ; 6jiaro,qapH s thm cnoBa.w, C03/i3eTCH G o jitn ian k o m p s k t iio c t l cjio>k-

Horo npeflJiojKeHHH, t3 k Kan no^uepKHBaeTCH CHJibnee t o , u t o yTOUHHe.MOe He

MO>KeT 0CT3BaTbCH 6e3 yTOUHeHHH. A C03fl3HHe S o d im e li KOMH3KTHOCTH CJ10>K-

H oro npeflJIOJKeHHH HBJIHCTCH OAKUM HS cCu;HX 33K0HCB P33BHTHH CJlOKHOrO

npeflJIO>KeHHH. B0-BT0pbIX, OTMeueHHCe B03C6HCBJieHHe CJiy>KHT CpeflCTBOM

ocoßoro Bbi^ejieHHH <J)3KTHuecKH yTOUHHe.MLix eflHHHH, b pe3yjiLTaTe ue ro bhhm3-

HHe UHTaTejiH h jih coßeceflHHKa cocpegoTOUHBseTCH b G o jitm e ii Mepe h3 yTOu-

HHeMOM, ueM B aH ajio rauH bix k o h c tp > k i;h h x c HenccpeflCTBeHHbiM npHcoe^H-

HeHHeM yrouH Jiiom ero npenJio>KeHHH k yTOUHneMOMy. Cjie^OBaTejiLHO, bo3o6-

54 H O H O H L P

HOBjiHiomHe eflHHHqbi HrpaioT, c o^hoh cTopoHbi, rpa.MMaTHqecKyio pojib, a cAPyrOH — CTHJIHCTHHeCKyiO.

B 3THX CJIO>KHbIX npeflJIOJKeHHHX K B0306h0BJIHI0IL(HM CJIOBaM npHcoeflH- hhkjtch, Kan npaBHjio, npHflaTOMHbie no CBoen cJjopMe npeflJiomeHHH. 3 th npnfla- TOHHbie npeflJioweHHH coothochtch c bo3o6hobjihioihhmh cjiOBaMH, o6pa3yn c hhmh onpefleJieHHbiä crpyKTypHO-cMbicjiOBOH nenTp, K0T0pbifi BCTynaer b nonc- HHTejibHyio CBH3b c npefliuecTByiomHMH eMy cjiOBaMH. Ho sto npHzjaTOHHbie npeflJio>KeHHH oco6oro rana: ohh b cymHOcra pacnphiBaioT, K0HKpeTH3Hpyi0T coflep>KaHHe onpeflejieHHbix cjiob h3 yTomuieMOH qacra. nosTOMy, xoth (JiopiwajibHo 3aBHCHT OT B0306H0BJIHK)n(HX CJIOB, BCe-TaKH HaCTO paCKpblBaiOT COflep>I<aiIHe Apyrax cjiob.

EbiJio yKa3aH0, h to b pe3yjibTaTe npo nycna B0306H0BjiHK>mnx sjieM em oB

yKa3aHHbie npn/iaT om ib ie npe3Jio>KeHHH BcrynaioT b nenocpeACTBenHyio cbh3i.

C yTOHHHeMbIMH CJIOBaMH, TipyrHMH CJIOBaMH, C0K)3 CBH3LIBaeT yTOHHHIOinyiO

nacTb c npefliuecTByiomHM npeAJio>Kenne.M npHMO, 6e3 yi<a3aHHoro bo3o6hobjih io-

m ero sjieMeHTa. OflHaKO b TaKOM c jiy ia e Ha CTbine eflHHHij, BCTynaioiHHX b

noHCHHTejibHyio CBH3b, HajiHqecTByeT n a a coio3a: noHCHHTejibHbiii h no^MHiiH-

TeJIbHblH. BepOHTHO, OflHOH H3 npHHHH B 03H H KH 0BCH H H H IUHpOKOrO pacnpO-

CTpaHeHHH KOHCTpyKHHH C BO306hOBJIHIOIHHMH 3JieMeHT3MH HBJIHeTCH CTpeMJieHHe

k ycTpaHeHHio o ^n o ro H3 s th x c0K)30b, KOTopbie BbicTjnnaioT KaK «npeflcraBH-

TeJIH» flßyx THnOB CHHTaKCHWeCKOÄ CBH3H. HMeiOmHHCH B HameM paCnOpH>KCHHH

HJUHOCTpaTHBHblH MaTepHaJI CBHJjeTejIbCTByeT O TOM, HTO CJIO>KHbie npeflJIOHteHHH

C B 030ßH 0B JIH K )m H M H C H 3JieMeHT3MH BCTpeMBIOTCH nOHTH B TpH pa3a SojIbUie,

qeM cjio>KHbie npe,HJio>KeHHH, b k o to p m x Ha CTbine qacreH , BCTynaiouinx b

OTHOUieHHH IIOHCHeilHH, BCTpeHaiOTCH T3KHe IipeflCTaBHTejIH pa3HbIX THnOB

CHHTaKCHHeCKOH CBH3H.

B 3THX KOHCTpyKHHHX CTeneHb OTBJieqeHHOCTH yTOHHHeMblX CJIOB pa3HaH.

nosTOMy Mbi pa3fleJiHM HHTepecyiomHe Hac KOHCTpyKi^HH Ha r b c r p y im b i:

I ) C j i o * h b i e n p e f l J i o > K e H H H c c y ö b e K T H B H o B b i p a » e H -

H bl M T O J K R e C T B O MJ I I ) C JI O * H bl e n p e f l J I O J K e H H H C O ß b e K -

T H B H O B b i p a > K e H H b I M T O K j e C T B O M .

I . C ji o ok h u e n p e d A o o t c e n u H c c y ö b e K m u e u o e u p a-

ok e h h bi m m o w c d e c m e o M

B 3Ty rp y n n y Mbi BKJiioqaeM Tanne koiictpvki;hh, b K0T0pbix eflHHHijbi,

BCTynaiomne B OTHOiueHHe noncHeHHH, BbicrynaioT Kan TO>K,iiecTBeHHbie jiH iub

b AaHHOM aKTe p e n n . H a c rao e npoHBJie im e yToqHHCMbix c a h h h ii, BCTpeqaioiHHxcH

B nOflOßHblX KOHCTpyKHHHX, MOJKCT ßblTb pa3HbIM B pa3JIHHHbIX KOHTeKCTyaJIbHblX

ycjiOBHHX. C no B a , BbicTynaiomHe b KaHecrae yTommeM bix b TaKHX KOHcrpyK-

ijhhx, xapaKTepii3yiOTCH uiHpoToii JieKCHHecKoro 3HaneHHH, h K0HKpeTH0e 3naqe-

HHe, BKJia/ibiBaioiHeecH b hhx, BbiTeKaeT TOJibKO H3 KOHTeKcra, HanpHMep:

« . . . o6o3Hanaji hx o^hhm cjiobom... H e«o6 pam a« bhhmbhhh» na pa3AUHHoe, T.e. Ha

to , hto b oflHOM c jiynae 3to — qejioßeK , J iim o , a b apyrOM — npe ^M e r» (O . C .

A x M a H O s a , tfum . p a ö . , c rp . 131) ;«B stom naMHTHHKe 3HaKH peAynHpoBaiiHbix

s h 6 ynoTpeßjiHioTCH eceida npaBHJibHO, T.e. TaM , iyie ohh np0H3H0CHjiHCb

b >khboh p e n n » (E . M . E ji k h h a , Cm apocAaem cKuü H3biK, M . , 1960, c rp . 44).

«npaBHjibHoe OTHOuieHHe k HH0H3biHHbiM CJIOBaM Sbijio onpeaejieHO npHMe-

HHTenbHO k c0BpeMeHH0My pyccKOMy H3biKy b 3aMeTKe B. H. JIeH H H a«OS ohhctkc pyccKOro H3biKa». B. H. Jle iiHH BbicrynaeT npoTHB ynoTpeßjieHHH HHCCTpaHHbix

c jiob 6e3 nadoÖHocmu, T.e. T o r ^ a , n o r/ia flJin Bbipa>KeHHH cooTBercrByioiHero

CJI03KHBIE nPEflJIO JKEHHH C B 030EH 0BJIflK >niH M H CH 3JIEM EH T A M H 55

noHHTHH ecTb HHqew He xy>Ke cboh, 6ojiee ynoTpeßnTejibHbie n noiiHTiibie cjiOBa ...» (H. M . I I I a h c k h ä , OnepKu no CAoeooSpasoeanuw u AencuKOAOZuu, M . , 1959 , crp.

2 0 0 ) ; « . . .xoth caMH npeflJiorn b ciuiy CBoeii 6eccJ)opMenHocTH onpefleJiniOTCHHCKJIIOHHTeJIbHO (J)OpMOH CJIOBOCOqeTaHHH, B qaCTIIOCTH (J)OpMaMH 3aBHC5imHX OTh h x cym ecT BH T ejibH bix , h o n p n MajioqHCJieHHOCTH n p e /y io ro B y Hac ao jD K H a cy-

mecTBOBaTb h o6pam nan accoifuatfun, t o ecTb t o , h t o m o>kct 3aBHcerb o t n p e /y io r a ,

M bl flOJI>KHbI ÖblTb CKJIOHHbl BOCnpHHHM3Tb KaK CymeCTBHTeJlbHOe» ( A . M . I l e n i -

k o b c k h h , PyccKuü cuumaKcuc 8 HaynuoM oceeuieuuu, M . , 1956 , c r p . 68) .

