Clare River (Claregalway) Flood Relief Scheme Archaeology, Architectural & Cultural ... · 2020. 1. 16. · Clare River (Claregalway) ... 14.3.1.4 County Development Plan The County

Clare River (Claregalway) Flood Relief Scheme Archaeology, Architectural & Cultural Heritage

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First Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1840, scale 1:10560 (Figure 14.4) This mapping is the first accurate representation of the receiving environment. In general a large portion of the land appears to have been enclosed and drained for agricultural use although the banks of the river are largely annotated as ‘liable to flood’. Some straightening and realigning of the river has been undertaken within proximity to Kiltroge Castle (RMP GA070-071) which is shown in ruins. A cluster of six small structures are shown adjacent to the castle and an eel weir traverses the river. To the immediate south of the castle a small inlet of water is annotated as ‘Polldonnell’ and the probable original line of the river (now formed by a stream) is shown to the west creating a D-shaped island. The river continues west within a wide channel which diverges to create three islands and a probable farmyard is shown for the first time on the south bank in the townland of Lakeview (previously known as Thurloughbrega). The source of the tributary in Kiniska is annotated as Bunaniska and the stream is shown flowing south-west in an irregular meandering course.

At Claregalway four structures have been constructed to the rear of the castle and a garden is also shown. One of the structures is a long narrow building on the bank of the river, possibly representing a mill structure. The bridge crossing the northern channel is illustrated as having four triangular cutwaters on both elevations. The plans of the structures at both abbeys (RMP GA070-035 and GA070-012) are illustrated for the first time. Graveyards and gardens are shown surrounding both and a tower is also shown within the structure of the main abbey. The nine-arch bridge at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) is shown however no detail is illustrated as on the northern bridge. No structures or features are illustrated within the location of the deserted village and earthworks/ enclosures (RMP GA070-109, GA070-111 and GA070-114). Further west the small structure on the south bank remains present. The two sections of road to be raised during the current flood relief works are shown almost in their current layout. The settlement at Montiagh South has grown in size while that of Gortcloonmore has reduced. A section of the river which once diverged north at this point has been reclaimed however a dotted line runs along the limit of the old course marking the area as ‘liable to inundation’. The Clare River continues west in a wide channel towards Lough Corrib.

Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1896−7, scale 1:10560 (Figure 14.5) The Clare River has been straightened and narrowed to the immediate west of Claregalway. The southern channel at the town has been severed on the eastern side of the road and remains as a small stream, the western half forming into a pool to the south-west of the abbey (RMP GA070-012). A hand ball alley is annotated on the southern bank of the river to the north of abbey (GA070-012) however it is probably a predecessor of the alley recorded in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH 30407012). The line of the Kiniska River has been largely straightened and narrowed prior to joining the Clare River and the surrounding lands are marked as bog and liable to flood. Large areas have been reclaimed in the townland of Lakeview removing the western channel and rejoining the islands with the western bank. A kink in the river at Crusheeny has been bypassed with a new channel cut on the northern bank leaving a D-shaped watercourse on the southern bank. Land has also been reclaimed to the immediate east and west of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071). No structures are now shown in the immediate vicinity of the castle and while it has reduced in size the pool named ‘Polldonnell’ remains present on the northern bank. A footbridge crosses the river east of this adjacent to a sheepfold on the southern bank. The banks of the river along this section have been planted and embanked. Further east a new channel has been cut on the southern bank, with the original course to the north being reclaimed. A section of road (to be raised as part of the current works) has been straightened to the north-west of Claregalway crossing a small tributary.

Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1919−1921, scale 1:10560 There are no major changes to the course of the river shown on this mapping. The surrounding landscape has been further enclosed and drained. A road has been constructed to the east of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071) crossing the river at the location of the footbridge in the second edition. Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1933, scale 1:10560 There are no major changes to the course of the river shown on this mapping. The embankments are shown for the first time to the west of Baile Chlair along the north and south bank and again to the west of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071).


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14.3.1.4 County Development Plan

The County Galway Development Plan (2009−2015) and Claregalway Local Area Plan (2005−2011) identify and acknowledge the statutory protection afforded to the RMPs within the vicinity of the proposed development area under the National Monuments Act. These include the medieval settlement at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (abbey GA070-035 Nat. Mon. 165, abbey GA070-012, castle GA070-036) and the castle at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) (GA070-071).