H3 aHajiH3a nofloßHoro po/ja npHMepoB BbiTeKaeT, u to ohh flOBOjibHO neofl-

HOpO^Hbl C TOHKH 3peHHH JieKCHK0-rpaMM3THqeCK0H npHpOflbl yTOHIIHeMblX

eflHHHn. Il03T0My hx mo>kho 6biJio noflpa3flejiHTb onnTb-TaKH hs HecKOjibKO

no/irpyrai, ksk nsnpuMep: c;io>KHbie npeAJio>KeHHH c yTomiemieM nape^HH,

cjio>KHbie npeflJio>KeHHH c yToqueimeM hmch cymecTBHTejibHbix, CJio>KHbie npei(-

JIOJKeHHH C yTOMHCHHeM CJlOBOCOHeraHHH, COCTaBJieHHblX H3 cymecTBHTejibHbix

h npHJiaraTeJibHbix. KoHeHHO, o t jieKCHKO-rpaMMaTH’iecKOii: npnpo^bi yTOHnneMbix

CJIOB 33BHCHT H CTeneHb HX OTBJieneHHOCTH: OflHH CJIOBa ßojiee OTBJieneHHbie

(cm. 1-n h 2-oii npHMep), apyrae MeHee oTBjieneHHbie (cm. 3-hh npHMep).

Ebijio yKa3aHO, mto B0306H0BJiHK>mne sjieMeHTbi co3flaiOT 6ojibioyio kom-

naKTHOCTb CJIO>KHOrO npeflJIOJKeHHH. B CBH3H C 3THM HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, HTO

Torfla, Kor^a B03o6HOBjiHiomeecH cjiobo, HajnraecTByiomee b yTOHHHeMOM npe/j-

JIO>KeHHH, HBJIHeTCH CJIOBOM MeCTOHMeHHOrO npOHCXOJKAeHHH, TO OHO OÖbIHHO

bo3o6hobjihctch nocpe/icTBOM no H C H H T eJibH o ro coio3a b tom >Ke Bn;ie; a KOr^a

3T0 cjiobo He HMeeT MeCTOHMeHHOrO 3HaneHHH, to oho oGbiquo «nepeBO-

AHTCH» Ha MeCTOHMeHHOe CJIOBO, TO ecTb B030ßH0BJMeTCH nOCpeflCTBOM MeCTOH­

MeHHOrO cjiOBa. 3 to onnTb-TaKH noflTBep>KAaeT CKa3aHHoe h3mh paHbiue, a

HMeHHO to , h to B0306H0BJiHK)uiHe 3JieMeHTbi HrpaioT npe>Kfle Bcero (JiopMajibno-

rpaMMaTHHecKyio pojib.

B n o fla B J ia io m e M ßojibiiiHHCTBe t 3 k h x KOHCTpyKiiHH c yTOMHCHHeM ynoT pe6 -

JiaeTCH noHCHHTejibHbiii c o io 3 . I Ip H q e M t h i i h ^ h l lw p jm h h x h b j ih c t c h cok>3 m o

ectrib. Cok>3 a umchho BCTpeqaeTCH b t 3k h x K O ncrpyK iiH H X o qe iib pe/iKO. H cm

oßbHCHHeTCH n a c ro e y n oT peß jie irae noHCHHTeJibHoro co io3a b s t h x KOHCTpyiapiHX ?

üp H M H H b i yriOTpeßjieHHH co io 3 a 3flecb pa3 H b ie . B03M0>KH0CTb b c t s b k h co io3a

oßecneneHa TeM, h t o , rrpn acetó in n p o T e jieKCHqecKoro 3H3LieiiHH yT O ^nneM b ix

c j io b , Bce-TaKH yTOMHHeMOe npe;iJio>KenMe m o>kct ocraBaTbCH 6e3 yromieHHH. B 3T0M OTHOHieHHH Ije jieCO06pa3H0 epaBHHTb T3KHe CJIO>KHbie npeflJIO>KeHHH c

KOHcrpyKiíHHMH c yTOHHeHHeM T3K0r0 THna: «CaMaa cymecTBennaH qepTa s to h

qacTH HepBHOH fleHTejibHOCTH 3aKJHoqaeTCH b c jie ^ y io m e M : pa3flpa>KeHHe, pa3

o h o B03HHKaeT b ß o jib u iH x n o jiy in a p H H x , HenpeMeHHO p a c iu ib iB a e rc H . . . » ( I I a b-

J I O B , C o h . , T. III, KH. I , c r p . 160).

O flHaKO CTeneHb OTBJieneHHOcrn yT on n n eM b ix e^HHHn Jinnib /jonycicaeT B03M0>KH0CTb ynoTpeÖJieHHH c o io 3a. H a c r o e >Ke ocyinecTBJieH H e T an o ii b o 3mo>k- HOCTH OÖbHCHHeTCH, nO-BHflHMOMy, TeM, HTO nOHCHHTeJIbHblH C0 I03 TOHHee Bb iH B jineT oTH on ieH ne rioHCHeHHH: b c jiy q a e OTcyTCTBHH c o io 3a Ha n ep B b in m iaH BblflBHraeTCH BblfleJIHTeJIbHaH C^yHKnHH BOSOßHOBJIHIOinHX SJieMeilTOB; COK)3 >Ke B bm B n raeT Ha n ep B b iö iu iaH 3HaqeHHe noHCHeHHH.

Kan y>Ke GbiJio yKa3aH0, b flamibix KOHCTpyKUHHX cok>3 a uM eum ynoTpeö- JineTCH oneHb pe^KO: TOjibKO 6% H3 HMeiouinxcn y Hac npHMepoB CBHflerejib- CTByioT 06 ero ynOTpeßjieHHH b tbkhx cjiojkhwx npeflJio>KeHHHX, HanpHMep:

«TeM caMbiM cjiOBOcoqeTaHHe c OTHOCHTejibHbiM ripHJiarsTejibiibiM OKa3biBaercH b onpeaejieHHOM CMbicjie Hepa3Jio>KHMbiM, a hmchho b tom CMMCJie, mto

56 H OH O H U 3

BbipameHHe m bicjih b HeM He orpaHHUHBaeTCH nepegaBaeMbiM MopcJionoro-ceMaHTii-

' ie cK o ii CTpyKTypoö n p H n a ra T e jitH o ro «OTHOiueHHeM B o o ß m e » k cocTBeTcreyio-

meMy npe^MeTHOMy iio h h th k > » (B . M . Il a b j i o b , O pa3pndax uuen

npuncuam eM Hbix e pyccxoM H3bixe, «B o n p o cb i H3biK03HaHHH», 1960, N °. 2 ,

c rp . 68).

ynoTpeßjieHH io coio3a a UMenno cnocoöcTByeT H ajinqne b s th x npeflJiOKeHHHX

3H3MeHH>i oGiqero h q a c m o ro : Beflb s t o t coio3 h b j ih c tc h o ^hhm h3 n a n 6ojiee

CHJIbHblX CpeflCTB BbipattCeHHH TaKOrO 3HaLieHHH.

H o n peoß jia fla iom H M b sthx npeflJio>KeHHHX hbjihctch He yn oTpeß jieH H e coio3a a tmemo, a ynOTpe6jienne coio3a mo ecmb. 3 to o6bHCHneTCH npe>i<^e Bcero

xeM, mto ej(Hiinna, bo3o6hobjihcm3h nocpe^cTBOM coio3a mo ecmb, HajumecTByeT B TOM >Ke BH/je HJIH B flpyTOM B npeflHieCTByiOineH HenOCpeflCTBCHHOli 6JIH30CTH, cjie;(OBarrejitHO, bbo/jhmsh c0K)30m e^HHHna 3flect tojibko noBTopHeT CKa3aHHoe b HenocpeACTBeHHoii 6jih30cth. Tskhm 0ßpa30M, yn oTpeß jieH H e coio3a mo ecmb,

xoth HMeeM f le j io co 3iiauenneM o6m ero h u acT H oro , oßycjiOBJieHO TeM, uto cbh-

3aH H b IH C0I030M B0306H0BJIHK)mHH 3JieMCHT BbICTynaeT KaK Bbipa3HTeJXb H3BeCT-

Horo H3 npeALuecTByioinero BbiCKa3biBaHHH co/;ep>KannH. üosTOMy b cbhsh c ynoTpe6jieiiHCM coio3a mo ecmb b othx cjio>KHbix ripe/yiOKenmix c yTomieiuieM mo>kho c<J)opMyjiHpoBaTb TaKoe npaBHjio: b cjiojkhmx npeflJKöKeHHHX c yrouHe-

HueM, b K0T0pbix noHCHHTejibHbm coK)3 CBH3biBaeT eaHHHijy, o6o3Hauaioujyio

H3BecTHoe H3 npefliuecTByiomero BbicKa3biBaHHH hjih kohtckcts co^ep>Kanne, 06bmH0 ynoTpeßjiHeTCH b KauecTBe noHCHHTejibHoro coio3a mo ecmb.