14.3.1.5 Aerial Photographic Analysis

Inspection of the aerial photographic coverage of the proposed development area held by the Ordnance Survey (1995, 2000, 2005) and Google Earth (2008) revealed no definite previously unrecorded sites of archaeological potential within the area of proposed development. One possible site was identified in the townland of Gort an tSleibhe (Gortatleva) to the south of the river. This feature may also represent dredged material from the river however. The line of the original river course is clearly visible on the photographs and the banks of the river are disguised by dumped material.

14.3.1.6 Field Inspection

The field inspection sought to assess the study area, its previous and current land use, the topography and whether any areas or sites of archaeological potential were present. During the course of the field investigation the proposed development area and its surrounding environs were inspected for known or previously unknown archaeological sites (Figures 14.2 a and b). The field inspection was undertaken on Monday 21st November 2011 in overcast wet conditions.

Due to ongoing flood relief works at Claregalway excavations had been undertaken recently within the vicinity of the bridge. These areas have been restored to normal ground level and a new wall has been constructed to the north of graveyard and abbey (RMP GA070-012) (Image 14.1). Large embankments of dumped material have been constructed along the southern bank of the river to the west of the church and graveyard and some dumping of modern construction debris was also noted (Image 14.2). No upstanding remains of archaeological significance were noted in this area.

Image 14.1: Southern bank of river, north of abbey and graveyard (RMP GA070-012), facing east


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Image 14.2: Church and graveyard (RMP GA070-012), facing east

To the east of the bridge a large area has been stripped (Image 14.3). This site was tested in 2010 (O’ Neill 2011; Ministerial Consent E4248) and a burnt mound was identified and preserved in situ. It is possible that the site of earthwork (RMP GA070-111003) was disturbed by the recent activity or partially covered with materials deposited on site. Moated site (RMP GA070-111001) comprises a rectangular raised area located to the immediate west of a field boundary (Image 14.4). The earthwork (RMP GA070-111002) is visible as a very low rise in the field (Image 14.5). A large embankment has been constructed along the southern bank of the river during the 20th century c. 3−4m south of the water edge (Image 14.3). This embankment becomes less substantial continuing east along the river and is partially overgrown with mature trees and bushes. A small overgrown stone wall was noted on the bank as the river turns south (Image 14.6) which is represented on the third edition OS map. The banks are waterlogged and large patches of rushes are growing along its length. The fields to the south of the embankment in Lakeview are largely comprised of pasture and a number of them are waterlogged.


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Image 14.3: Area to the east of bridge at Baile Chláir (Claregalway), facing east

Image 14.4: Moated site GA070-11101, facing south


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Image 14.5: Site of earthwork GA070-11102, facing south-west

Image 14.6: Southern bank of the river in Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) townland, facing east

The Kiniska Stream enters the Clare River at this point (Image 14.7). The banks of the stream are partially overgrown in the southern half of the stream. This section has also been subject to reclamation. The stream continues north bound by fields of pasture and is notably less overgrown in this section.


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Image 14.7: Stone wall on the bank in Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) townland and confluence of Kiniska Stream with Clare River in background, facing east

An embankment has also been constructed along the northern banks of the river in Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) and Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townlands however this area is much more overgrown than the southern bank (Plate 14.8). It was impossible to identify archaeological remains as much of the ground surface was covered in heavy scrub. The heavy overgrowth continues east and along the northern bank in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland for c. 800m before becoming clearer. The river is still embanked however they are less substantial with regular gaps for drainage ditches to discharge into the river. The fields to the north of the river comprise of pasture with a slight west-facing aspect. Nothing of archaeological significance was noted within these fields and there was no upstanding remains of the enclosure (RMP GA070-072) or burials and house site (RMP GA070-073).

Image 14.8: Northern banks of the river in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland, facing east

Kiniska Stream


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The embankments are substantial to the immediate south and west of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071) once again. These embankments are illustrated on the second edition OS map (1896−7) and predate the stone field walls which run over them (Image 14.9). The outline of the D-shaped watercourse (line of the old course of the river) is fossilized in the field boundary to the immediate west of the castle. The castle itself is in poor condition with a large number of its lower quoin stones missing. A modern lean-to shed has been constructed on the north-west façade. The O.P.W. has fenced off the castle for health and safety. The underground stream emerging at the inlet named as ‘Polldonnell’ in the first edition OS map is still present to the south of the castle (Image 14.10). This outlet is lined with boulders and the water discharges into the river. A small modern concrete structure was built on the bank of the river to the south of the castle and an electricity pylon has been recently constructed to the west. The field in which the castle stands is uneven and several raised areas noted within the immediate vicinity of the structure may represent an early enclosing element or foundations of associated buildings.