O THom eHHe o G m e ro h u a c r a o r o b s th x k o i ic t p v k u h h x cK jia jjb iB aeT cn m iaqe ,

ueM b ana jio riF iH b ix KOHCTpyKijHHx c yToqueiineM , He ycTaHaBJiHBaioinHMCH

' ie p e 3 noepefleTBO b o 3 o 6 h o b jih io ih h x sjieMeHTOB : c o ^ h o h cT opoH b i, o th o -

n ieH H e oGiyero h q a c m o ro «napyniaeTCH » b o 3 o 6 h o b jih k h u h m h sjieMeHTaMH,

a c a p y ro H CTopoHbi, BOccTanaBJiHBaeTCH n p H f l3ToqHbiM n p e a J iO K e im e M . B ueM

c o c to h t Tanoe «H apym eH H e»? M e m g y yroqHHeMbiMH cjiOBaMH h <J>aKTnqecKH

yTOUHHiomeH eAHHHuefi, Bbipa>KeHHOii npH ^aT oqH i.iM npe /y io jK eH iieM , noHBJiHeTcn

B0306h0BJIHI0LL[HH 3iieMeHT. 3T0T 3JieMeHT HJIH IIOBTOpHeT B HeH3MeHeHHOÌÌ cJ)OpMe

yT0qHHeM0e , h j ih «nepeno^H T » e ro Ha MecT0HMeHH0e c j io b o . H h b nepBOM , h h

b o BTopoM c jiyqae H eJ its n roBopiiTb 06 OTHOiueHHH oCm ero h qacTHoro. B nepBOM

c jiyuae Henb3H roB opH T b 06 s to m ncTOM y, m to b o 3 o 6 h o b jih k ) Ih h h ajieMeHT npocTO

noBTopHCT yTO'iHHeMOe c j io b o , b pe3yjibTaTe u e ro M O K ^y b 0 3 o 6 h o b jih k > ih h m ch

3JieMeHT0M H B0306h0BJIHK)II;HM C03flaeTCH aßcOJIIOTHOe TO>KfleCTBO. B o BTCpOM

>Ke c jiy q a e cnopee m o>kho roBopHTb 06 OTHOuieHHH q a c r a o r o h c 6m e r o , noTOMy

m to b o 3 o 6 h o b j ih io ih h h c h 3JieMeHT Bbipa>KaeT MeHee 0TBJieueHH0e co^ep>KaHHe,

MeM B0306h 0BJIHK>I1^HH, Bbipa>KCHHblfi OßblUHO MeCTOHMeHHbIM CJIOBOM. CjieAO-

BaTejibHO, n p o K ^ e MeM n e p e im i k npiiflaTOtniOMy npeAJio>KeHmo m m imeeM ae jio

c «B03pacTaHHeM » CTeneHH OTBJieueHHOCTH yrouH H eM b ix sjieMeHTOB. IIosTOM y

MO>KHO rOBOpiITb, UTO nOHCHHTeJIbHblH C0K>3 npHMbIM 06pa3CM CBH3bIB3eT uaCTHCe

c oßmHM h JiHuib uepe3 noepefleT B O 3T oro o6m ero yTOMHHeT, K0HKpeTH3HpyeT

coflep>K3HHe, B K Jia ^b iB a io m eecH b (JjaKTHuecKH yT oquaeM oe c j io b o .

X ap3K T ep n p n fla T o q H o ro npe flJ io »ceH H H , n p H K p e ru m io m e rc c a k b o 3 o 6 h o b jih io -

m HM 3JICMeHT3M 06b iqH 0 33BHCHT OT JieKCHKO-rpaMMaTHUeCKOH n p H p O flb l II OT

CHHT3KCHUeCKOH pOJIH yTOMHHeMLIX CJIOB : CCJ1H , H3npHMep, 3TH CJIOBa Bb ipa-

>K3IOTCH HapeUHHMH, TO npHfl3TOUHbie npeflJIO>KeHHH HBJItflOTCH 06cT0HTejIb-

CTBeHHbiMH; K o r ^ a yTOUHHeMce c j io b o Bbipa>K3eTCH HMeHeM cymecTBHTejibHbiM

b pomi f lono jiH eH H H , TO oßbiuHO npHflSTOUHoe npefljio>Kenne h b j i ì i c t c h flo no ji-

HHTeJIbHblM.

CJI05KHME nPEflJIOaCEHHH C B 030E H 0B JIín0m M M H C H 3JIEM EH TA M H 67

T a n KaK B JIHHrBHCTHHeCKOH JlHTepaType KJiaCCH(J)HKaHHH nOHCHHTejILHLIX

npeflJio>KeHHH o ö b m u o o im p a e r c n Ha h x y n o ^ o ß jie H n e no ncH H T e jitiib iM q jienaM

npeflJio>KeHHH, t o b c b h 3 h c aHajiH30M A aH H oro r a n a npeflJio>KeHHH Hy>KHO

OTMeTHTb) HTO OHH He HBJIHIOTCH COOTHOCHTejIbHbIMH C HJieHaMH npeflJIOH<eHHH

HH c t o h k h 3peHHH xapaK T epa CBfi3H yT oqH H iom ero c yTom iH eM biM , h h c t o h k h

3peHHH CMbICJIOBblX OTTeHKOB, Bbipa>KaeM bIX HMH.

B 3aKJiioqeHHe aHajiH3a /laHHoii no^rpynnbi cjio>KHbix npeflJiojKeHHH c yToq-

HeHHeM B0306H0BHTejibH0r0 THna Mbi cMHTaeM Hy>KHbiM noflqepKHyTb, mto nojio-

>KeHHoe H3MH b ocHOBy H33B3HHH 3THX npeflJio jK eHH H noHHTHe cyßieumusHO eblpa-

otceHHoe mooKÒecmeo He 03Ha'iaeT npOHBJiemie n o jiH o ro ripoH3BOjia co CTopoHbi

roBopHmero b ycraHOBJieHHH 3Haqennn TO>K/jecTBa. 3/iect e,ï;HHHHbi, Bcryiiaio-

IHHe B OTHOHieHHe nOHCHeHHH, HBJIHIOTCH TOJKfleCTBeHHblMH C TOMKH 3peHHH

Bbipa>KeHH0r0 hmh co/iep>KannH jiHUJb b flaHHOM aKTe peqii. Cjie^OBaiejiLHO,

3/jecb TO>K/iecTBO ycTaHaBjiHBaeTCH Ha (Jiohc CHjibHO BbicTynaiomero 3HaqennH

oômero h nacraoro.

I I . C a o ote h bi e n p e d A o o t c e n u H c o ó i e n m u e n o e u p a o t e e n u u m

m o o K ò e c m e o M

3 r a cJio>KHbie npe,ijio>KeHHH xapaKTepH3yioTCH TeM, mto cnHTai<cnqecKne

eflH H H iib i, B C T yna iom ne b OTHOiueHHe noHCHCHHH, co im a /ia ioT c t o h k h 3 p e m w

Bbipa>KeHH oro h m h co flepH O H H H h BHe flaH H oro aKTa p e q n , H anpH M ep:

1. «IIpHM eHHTeJIbHO K H3UIHM HCJIHM, paayMeeTCfl, Hy>KHO C'JHTaTLCH He c

JiHHeÜHOH, a c M empunecKoü fln cT pH 6 y n n e ñ , t . e . c T a K o ü , KOTopaH c03flaeTCH

BHyTpeHHHMH flOMHHaTHBHblMH CBH3HMH M O K fly CJIOBaMH, HesaBHCHMO OT KaKHX- j i h 6 o npocTpaHCTBeHHbix (JiaKTopoB » ( « B o n p o c b i H B biK 03H aH H H », 1964 , JN1> 3, CTp. 5 0 ) ; 2 ) « O h cocraBJiHeT Tan Ha3biBaeM yro BOcro 'iHo-cjiaBHHCKyio A e u c m y ,

T .e. CJIOBa, KOTOpbie COXpaHHJlHCb B pyCCKOM H3bIKe KaK flOCTOHHHC H3bIKOBOH

o ö i i jh o c t h npeAKOB pyccK H x , y K p a m m e B h G e jio p y c o B » (E . M . T a j i k h h a-

O e f l o p y K , K . B . F o p n i K O B a , H . M . I I I a h c k h i i , î/mot. p a ß . ,

CTp. 33); 3) ri03T0M y cJieflyeT Tii;aTejii>HO pa3rpaHHHHBaTb coôcmeeiuio om ohum u,

T .e. T a n n e c . io n a , y KOTopbix c o B n a a a e r b c h cHCTeMa t})opM ,H 0M0cJ)0p M b i, b o 3h h-

K a io m n e . • • » ( O . C. A X M a h o b a , m m . p a ô . , CTp. 111 ); 4 ) « . . . T anne CJIOBa

T py^HO npe^CTaBHTb ceße KaK ecTecTBeHHbiñ HHrpe/jHeHT coepeMewioü no33UU,

T .e. Tex cT H xoT B opeH H Ìt, KOTOpbie nHHiyTCH c e i in a c » (m aM otce, CTp. 162).

B 3THX npH M epax TO>KflecTBO ycTanaB.'iHBaeTCH Me>K3y c jieA y iom H M ii e^H-

HHijaMH :

1) . . . MeTpHHecKaH ¿p iCTpH ßyijH ii = T .e . TaK an , KOTopan co3flaeTCH BHyT­

peHHHMH /JOMHHaTHBHbIMH CBH3HMH

M O K fly CJIOBaMH. . .

2) . . .BOCTOHHOCJiaBHHCKaHJieKCHKa = T .e. CJIOBa, KOTOpbie COXpaHHJlHCb

B pyCCKOM H3bIKe KaK flOCTOHHHe

npe flK O B pyccK H x , yK paH H ijeB h

Ge jio p y c o B .

3 ) COßCTBeilHO OMOHHMbl = T .e . T3KHe CJIOBa, y KOTOpblX coBna-

aaeT b c h CHCTeMa (J)opM . . .

4) COBpeM eHIiaH n033H H = T .e. CTHXOTBOpeilHfl, KOTOpbie n n -

iuyTCH ce n n a c .

3 t h KOHCTpyi<L(HH IipHÔJIH/KaiOTCH K T3KHM KOHCTpyKIJHHM C COGCTBCHHO nOHCHHTeJIbHblMH npe/IJIO>KeHHHMH, B KOTOpblX IIOHCHHCMaK H nOHCHHIOLqaH qacTH, 6yAyHH OTaejibHO B3HTbie, oöo3H aqa ioT o ^ h o h to n<e co^ep> K anne . H o

68 H O H OH U 3

Mbl 0TH0CHM HX K CJIO>KHbIM npeflJIOJKeHHHM C yTOqiieHHeM n o CJle/iyiOIIIHM npHHH- HaM: a ) yT oqH H iom an q a cT t o th och tch k cjiOBy h jih k rpyn n e c jiob , Bbipa>Kaio- m w x e^HHoe b CMbicjiOBOM h cTpyKTypHOM OTHOiueHHH n e jio e ; 6) npHflaToqHoe n p e fln o jK eH n e , pacKpbiuaH co/iep>KanHe (J ^ k th h cc k h yT o q u a eM b ix ajieMeHTOB, TeCHO CBH33HO C 3THMH 3JieMeHT3MH C TOqKH 3pCHHH CTpyKTypbl H CMbICJia.

B 3THX KOHCTpyKqHHX T3K>Ke qaCTO OflHO H3 npeflJIO>KeHHH yTOqHHeT 3H3- qeHHe, c K0T0pbiM BbicTynaioT Te hjih apyrae cjiOBa b peqn. B nepBOM cjio>khom npeflJiOM<eHHH, HanpHMep, b OTHOuieHHe TOjK ecTBa BCTynaioT eflHHHijbi Mempu-

HecKaR ducmpußyijun h m anan, Komopan co3daemcn mympeHHUMU doMuitamumbiMU

C6H3HMU MeMcdy cAoeaMU, ne3aeucuMO om kcikux-au6o npocmpancmeeHHUx cßaKmopoe.

OflHano HeTpyAHO 3aMeTHTBj qTO b yKa3aHHOM npHMepe npHflaTOHHce npefljio- >KeHHe b cymHOCTH yTOqHHeT CMbicji cjiOBa MemptmecKoü H3 cji0B0c0qeTaHHH MempuuecKoü ducmpußyifueü. Beflb cjiobo Mempimecxan HMeer flaHHOe 3HaqeHHe TOjibKO b otom cjioßocoqeTaHHH-TepMHHe, b /ipyrnx >Ke coqeTaHHHX oho HMeeT h Apyroe 3HaqeHHe. 3thm h oßbHCHaeTCH to, hto bo mhoi'hx cjiyqanx Tpy^HO np0B0flHTb qeTKyio rpaHb moka>’ cjio>KHbiMn npeflJio>KeHHHMH c cyßbeKTHBHO BbipaH<eHHbIM TOJK/jeCTBOM H CJIO>KHbIMH npeflJIOJKeHHJIMH C OÖbeKTHBHO Bbipa- >KeHHbiM TO>i</iecTBOM, c p :

1) «OflHaKO, ecjiH cqHTaTb, qTO H3biK onpeaejiHeT «K apraH y M H pa», T.e. t o ,

Kan qeJiOBeK BoenpHHHMaeT M H p .. . » (O. C. A x m 3 h o b 3 , tfutn. p a 6 ., c rp 41); 2) «CticTe/via aiccHOM ;ioji>kh3 SbiTb n p n stom HenpoTHBopeqHBOH, T.e. TaKoii,

qToßbi H3 Hee Hejib3H ß t ij io B bm ecra KaKoe-JiHÖo cy>KAeiiHe A h ero OTpmjaHHe»

(X[. IT. r o p c K H H , tfum. p a 6 ., CTp. 70 ); 3) « O h paßoTaji 3a Heßojibiiiy io

n jiaTy, T.e. 3a n jiaTy, noTopan Hy>KHa eMy a j ih no;mep>KaHHH ceMencrBa h a j ih

flOCTaBJieHHH B03M0>KH0CTH TpyflHTbCH» (H. B. T O T O JI b, COH., T. III, FHXJI, 1952, T lopm pem , CTp. 118).

B030{)H0BJieHHe B KOHCTpyKHHHX C 06 beKTHBHO Bbipa>KeHHbIM TO/K/jeCTBOM ocymecTBJiHeTCH n0- pa3H 0M y : b o^h hx c jiy q a n x m bi HiweeM / je jio c 6yKBajibHbiM

nOBTOpemiejvi io K o ro - jiH 6 o c jiO B a H3 nepB O ft q a c r a , a b a p y r a x b KaqecTBe B 0306-

H O B jiH iom ero 3JieMeiiTa B b ic ry naeT c j io b o , CHH0HHMHqH0e c b o 3 o 6 h o b jih k> u {h m ch ,

HO He TO>KfleCTBeHHOe C HHM. J^OBOJIbHO qaCTO BCTpeqaiOTCH KOHCTpyKHHH, B

KOTOpblX B0306H0BJieHHe OCymeCTBJIHeTCH nOCpeflCTBOM MeCTOHMeHHH, KOTOpbie

ß y ay q H jin in e H b i K aK oro- jinßo npeAM eTH O-Bem ecTBeim oro c o ^ e p H o n n H , jiHinb yn asb iB a ioT Ha yroqH H eM oe , H ax o ^n m ee cH b H enocpeA CT Beim oft 6 j ih 3 0 c th .

B cjiOH<Hbix npegjio>KeHHHx 3Toro THna B b icryn aeT i o k cpeacTB O cbh3h TOjibKO cok)3 mo ecmb.

C ToqKH 3peHHH cTeneHH aScrpaKTHOCTH e^HHHn, B b icT yn a ion in x b K aqecTB e «nO C peA H H K O B », CTep>KHeBbIX 3JieMeHT0B, flaHHbie KOHCTpyKUHH AiOKHO pa3Ae- JiHTb Ha TpH rp y r a ib i : a ) K oH crpyK H H H HeyKa33TejibH0ü p33hobh/ihocth ; 6 ) KOHCTpyKUHH yK333TeJIBH0H pa3H0BHflHCCTH; e ) KOHCTpyKHHH CMeiuaHHC- r o THna.

a ) K o h c t p y k n h h h e y k a 3 a t e ji b h 0 h p a 3 h o b h ^ h o c t h xapaKTepH3yioTCH TeM, h t o y h h x b K aqecTB e crep>KH eBbix e flH H m i B b icryn a ioT cjiOBa, He oßjia/iaiomiie yKa3aTejibH0CTbK), Kan H anpH M ep:

1) «ÜCTHHHOH Ha3bIBaeTCH MblCAb, COOTBeTCTByiOIHaH fleHCTBHTejIbHCCTH, T .e . MbICJIb, B KOTOpOH BepHO, HeHCK3>KeHHO OTpa>KeHa fleflCTBHTeJIbHOCTb. JIOHCHOH Ha3biBaeTCH mbicjib, HecooTBeTCTByiomaH AencTBiiTejibHOciH, T .e. m bic jib , b KOTOpOH IieBepHO, HCKa>KeHHO OTpa>KeH3 /leilCTBIITejIbHOCTb» (J I. n . r O p C K H H , ifum. pa6 ., CTp. 84 ); 2 ) «33BHCHMbiM cjiobom npn ynpaBJieHHH h b jih ctch hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe h jih jn oöoe cyßcraHTHBHpoBaHHoe caoso, T.e. c jiob o , y KOToporo

CJIO>KHbIE nPEflJI05KEHHH C B030EH 0BJIH I0 IH H M H C .il 3JIEM EH T A M H 69

<})opiwa naAe>Ka BLipancaeT onpe^ejieHHoe rpaMMarauecKoe 3naqenH e» (Coepe- MeHHbiù pyccKuù muK, n . I I , H3fl. M r y , 1964, c rp . 270); « . . . b nepBOìi H acm

Haxo^HTCH uMena cyufecmeume/ibnue, HMeioujne cHHTaKcnnecKOe cSycjiOBJieHHce

3HaueHHe, T.e. cjiosa, c k o to p l im h aaeTCH xapaKTepHCTHKa flenT e jiH .. . » (E. M. T a j i K H H a - O e f l o p y K , K . B . T o p i i i K O B a , H . M . I l i a h c k h h ,

CoepeMenubiù pyccKuù H3UK, C h h t 3k chc , Y M ne flra3 , M . , 1958, c ip . 49).

B 3 th x c j i o k h l i x npeflno>KeHHHx b KauecToe onopH bix , CTep>KHeBLix eflHHHn

nOHCHHTeJIbHOH KOHCTpyi<L(HH BbICTynaiOT, KaK npaBHJIO, HMeHa CymeCTBHTejIL- H b ie , a k 3 th m HMeHaM cymecTBHTejn>HbiM npHcoeflHHHioTCH npH flaTOHHbie onpeAe-

jiHTejibHbie upeziJiOKeHHH.

'-lame Beerò npH /iaToqubie onpeflejiHTejibHbie npe^jiO K enH H b aaHHbix

KOHCTpyKIiHHX COOTHOCHTCH C Onpe^ejieHHHMH, OTHOCHHIHMHCH K B0306hOBJIHK>-

iiihm ch cymecTBHTejn>HbiM. T ano e cooTH orneH iie h b jih c tc h h CTpyKTypHbim h

CMbicjiOBbiM : BO-nepBbix, h npnaaTOUHbie npeflJiojKeHHH, h npHjiaraTejibHbie

HJIH npnuaCTHbie OÓOpOTbl BCTynaiOT C eflHHHIjaMH, OT KOTOpblX OHM 33BHCHT,

b onpeflejiHTejibHbie OTHOineHHH ; BO-BTOpbix, npnflaTOUHbie onpeflejiHTCJibHbie

npe;iJio>KCHHH h b jw io tc h c to h k h 3peiiHH co^ep>K3HH}i c h h o iih m h h h lim h c onpe-

AeJieHHHMH, OTHOCHmHMHCH K B0306H0BJIHK>mHMCH HMeHaM CymeCTBHTejIbHblM •

Cjie^OBaTejibHO, npH/jaTOHHbie onpeaejiHTejibHbie iipe,ryio>KeHHH, onpeflejraH

CTep>KHeBOH 3JieMeHT -- CymeCTBHTejILHOe, JIHIHb cJiOpMajIbHO 33BHCHT OT 3TOrO

cym ecTBHTejibH oro ; (JjaKTHuecKH >Ke o h h yT oniiH ioT cM b ic ji iipH .'iaraT ejibH bix h

np n q acT H b ix o6 o p o t o b .