Image 14.9: Field wall and embankment to the south-west of Kiltroge Castle, facing west


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Image 14.10: Kiltroge Castle (RMP GA070-071) and ‘polldonnell’ (right foreground), facing north

The area to the south-east and south of the castle site has been largely disturbed with the ongoing Crusheeny Bridge replacement works (Image 14.11). Ground disturbance was monitored by Headland Archaeology Ltd in late 2011. Substantial embankments are located along the southern and northern banks of the river which have been in place since the late 19th century. The townland boundary (TB 2) between Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) and Cathair-na silinidhe (Cahernashilleeny), once formed the original course of the river, is now formed by an irregular field boundary. The surrounding fields are comprised of rough pasture with a gentle west-facing slope. A small memorial stone is located to the north of Crusheeny Bridge commemorating the resettlement of the farming community from Montiagh to Killtroge in 1908 (Image 14.12).

Image 14.11: North bank to the east of Crusheeny bridge, facing east


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Image14.12: Commemorative plaque at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge), facing west

As part of the proposed flood alleviation works it is proposed to raise the levels of three sections of road located west and south-west of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (Measures 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b). The road to Móinteach Theas (Measure 2a and b) runs west from Baile Chláir (Claregalway) south of the river. The road, shown on Larkin’s Map of 1819, comprises a little boreen lined with mature trees and hedgerow. The road is at the same level as the surrounding fields and drainage ditches run parallel and perpendicular to the road in nearly every field. The western half of this section of road forms the townland boundary between Cathair Ghabhann nó Pairc an tSamhraidh and Móinteach Theas townlands. Nothing of archaeological significance was identified during field inspection.

Both sections (Measures 3a and 3b) of road to the north of the river were marked for the first time as track ways on the first edition OS map. The section in Baile Chláir (Claregalway) townland (Measure 3a) runs along a roadway that was set in its current layout in the mid-late 19th century, changing from that shown on the first edition map. Mature trees and hedges line the road on the south and parts of the northern boundary. This stretch of road crosses a small stream which was canalised prior to the first edition OS map. The bridge is a concrete modern construct.

A longer stretch of road (Measure 3b), forming the townland boundary between Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey) and Baile Chláir (Claregalway), will also be raised to the north-west of Cloonbigeen settlement. This section of road is largely open, raised slightly above the surrounding fields. Some hedging is present along both sides and deep drainage ditches run parallel to the road to the north and south. A modern concrete bridge crosses a substantial drainage ditch. The fields to the south comprise waterlogged pasture while the lands to the north largely comprise boggy terrain. Nothing of archaeological significance was noted during field inspection.

The route of the proposed surface water drain (Measure 6a) in Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview) townland is largely located within fields of pasture. The proposed route runs south-east along the boundary of a housing estate before turning south-west and south to reach the industrial estate. The northern tip of the proposed drain traverses the site of earthwork (RMP GA070-111003) and burnt mound discovered in recent testing. This area has been artificially built up with excavated material from the bridge extension.


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14.3.1.7 Conclusions

A Franciscan Abbey (RMP GA070-035) was founded at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) during the mid-13th century on the northern banks of the Clare River. The community flourished until the mid-16th century and the Reformation. A deserted medieval settlement (RMP GA070-109) is recorded to the south-east of the abbey site and a further abbey (GA070-012) is located to the south of the river on an area previously separated as an island. A tower house (RMP GA070-036) which dates to the late 15th century is also present on the northern bank of the river. The castle belonged to the De Burgo family of Clanrickarde and was one of a number of castles under their possession. Two enclosures and an earthwork (RMP GA070-111001−3) are located on the southern bank of the river to the east of the N17. A further tower house (RMP GA070-071) is present on the northern bank of the Clare River in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland.

Recent excavation undertaken at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) in advance flood relief works revealed three sites of archaeological importance alongside the N17 and north and south of the river. A number of 11th −17th century burials were identified to the north of the abbey (RMP GA070-012). A burnt spread on the eastern side of the N17, adjacent to enclosures and earthwork (RMP GA070-111) was preserved in situ.

Cartographic analysis has shown that the Clare River was largely canalised between 1840−1890 and a large amount of land was reclaimed for agricultural use (Figure 14.5). The original line of the river is fossilised in the field boundaries and some raised areas to the south of the river are indicative of pre-existing islands. The second edition OS maps and later 25 inch maps illustrate the early construction of embankments undertaken along the river bed, especially to the west of the town and in the vicinity of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071). As a result of continuous dredging and deposition material on the banks it is probable that very little archaeological remains remain on the river bed. As a result it is likely that artefacts that once lay on the river bed may be located within the dredged materials in the embankment.