CjieflOBa'rejitHO, a tb k h x c jio h ch lix npefljioH<eHHHX o6pa3yK)TCH onHTb-TaKH

flBa crpyKTypHO-cMbicjiOBbix neHTpa, OTrpaHHMeHHbix o ^ h h o t f lp y ro ro nonciiH-

TejibHbiM C0K)30M. 3 t h CTpyKTypHO-cMbicjiOBbie neHTpbi cJieay iom He: 1) B0306-

HOBJIHIOmHeCfl CymeCTBHTeJIbHbie C 3aBHCHU;HMH OT HHX OnpefleJieHHHMH;

2) B0306H0BJIHK>mHe CJI0B3 C 33BHCHIHHMH OT HHX npHflSTOUHbIMH npeflJIOJKeHHHMH.

Me>KAy s thm h eAHHHnaMH yCTaHaBJiHBaeTCH TOJKAecTBO. H o npHflaTOHHbie onpe-

AejiHTejibHhie npe/uio>KeHHH, onpeaeJiflH J inu ib c})0pMajibH0 B03o6HOBJiiiiouiHe

3JieMeHTbi, pacKpbiBaioT co flep jK aim e onpeaeneHHH, KaK HanpHMep:

1) H c t h h h o h H a3b iB aercH M b ic jib , co- = T .e . M b ic jib , b KOTopon BepHO , nenc-

OTBeTCTByiOmaH AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, K3>KeHH0 OTpa>KeHa ACHCTBHTeJlbHOCTb.

Pe>Ke B crpeuaeM b c0BpeM eHH0M pyccKOM H3biKe KOHCTpyKijHH HeyKa3a-

TeJTbHOH pa3H0BHflH0CTH, B KOTOpblX M bl He HaGjHOflaeM OTMeMeHHOH BblU ie COOT-

H0CHTejH>H0CTH, H anpH M ep:

« H a d i r o noc jie Toro n p 0f l0ji>Kajiacb BOHH a.. . KapaM3HHa He CTajio; KHH3b

B h 3c m c k h h HanenaTaji b «Tejierpa<J)e» em e 4>HjnmnHKy npoTHB BparoB KapaM-

3HHa, T.e. npomm jiwòeu, K0T0pb ie n o q jm ce6n BnpaBe cyflHTi, o KapaM3HHe

n o KpaiiHeMy h x , a He n o uy>K0My p a 3yMeHHio; . . . » (B . F . E e j i h h c k h i i ,

Con., H3f l. A H C C C P , t . V i l i , 1955, c rp . 438).

3 f le c b npH A aT onH oe onpefle jiH T e jibH oe npe,zyio>KeHHe, npncceflH HH HCb k

CTep>KHeB0My sjieM eHTy, He B b icrynaeT KaK c h h o h h m (JiaKTHuecKH n o ncH ne M o ro

c j i0B0c 0neTaHHH, a n p o c r o A o n o jn m e T s to cjiO BOcoueraH H e h o b b im co/iep>KaHHeM.

C jieflOBaTejrbHO , to > k a c c tb o 3,zjeci> Me>Kfly noncHH eM biM h noH C H inoujH M h b j ih c t c h

CKOpee rpaM MaTHuecKHM , qeM ceMam-HuecKHM : BBOflHMan C0K)30M m o ecmb nacTb

c o o t h o c h t c h npHM O co cjiOBOcoueTaHHeM npom ue epaeoe K ap aM 3una .

6) K o H c i p y K q H H y k a 3 a t e j i b h o A p a 3 h o b h a h o c t h

xapaKTepH3yiOTCH TeM, mto B0306H0BJieHHe BbipawaeTCH yKa3aTeJibHbiMH M ecro - HMeHHHMH, KaK HanpHMep:

co HOH OH U 3

1) « IÜ H p o K o e npuM eHeH He H au iJ io b yqeHHH H o t c ö h h iio iiH Te Mop</joAoeu3u- poeauH bix q j ie n o n npeAJio>i<eHHH, T .e. t h k h x , tJjopM oñ Bbipa>f<eHHH K o to p i , ix

cjiy>KHT onpeM ejieH H an M opcJjo jio rnqecK aH K aT e ro p ii« » {CoepeM euH uü pyccxuü

H3biK, h . II, H3f l . M r y , 1964 , CTp. 3 7 4 ) ; 2 ) « . . . 6) r j i a r o j ib i , cmomiiue n a nymu K onpoufehuw, T .e . T aK H e , b KOTopbix K o pn eB an MoptjjeM a He Bbm eJineTCH K an

TaKOBan, a j ih iu b n o B03M0>KH0My coeflnHeH H io c pa3HbiM H npH craB K aM H » (O. C. A x j w a H O B a , i^um paß., CTp. 182).

H aneqaxaHHbie >KnpHbiM mpHcjm iM MecTOHMeHHH yKa3biBaioT Ha t o , hto

b o BTopoñ qacTH yToqHHercH CMbicji eflHHHij, Bbi/jejieHHbix KypcHBOM. 3 th MecTO-

HMeHHH CJry>KaT cpe^CTBOM Bbi/je.neHHH Toro, mto (JjaKTHMecnn yToqHHeTCH, Sjiaro-

f la p n qewy HCHee BbicTynaeT cooTHOCHTejibHOCTb yToqHneMOro c yT oqiu jic in iiM .

3 th KOHCTpynnHH m o>k h o pa3fleJiHTb Ha Mee n o f lrp y n n b i: I. KoHCTpyKiyiH, b

KOTopb ix b KaqecTBe onopH oro , cTep>KHeBoro 3JieMeiiTa BbicTynaeT MecTonweHHe

m aK o ü , n I I. KoHCTpyi<nnH, b KOTopbix b KaqecTBe CTep>KHeB0r0 ajie.MeHTa BbicTy­

naeT MecTOHMeHHe m o.

I. KoHCTpyKHHH nepBon noflrpynnbi xapai<Tepn3yioTCfl TeM, mto MecTCHMe- H ne m aK oü mojkct BbiCTynaTb bo Bcex cbohx <f)cpMax (m aK o ü , m a n a n , m axoe ,

m a x u x , maxoeo h t.æ.) b 33bhchmocth ot onpeflejraeMbix hmch cymecTBHTeJitHbix. 3th MecTOHMeHHH, bo3o6hobjihh onpefleneHHH, TeM caMbiM yKa3biBaioT TOqHee Ha Ha3HaqeHHe npncoeflHHinoiqerocH k hhm npH/iaToquoro onpeaeJiHTenbHoro npeAJiOHieHHH. CpaB in iTe c jie ;;y io inne KOHCTpyKijHH :

1) « B 03BpaTHaK BOpMa H3MeHHeT 1) «Bo3BpaTH3H <J)OpMa H3MeHHCT 3HaqeHHe n ep exo / in o ro n pH 3HaKa (¿ le íi- 3H aqeH ne riepexoflHoro npH 3HaKa ( f le i i - CTBHH b e ro nepexoflH O CTH ) b S H aqem ie c tb h h b e ro nepexo/jHOCTn) b 3H aqe- n p n 3HaKa nenepexoduo io , T .e. T a K o r o , HHe n pH 3HaKa H en ep exo jjH O ro , T .e . K O Topbin 3aKJiioMaeT b c e 6e o th o - KO Topbin 3aK jn oqaeT b ce6e OTHcineHHe iueH He TOJII.KO k n pe jiM eT y m b ic jih , to jii>ko k npe/iM eTy m m cjih , h b jih io -

HBJiHioineMycH c y 6 beKTOM 3T0r 0 n p n 3- m eM ycH c y 6 beKTOM S Toro npH 3HaKa » . n a n a » (B.B. B n n o rp a ^ o n , PyccxuüH3blX, M., CTp. 615).

2 ) « I l p H 3T0M b cjiOBOcoqeTaiiHHX , 2 ) « IT p n 3 tom b cjiOBOcoqeTaH iiHx,

COCTOHIHHX ß o jiee , qeM H3 flB yx c j io b , c o c to ju i ih x ß o jiee , qeM H3 AByx c j io b ,

ecTb B ce r/ia o ^ h o c j io b o , aôcoAwmno ecTB B ce rfla o ^ h o c j io b o , aScojiioTHO

caMOcmoxmeAbHoe, T .e. T aK o e , KOTopoe caM0CTOHTejn>Hoe, T .e . noT opoe h h o t

h h o t q e ro He 3 3 b h c h t , o ^ n o h j ih Hec- n e ro He 3 3 b h c h t , o ^ h o h j ih HecKOjibKO

KOjibKO c j io b , aôcoAiomno necaMocmon- c j io b , 3 6 co jik> tho Heca.MOCTOHTeJit-

meAbhblX, T.e. T aK H X , KOTOpbie CaMH H bIX , T .e . KOTOpbie C3MH 3aBHCHT OT

33BHCHT o t f lp y r a x h o t KOTopbix f lp y r a x h o t KOTopbix H iiq e ro He

im q e r o He 3 3 b h c h t . . . » ( A . M . 33b h c h t . . . »

I l e i n K O B C K H H , tfum. pad.,CTp. 56).

B n p iiM e p ax n e p B o ro cT O jißna , ß jia ro g a p H yn oT pe 6 jieH H io Me cto h m e h h îi, Mbi

noHHM seM , MTO n p n ; i3 T o q n c e onpeflenH T e jibH oe n p e flJ io jK e n n e hbjihctch o5o3H3- qeHHeM T oro , b qeM hmchho coctoht nencpexodiiocm b (cm. 1 - b iiin p H M e p ), a6co a forn­

ita ti caMOcmowneAbHOcmb hjih aocoA w m nan HecaMOcmonmeAbHocmb (cm. 2-oh n p H M e p ),

b to BpeMH K3K b n p iiM e p sx B T opo ro ctoji6h3 yK333HHoe OTHOineHHe np H flaT cq H o ro

o npege jiH T e jibH oro k npH JisraTeJibHbiM c jiaß ee BbicTynaeT . O np eae jiH T e jib H b ie

MecTOHMeHHH m a x o io , m axoe , m a x u x bo3o6hobjbhot b oßcßmeHHoii <})opMe no /j-

qepK H yT b ie o npeaeJieH H H , a np nA aT oq H b ie onpeACJiH TeJitHbie npeaJio»ceH H H

CJIOHCHKIE nPE flJ IO JK EH H iî C B030EH 0BJIHK >m H M H CH 3JIEM EH T A M H 61

HBJIHK5TCH p3CKpbITHeM COfleptfOHHH 3T0r0 npH3HaKa. HaJIHMHe OripeACJIHTejlHIblX MecTOHMeHHii (maKoeo, maKoe, maKux) hbjihctch cOBceM He cjiyuaiiHbiM: b sthx KOHCTpyKHHHX HeB03M0>KH0 ynOTpeßjieHHe apyrax MeCTOHMeHHH. UpHMCM stii MeCTOHMeHHH BbinOJIHHIOT flBOHHyiO (JtyHKIJHIO : C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, OHH B0306- HOBJIHIOT npH3HaK, npHCBaHBaeMbiH onpeflejiHeMOMy cymecTBHTejibHOMy, a cflpyroil - HBJIHIOTCH COOTHOCHTeJIbHblMH C OTHCCHTeJlbHblMH CJIOB3MH, CBH3bI-BaiomHMH npHflaTOUHbie onpeflejiHTejibHbie npeffiJiojKeHHH. O flH an o , x o th npH fla - TOHHbie onpeflejiHTentHbie npeflJio>KeHHH b o 3 h h k 3 io t h3 hcoG xo/ ihm octh pacKpbiTb npH3H3K , Bbipa>KeHHbiH yK33aHHbiMH HpH jiaraTejibHbiM H, Bce-TaKH rpaM M aTH 'iecKoe TOK/jecTBO ycTaHaBJiHBaeTCH MOK^y coqeTanHHMH cymecTBHTejitHbix c npHJia- raTejibHbiMH h «coqeTanHHMH » onpeflenHTejibHbix MeCTOHMeHHii c npncoeflHHHe- MbLMH K HHM npHfl3TOHHbIMH OnpefleJIHTebHblMH npeflJ10>KeHHHMH.

* Ie M >Ke flOKa3binaeTCH t o , m to npH/iaTOHHbie npe^jiO K CH H H 4)aKTHHecKH p acK pb iB a ioT coflep>KaHHe B b i^ejieH H bix npH JiaraTeJiL iib ix. 3 t o j ie r n o m o>k h o flOKa3aTb c jie fly io iyH M 06pa30M : B03M0>KH0CTbK> npHcoe/jHHHTb npHflaTOHHbie o n p eae jiH Te jib H b ie npeflJio>KeHHH H en ocp e ;iCTBenHO k on pe^ejin eM b iM cym ecTB H - TejiLHbiM h n epeH ecTH n p n jia raT e jib H b ie , o t h o c h ih h c c h k s t h m cym ecTBHTeJibHM M , b KOHeu, T .e . n o c j ie onpe/jeJiH TejibH oro npe/iJiOHceiiHH. C orjia cH O ynasaHHOH b o 3m o >k h o c t h , BTopoH npHM ep H3 n e p B o ro c to ji6 h 3 MO>KeT 6biTb nepeaeJ iaH t 3k h m 06pa30M :

« IT p H 3TOM B CJIOBOCOqeTaHHHX, COCTOHIHHX ÔOJiee, MCM H3 AByX CJIOB, eCTb b c e r ^ a o/ ího c j io b o , n o T o p o e h h o t n e ro He 3 3 b h ch t, T .e . h b jih c tc h aöcojiiOTHOC3MOCTOHTeJIbHbIM. . . »

B flaHHOM cjiyqae H3.weHHeTCH TOjibKo CTpyKTypa cjio>i<Horo npeflJiojKeHHH 6e3 yiqepöa rjw ero CMbicjia.

C jio>K H b ie npe ,iJ io>K enH H c MecTOHMeHHHMH maKoü, manan, maxoe, maxue b lo q e cT B e crep>KHeBbix sjicmchtob 6 j ih 3k h k KOHcrpyK i;HHM c b 03o6 h o b j ih k >-

iijhmh cym ecTBHTejibHbiM H , b KOTopbix np fm aT O H H bie onpefle jiH T e jibH b ie npefljio- >KeHHH t3k>kc p3C K pbiBaioT co;jep>KaHHe, BKJiaflb iBaeM oe b onpe fle Jie iiH H . H03T0Aiy

B nOaaBJIH IOIHeM ÔOJIblUHHCTBe ,IJ3HHbIX KOHCTpyKHHH B03MTOKH3 33MeHa o npe^e-

jiHT ejibHbix MeCTOHMeHHii onpeae jiH eM biM H cym ecTBHTeJibiib iM H , b pe3yjibTaTe

q e ro no jiynaiO TCH KOHcrpyKHHH c b o 3o6 h o b ^ h io u íh m h cyujecTBHTejibHbiM H,

H anpH M ep :

1) « . . .B npe/yraraeMbix HH>Ke rji3- 1) « . . .b npefliiaraeMbix HH>Ke rji3-B3X paCCM3TpHB3I0TCH B OCHOBHOM B3X p3CCM3TpHB3K)TCH B 0CH0BH0MHBJieHHH rpaMMaTHMecKHe, T.e. Tanne, h b jic h h h rpaMMaTHMecKHe, T.e. HBJie- KOTOpbie CBH3aHbI C H3MeHeHHHMH B HHH, KOTOpbie CBH33HbI C H3MeHe-

crpyKType h (J)yHKijHHx cjiOBOconera- h hhm h b CTpyraype h (JjyHKHHHXHHH KaK CHHTaKCHMeCKHX e^H H UH . . . » CJIOBOCOHeTSHHH KaK CHHT3KCHMeCKHX(H3MeueHun e cucmeMe cnoeoconemaiiuü e/iHHUi;... » e pyccKOM numepamypiiOM n3UKe X lX e ., H3fl-CTBO H 3 yK 3 , M., 1964, erp. 15).

P33HHH3 MOK/jy 3THMH KOHCTpyKIÍHHMH CJie yiOUí3H : B KOHCTpyKHHHX nepBOrO CTOJIÖH3 B0306H0BJIHeTCH OnpefleJIHIOIHHH 3JieMeHT, 3 B KOHCTpyKHHHX BTopcro ctoji6h3 — onpeaejineMbiH.

I I . K KOHcrpyKijHHM BTOpoií no,nrpynnbi othochtch TaKHe cjio>KHbie npe/i- Jio>KeHHH, b KOTopbix b K3MecTBe crep>KHeBoro 3JieMeHT3 BbicTynaeT MecTOHMeHiie mo. 3to MecTOHMeHHe bo3o6hobjihct b 0606meHH0ii cJicpMe hmh cymecTBHTejibHce HJiH HMeHHoe cjiOBOcoMeTaHHe, HsnpHMep: 1) « . . . Bonpoc o tom, mto cjieayer

62 H0H OHU3

nOHHMilTL TIO/I «H33bIB3eMbIMH 3JieMeHT3MH fleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH», KaK OnpefleJMTb

« na3bieaejuoe» , hjih «pe(ßepenm » , T.e. to , k neMy othochtch ^aHHoe Bbipa>KeHHe»

( O . C . A x m a H O B a , i{um . pa.6 ., CTp. 236); 2 ) « I Io ^ jio K a in e e cy>KfleHHH 0603-

HanaeT npeÒMem mucjiu , T.e. to , o qeM HfleT p e q t» (H. C . B u H o r p a a o B ,

A . O . K y 3 b m h h , J lo iu u a , M ., 1953, CTp. 51).

M ecTOHmeHHe mo B b ic ry naeT o Sb ih h o b (JjopMe cpe flH e ro p o ^ a , He3aBHCHM0

OT CymeCTBHTeJIbHOrO, K KOTOpOMy OHO OTHOCHTCH. 3 t 0 H HBJIfleTCH OflHOH H3

OCHOBHblX CTpyKTypHblX OCOßeHHOCTeH, OTJlHHaiOIHHX KOHCTpyKUHH flaHHOH

n o f l r p y n n b i o t KOHCTpyKUHH yi<a3aTejibHOH p 3 3 h o b h u h o c th c MecroHMeHHeM manoü.

e ) K o H C T p y n i j H H C M e m a H H o r o T H n a xapaKTepH3yiOTCH TeM,

h t o b h h x b KanecTBe CTep>KHeBbix sjieMeHTOB BbicTynaioT 3HaMeHaTejiLHbie

c jiO B a b coneTaHHH c yKa3aTejibHbiMH MecrOHMeHHHMH, K an H anpH M ep:

l)«TaK , HanpHMep, b pyccKOM H3biKe (JjopMa « n n m y » (o t r jia ro jia « n n c a T b »)

oßo3HaHaeT deücmeue, coenadawufee c MOMeumoM peuu, t ,e . TaKoe ;ie iicTB iie , KOTopoe

npoHcxoflHT b t o t caMbiö MOMeHT, K oraa o HeM cooßu;aeTCfl» ( ü . C . K y 3 h e-

q o B , O npuH tfunax usyuenun epaMMamuKu, H3fl. M r y , 1961, c rp . 46 ); 2 )«M H o ro

GbiJio cfleJiaHO / jj ih H3biKa, Koe-HTO 6m jio cßejiaHO h a j ih no33HH, h o no33uu

KaK H033UU, T.e. TaKOH II033HH, K0T0p3H, BbipaHOH TO HJIH ßpyrOe, paSBHBan

TaKoe h j ih HHoe MHpoco3epnaHHe, n p e m ^e Beerò 6b ijia 6bi no33Heii, — ts k o h

n033HH eine He G b ijio ! » (B. I\ E e j i h h c k h f i, C o h ., H 3 r . AH C C C P ,

t . V I I , M . , 1955, CTp. 120).