Analysis of aerial photographs of the area failed to identify any further sites of archaeological potential within the area of proposed development.

Field inspection was also undertaken across the length of the scheme. A number of potential features were noted as shallow raised areas surrounding the castle at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) (RMP GA070-071). These are likely to represent a possible enclosure or ancillary buildings associated with the castle and were all located to the north of the substantial earthen embankment.

14.3.2 Results and Analysis – Architecture

14.3.2.1 Built Heritage Background

Built heritage refers to all built features in the environment including buildings and other structures such as harbours, bridges, and wells. These sites have been identified through consultation with the County Development Plan (2009−2015), National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH), aerial photographs and through cartographic analysis and field inspection.

The built heritage within this area is typified by the vernacular cottage and associated outbuildings, as shown in the first edition OS map. Vernacular architecture is defined in James Steven Curl’s Encyclopedia of Architectural Terms as ‘a term used to describe the local regional traditional building forms and types using indigenous materials, and without grand architectural pretensions’, i.e. the homes and workplaces of the ordinary people built by local people using local materials. This is in


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contrast to formal architecture, such as the grand estate houses of the gentry, churches and public buildings, which were often designed by architects or engineers. The majority of vernacular buildings are domestic dwellings. Examples of other structures that may fall into this category include shops, outbuildings, mills, lime kilns, farmsteads, forges, gates and gate piers.

Typically the single storied thatched cottage would be considered to represent the real vernacular style in Ireland. Following c. AD1700, settlement clusters were likely to have consisted primarily of single-storey thatched cottages with associated farm buildings. An example of an early thatched cottage (RPS 109, NIAH 30407013) is located c. 450m south of the Clare River in the townland of Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Cahergowan or Summerfield).

The 18th century, a relatively peaceful period, saw the large-scale development of demesnes and country houses in Ireland. The houses generally form part of the larger demesne landscape. Demesnes were dominant features of the rural landscape throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. There are no demesne landscapes shown on the first edition OS map within the immediate vicinity of the proposed flood relief works. The closest designed landscape accompanies Lydacan House, which is located c. 1km south of the river.

Two large stone bridges are shown crossing the Clare River at Baile Chlair in Larkin’s map (1819) and first edition OS map (1840). A series of eight cutwaters are illustrated on either façade of the northern bridge on the first edition map however this bridge is no longer present. The nine-arch limestone bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) crossing the southern channel of the river was constructed in c. 1710. It ceased to be used in the mid-19th century when the river it crossed was diverted. It is currently located to the east of the main Galway to Tuam road and remains a major landmark in the village. Restoration work was carried out to the stonework of the east elevation and carriageway in 2003.

14.3.2.2 Cartographic Analysis

See section 14.3.1.3 for details

14.3.2.3 County Development Plan

The County Galway Development Plan (2009−2015) and Claregalway Local Area Plan (2005−2011) identify Protected Structure designations within the local area and county. Protected Structures are recorded on a schedule attached to the development plan and marked on associated mapping. A review of both plans revealed that there are three Protected Structures located within proximity to the proposed flood relief works, including Claregalway castle, a bridge and a thatched cottage.

An early 18th century bridge which once crossed the southern channel of the Clare River at Baile Chlair is bypassed by the modern N17 (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) c. 100m south of the river. This structure is also recorded in the NIAH survey for the county.

The mid-19th century thatched cottage (RPS 109, NIAH 30407013) located in the townland of Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Cahergowan or Summerfield) fronts onto the N17 and is adjoined by 20th century two-bay two-storey house. This structure is also recorded in the NIAH survey for the county.

The third structure recorded within the RPS is a Castle (RPS 110, RMP GA070-036) located on the northern bank of the river. This castle was constructed during the 15th century and is situated at a geostrategic location guarding the main routeway from the north to Galway city and the crossing of the river. This site is also recorded within the Record of Monuments and Places for County Galway (See Section 14.3.1.1 for more detail).


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14.3.2.4 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

A review of both the architectural survey and garden survey was undertaken as part of this assessment. An area up to 500m that surrounds the proposed development area was examined in order to identify any buildings or areas of architectural significance. The results of this survey are summarised below.

Building Survey A total of three structures are recorded within the NIAH survey within proximity to the proposed flood relief works including a bridge, a handball alley and a thatched cottage.

The nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) once crossed the southern channel of the Clare River at Baile Chlair c. 100m south of the river. The thatched cottage (RPS 109, NIAH 30407013) located in the townland of Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Cahergowan or Summerfield) fronts onto the N17 and is adjoined by a 20th century two-bay two-storey house. These structures are also recorded in the Record of Protected Structures for the county.