3 t H KOHCTpyKUHH B03HHK3IOT, n o BCefi BepOHTHOCTH, B pe3yJIbTaTe KOHTaMH-

H a n n n 6 jih 3 k h x k h h m KOHCTpyKUHH yKa3aTejibHOH h HeyKa3aTejn.HOH pasHOBHfl-

h o c t h . J laH H oe npe /x no jiO K e iiH e om ipaeTCH Ha c jie A y io m n e 06cT0HTejitcTBa : b

c0BpeM eHH0M pyccKOM H3biKe M a jio TaKHx KOHcrpyKHHH; a n o M epe T o ro , KaK

yßajineM CH o t coBpeM eH H oii craflH H p 3 3 b h t h h p y c cK o ro H 3b iK a, h x Bce M e n t in e

h M eHbine. n p n n e M m m cpaBHHBaeM s t h k o h c t p y k u h h c t o h k h 3peHHH creneHH

HX paCnpOCTpaHeHHH TOJIbKO C 6jIH3KHMH K HHM KOHCTpyKUHHMH yKa3aTeJIbH0H

H HeyKa3aTeJIbH0H pa3HOBHflHOCTH. BjIH30CTb KOHCTpyKUHH CM em aHHoro THna K

KOHCTpyKUHHM yK333TejIbH0fi H HeyK333TeJIbH0ft p33H0BH,ZIH0CTH A0Ka3bIBaeTCH

cjiefly io iUHM H 4>aKraMH: B n o ^aB J iH io m e M ßo jitiuHH CTBe s th x K O H crpyK un fi MoryT

onycK aT bcn CTep>KHeBbie sjieM eHTbi: KO r/ja b h h x onycKaiOTCH to jh > k o yKa33TeJii-

H b ie MeCTOHMeHHH, TO B03HHKaK)T KOHCTpyKUHH HeyKa3aTeJILHOrO T Hna; KOr/ia

me OnycKaiOTCH cyiuecTBHTeJibHbie, b o 3 h h k 3 io t KOHCTpyKUHH yKa33Teju>Horo r a n a .

T e n e p b , n o c j ie paccMOTpenHH OCHOBHblX THnoB cjio>KHbix npeflJio jK eHH H

c yTOHHeHHeM BO306HOBHTejH>HOrO THn3, M bl CHHT3eM UejieCOOßp33HbIM npOHJUIIO-

CTpnpOBSTb B03M0>KH0CTb nepe /isH H o flH o ro h T oro H<e npeflMeTHO-BeiuecTBeHHoro

COflep>K3HHH pa3HbIM H COOTHOCHTeJIbHbIMH KOHCTpyKUHHMH C nOHCHeHIieM , KaK

H anpH M ep :

1) «B o3B paT H a ii (JjopMa H3MeHHeT 3H aneH ne n e p e x o / jH o ro npH 3H aK a (aeficTBHH

b e ro nepexoA H O cra ) b 3HaneHHe npH 3H aK a n e n e p e x o y H o ro , T .e. T aK oro , KOTOpbift

3aKJiiOHaeT b ce6e OTHOiueHHe t o j ib k o k npe^M eT y m b ic jih , H B jm io iueM ycH cy6 i>eK-

to m 3Toro npH 3H aK a » (B. B. B n n o r p a / j O B , PyccKuü H3UK, M ., 1947,

CTp. 615).

2. Bo3BpaTHa« cJjopMa H3MeHHeT 3Ha^eHne nepexo^Horo npH3HaKa ( . . . ) b

3HaneHHe npH 3H aK a H en ep e x o ß H o ro , T.e. npH 3H aK a, K0T0pbiH 3aKJiioqaeT b ceße

OTHOiueHiie TOjibKO k npeflM eTy M b ic j i n . . .

3. Bo3BpaTHaH (JjopMa H3MeHHeT 3HaneHHe nepexoflHoro np ii3H aK a ( . . . ) b

3H3HeHne npH 3H aK a H e n e p e x o ^H o ro , T .e . Tanoro npH 3H aK 3, KO Topbin 33KjnoH3eT

b ce6e OTHOineHHe t o jib k o k npe^M eT y m b ic j ih . . .

CJI05KHBIE nP E jy iO X Œ H H fl C B030BH0BJ1ÍH0IUHM HCH 3J1EMEHTAMH 63

4 . Bo3BpaTH3H (})opMa H3MeHHeT 3naMenne nepexo^Horo npH3HaKa ( . . . ) b

3iiaMenne npH3H3Ka jienepexo^Horo, T.e. KOToptiH 3aKjiiouaeT b ceße OTHomeiwe

TOjiBKO K npeflMeTy m m cjih---

5. Bo3BparaaH 4>opMa H3MeHHeT 3HaneHHe nepexoflnoro npH3H3K3 ( . . . ) b

3HaueHHe npH3HaK3, KOTopbiii 3aKJiKmaer b ceöe OTHOineHHe tojibko k npeflMeTy

MbiaiH, HBJiHiomeMycH cy6 beKTOM 3Toro npH3HaKa, T.e. b 3HaueHHe Henepe-

xorjHoro npn3Hai<a.

IIpHBefleHHbie 3accb npHMepbi npeACTaBjiHioT co6oii pa3Hbie bhaohsmchchmh

nepBoii KOHCTpyKBHH c nOHCHeHHeM. B pe3yjiBTaTe 3thx H3MeHeBHii nojiyuaioTCH

Æpyrne KOHCTpyKHHH, ho iipe/tMeTHO-BeuiecTBeHHoe coflepjKamie nepBOHauajib-

Horo npeAJio>KenHH ocraeTCH ojjhhm h tcm >Ke. Ee3ycjiOBHO, He Bce KOHCTpyKi;Hn

c bo3o6hobjihk)U(hmhch 3JieMeHT3MH Moryr no^BepraTBCH Bbiiue OTMeueHHbiM

H3MeHeHHHM. EOJIBUIHHCTBO >Ke paCCMOTpeHHbIX H3MH 3fleCB KOHCTpyKHHH OTHO-

CHTejiBHO jierKO flonycnaeT yKa3aHHbiö B3aHMonepexofl. Pa3 ripn TaKOM riepexo/je

OflHOH KOHCTpyKHHH B flpyryiO HHKaKHe H3MeHeHHH He npOHCXOflHT B npeAMeTHO-

BemecTBeHHOM coflepnoHHH cjio>KHoro npe.itjio>kchhh, to o neM CBH^eTejiBCTByeT

h qeM 06 ’bHCHHeTCH HajiHMHe TaKoro pa3H006pa3HH KOHcrpyKHHH c noacHeHHeM b coBpeMeiiHOM pyccKOM H3biKe? 3 to CBHAeTejiBCTByeT, Ha Ham B3niH,n> o chjibhom

pacnpOCTpaHeHHH KOHCTpyKHHH C nOHCHeHHeM B COBpeMeHHOM pyccKOM H3bIKe,

pacnpocTpaHeHHe, KOTopoe ocymecTBJiHercH, c o^hoh cropoiibi, nyTeM BOBJie-

ueHHH b rpynny noacHHTejiBHbix npe/yiOKenHH MHoronHCJieHHbix npegjio>KeHHH,

CBH3biBaBuiHxcH BHa^ajie no cnocoßy cohhhchhh hjih noflqnHenHH, ho 6jih3khx

no hx npeflMeTHO-BemecTBeHHOMy coflep>KaHHK> k npe/jmecTByioiuHM npefljio-

H<eHHHM, a c apyroii CTopoH bi, nyTeM KauecTBeHHOH flH<J)c|)epeHHH3HHH BiiyTpn

caMHx cjio>KHbix npeflJio>KeHHH c nOHCHeHHeM. X o th b tojibko u to iipHBe^eHUbix

npHMepax mm HMeeM flejio c o^hhm h tcm >i<e cogep>KaHHeM, c o/jhhm h TeM >Ke

rpaMMaranecKHM othouichhcm, Bce-TaKH /laHHbie KOHCTpyKHHH hbjihiotch pa3HbiMH

no hx rpaMMaTHHecKOH CTpyKType: ohh Bbipa>KaK)T o^ho h to >Ke, ho Bbipa>i<aiOT

3T0 «OflHO H TO >Ke» n0-pa3H0My, CnOCOÖCTByH pyCCKOMy H3bIKy bbihbhtb

CBOH nOTeHHHaJIBHbie B03M0JKH0CTH pa3H006pa3HTB peHB H Bbipa>i<aTB

CaMbie TOHKHe CMbICJIOBbie OTTCHKH. HtO Menino CK333TB O ß yflym eM 3THX KOH-

CTpyKHHH? Q<a3aHHoe Bbiuie n03B0jiHeT HaM npm hH k BbiBO/iy, hto cjio>KHbie

npeAJ10H<eHHH C yTOMIieilHe.M B0306H0BHTeJIBH0r0 THna CHJIBHO P33BHB3I0TCH b H3bIKe : B33HM0aeiiCTBHe p33HbIX KOHCTpyKHHH 3TOrO THna IipHBOflHT He K oßeflHe-

HHK), a K o6orameHHK> H3bIK3 HOBbIMH nOHCHHTeJIBHbIMH KOHCTpyKHHHMH.

OflHaKO, eCJIH TaK 06c t0HT fleJIO C H3MeHeHHHMH, npOHCXOflHHÍHMH B paMK3X

C3MHX nOHCHHTeJIBHblX KOHCTpyKHHH, TO COBCeM flpyryiO KapTHHy Mbl H36jIIOA3eM

B CJIO>KHbIX npeflJIO>KeHHHX, B KOTOpblX BO306HOBJlHIOHIHe SJieMeHTbl He npHCOe^H-

H5HOTCH nOCpeflCTBOM nOHCHHTeJIBHblX C0K330B, K3K HSnpHMep :

1. « H t3K, CJIOBO ---3tn0 (ßopMa npe0ßp330B3HHH npeACTSBJieHHH B nOHHTHe,3TO (J)opMa, B KOTopyio o6jieK3eTCH noHHTHe Ha toh cryn eH H ero o6pa30BaHHH,

Korga ero coflepnoHHe uyBCTBeHHO (J)HKCnpyeTCH h tcm caMbiM flocraraeT hchocth » (JI. O. P e 3 H H K 0 B, rionnmue u caobo, JleHHHrpaa, 1958, CTp. 10); 2) «Iloro/ia

tiAoxan, TaKaH, Kai<an 6buia h BHepa» 1.

3 th KOHCTpyKHHH nOCTOHHHO BbITeCHHIOTCH H3 H3bIKa nOHCHHTeJIBHbIMH

KOHCTpyKHHHMH, B KOTOpblX B0306HOBJIHIOIHHe 3JieMeHTbI npHCOeflHHHIOTCH K

npe^mecTByiomeMy npeflJiojKeHHio nocpeacTBOM noncHHTejiBHoro coio3a mo ecmb. B pe3yjiBTaTe bct3bkh noHCHHTejitHoro coio3a b KOHcrpyKHHHX no/joßHoro

1 ripHMep B3HT H3 paÖOTbl C. E. K p i O M K O B a H JI. IO. M a K C H M O B a , Tunu cjiooKHonodvuHeHHbix npedAOOKenuü.. ,,«B onpocb i H3biK03HaHHH», 1960, N“ 1, crp. 16.

HOH OMLP

p o ^ a HCHee noflqepKHBaeTCH Ha3Ha<ieHHe B T opo ii ’ iacTH, a h m c h h o : m to oho i io h b -

jiHeTCH a n a o6cjiy>KHBaHHH T oro h j ih / ip y r o r o q jieH a H3 n e p B o ii qacTH . I Io f lo 6 H b ie

KOHCTpyKiiHH, 6e3 noHCHHTejibHOro co io 3 a , Bce pe>Ke h pe>ne BCTpe'iaioTCH b

coBpeM eH H oii HaywHOH JiHTepaType. C jieflOBaTejibHO , OTMeqeHHce BbiTecHeHHe

3t h x KOHCTpyKL(HH HaòJiioAaeTCH npe JK fle B ee rò b Hay^HOM cTHJie. A s to He cjiy-

h a f in o , Tan K an Hay m ía n p e ^ b Tpe6yeT MaKCHMajibHoro yT o m ien iiH CMbicjiOBbix

OTTeHKOB, Bbipa>KeHHbIX TeMH HJIH Ap}THMH CHHTaKCHMeCKHMH KOHCTpyKipUIMH.

B pa3 r0B 0pH 0H >Ke h b H ayH H O -nony jiH pH o ii p e ^H t 3 k h x 6ecco io3H b ix KOHcrpyni^HH

UOBOjibHO M H oro . KaKOBO 6 y / iy m ee 3 th x 6ecc0 i03H b ix KOHCTpyniiHH b coBpeMeH-

hom pyccKOM H3bii<e : 6yayT j i h o h h nojiHOCTbio BbiTecHeHbi i i3 H ay m io f i p e q i i?

BepoHTHO, He SyflyT : pacnpocT paH eH H e Ha flaH H bie 6ecco io3H b ie KOHCTpyKiiHH

f lp y r n x , coK)3Hbix KOHCTpyKijH fi, B crpeqaeT ^OBOjibHO cn jib H y io CTH jm crom ecKyio

«onno3Hnmo». Harne yTBep>K^eHHe onnpaeTCH H a t o , m to H jiJnocrpaT H B H bifi

MaTepnaji cBHfleTejibCTByer o crpeMJieHHH n m i iy m n x h j ih r o B o p n iu i ix H36eraTb

C0K)3HbIX KOHCTpyKIIHH, K O r^a B pe3yjIbTaTe BCTaBKH nOHCHHTejIbHOrO COK)3a

nojiyqaeTCH noBTopemie flaHHoro coio3a b o^hom h tom >Ke cjio>khom npe^Jio- >KeHHH , K3K HanpHMep:

1) «>KypH3Ji npocro He mojkct cymecTBOB3Tb 6e3 poM3H3. H floGpo 6bi eme

>KypH3JI B H3HieM pyCCKOM CMbICJie, T.e. TO, ^TO B EBpOne H33bIB3eTCH «0603pe-

HHeM» (revue); hc t! hsctohhihii >KypH3Ji, to , m o y H3c Ha3biBaercH ra3eT0io,

y>Ke He MO>KeT I10/mep>KHB3TbCH TOJIbKO OflHOK) nOJIHTHKOIO, KOTOpSH Bcex TaK

HHTepecyeT h BOjiHyer, b Koropofi Bce Tan HeHacbiTHO H<3flHbi» (B. I\ B e ji h h-

c k h fi, Con., H3fl. A H CCCP, t . X , M ., 1956); 2) « . . .HOBefiman b po^e, TOJibKO

u to BcrynHBHiaH b ceMbio, «>KajiOBaHbe» — to, 'ito «>KajiyiOT» (T.e. AapHT H3

JIIOÒBH, CHMIÏ3THH H T.n.» (JI. O. P e 3 H H K 0 B , ifum. paó ., CTp. 38).

F R A Z E CU C U V IN T E R E L U A T E

(Rezum at)

ìn acest artieoi analizám frazele cu const riunii explicative, in care sìnt reluate fie ad-

litte ram , fie printr-un echivalent semantic diferite cuvinte d in propozi{ia precedentà, de ex.:

1. KpOMe Toro, AJIH nCHXOJIOrHH H3blKa Ba>KHO OTJHMaTb B OTHOIUeHUII aaHHOH H3UKOBOÍÍ

4>op«bi npedmecmeyìoufee cocmoHHue, T.e. to , mto 3apaHee 3a.iano flaHHbiMH H3biKOBbiMH npH- BbiMKaMH. . . (O . S. Ahm anova, Onepxu no pyccKoii u oGufeù nexcuxo/voltai, M . , 1957, p . 21);

2. B KaaecTBe o6pa3yiomnx ochob, T.e. ocuoe, o t KOTopbix npoHcxo/urr o6pa30Bamie Kanoro- jihGo cjiOBa, MoryT BbicTynaTb.. . (E . M. Galkina-Fedoruk, K . V. Gorjkova, N . M. Çanski,

CoepeMeHHUü pyccKUÜ H3bix, M . , 1957, p . 61).Ìn aceste fraze se stabilente un raport de identitate, m arcat précis de o conjuncjie expli­

cativa. U n ità r ie sintactice ìntre care se stabilente acest raport sìnt urmàtoarele:

1) . . . n p e d u ie c m e y w m e e co cm o H H ue = T.e. t o , h t o 3 a p a H e e 3 a , ia n o i ja H H b iM H H 3b iKO -

BblMH npHBblHKaMH . . .

2) . . . o6pa3yiomHe ocuoeu = T.e. ocHOBbi, o t noTopbix npoHcxo^iiT 06pa30BaHneKaKoro-jiH6o cjiOBa . . .

In astfel de exemple, in cea de-a doua un ita te sintacticà sìnt reluate fie ad-litteram (ex. 2)

fie printr-un echivalent semantic (ex. 1) cuvinte sau ìm b in àri de cuvinte d in propozifia precedentà.

Cuvintele d in cea de-a doua un ita te sintacticà au o importanti* stilistica çi gramaticala:

ele, pe de o parte, subliniazà valoarea semantica a cuvintelor, al càror con tinu i se precizeazà

in construcjia explicativa ; pe de a lta parte, creeazà o legatura m ai strinsà ìntre elementele

componente ale frazei, sublin iind necesitatea apari(iei propozifiei subordonate.

CJIO>KHbIE nPE£UIO>KEHHH C B030EHOBJ1HIOIIU IMHCH 65

In unele fraze identitatea de con^inut, marcata de conjanemia explicativa, are caracter subiectiv sau contextual, deoareee imitàbile sintactice care se aflà intr-un astfel de raport sintactic sint ¡dentice din punct de vedere al con^inutului nuniai in contextul respectiv (vezi ex. 1). in altele aceastà identitate are un caracter obiectiv, deoareee unitarie sintactice, intre care se stabilente acest raport, au acelaji conjinut $i luate in mod separat (vezi ex. 2).

Studiul acestor fraze ne dà posibilitatea se relevàm legatura strinsà care existà intre lexic, morfologie §i sintaxà.

5 — c. 844