A disused handball alley (NIAH 30407012), constructed in 1953, was located immediately south of the river and west of the N17. The survey concluded that ‘although no longer in use, this hand ball alley is relatively intact and contributes to the streetscape of Claregalway as well as to the social heritage of the area’ (NIAH Survey 2009). This structure had been demolished by the time of field inspection in November 2011 (as part of advance works at Claregalway Bridge).

Garden Survey No designed landscapes were identified within the receiving environment of the proposed flood relief works.

14.3.2.5 Field Inspection

The area of proposed development was inspected for additional evidence of architectural and built heritage. The handball alley (NIAH 30407012), located to the south of the river and west of the N17, was demolished and the site excavated as part of recent flood alleviation works (Image 14.1).

An early 20th century single storey vernacular cottage with associated farmyard was identified in the townland of Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) c. 200m north-east of the river.

No further sites of built heritage significance were identified in or within the immediate vicinity of the proposed development.


A total of four structures are recorded within the Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and NIAH Survey for County Galway within proximity to the proposed flood relief works. Two of these, a nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) and thatched cottage (RPS 109, NIAH 30407013) are located to the south of the river and are recorded in both surveys. Neither of these will be affected by the ground disturbance associated with the proposed flood relief works.

A mid-20th century handball alley (NIAH 30407012) was located on the southern banks of the river to the north-east of abbey (GA070-012) and to the west of the N17 road. This structure was removed as part of recent flood alleviation measures.


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Claregalway Castle (RPS 110, RMP GA070-036) is located on the northern bank of the river adjacent to the proposed flood relief works. The castle has been reconstructed in part and works are ongoing with the adjacent buildings. The structure is a landmark for the surrounding area and dominates the streetscape of the town. No flood alleviation works are currently being proposed on the north bank of the river within proximity to the castle.

14.3.3 Results and Analysis – Cultural Heritage

The proposed flood relief works will be undertaken within or adjacent to the townlands of Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey), Baile Chláir (Claregalway), An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South), Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Cahergowan or Summerfield), Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview), Cinn Uisce (Kiniska), Cill Torróg (Kiltroge), An Laighdeacán (Lydacan), Gort an tSléibhe, Na Croisiíní (Crusheeny), Cathair-na silinidhe (Cahernashilleeny) and Islandmore. These townlands are located within the parishes of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Leacach (Lackagh), within the Baronies of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Dún Coillín (Dunkellin), County Galway.

14.3.3.1 Place Name Analysis

Townland and topographic names are an invaluable source of information on topography, land ownership and land use within the landscape. They also provide information on history; archaeological monuments and folklore of an area. A place name may refer to a long forgotten site, and may indicate the possibility that the remains of certain sites may still survive below the ground surface. The Ordnance Survey surveyors wrote down townland names in the 1830’s and 1840’s, when the entire country was mapped for the first time. Some of the townland names in the study area are of Irish origin and through time have been anglicised. The main reference used for the place name analysis is Irish Local Names Explained by P.W Joyce (1870). A description and possible explanation of each townland name in the environs of the proposed route are provided in Table 14.1 below.

Table 14.1 Place Name Analysis Name Derivation Possible Meaning Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey)

‘Gortadubha’, Gort = a tilled field, Dubh = black

Field of black soil/mud

Baile Chláir (Claregalway)

Baile = town, Clar/Clare = a plain Town of the plain

An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South)

Mointeach = boggy place, Theas = south

A boggy place to the south of the river

Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Caheragowan or Summerfield)

Cathair = a circular stone fort, gabhann = tinsmith Summerfield associated with Summerville Estate (Taylor and Skinner, 1783)

Fort of the smith Summerfield lands associated with Summerville Demesne

Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview) Previously known as Thurloughbrega

Droim = the back, a ridge or long hill, Na Gaoithe = wind; Thurlough = seasonal lake, Bréag = falsehood

Windy ridge; also known as Lakeview; previous name probably - False lake

Cinn Uisce (Kiniska)

Cinn = head/ highest part, Uisce = water

Head of the water

Cill Torróg (Kiltroge)

Cill = a church, Tróg Tróg’s Church

An Laighdeacán (Lydacan)

An Laighdeacán = a small strip of land Lydacan Demesne – also known as Lydicihin (Taylor and Skinner 1783), Lidican (Larkin 1819)

A small strip of land

Gort an tSléibhe Gort = a tilled field, Slieve = Mountain field, high field


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Name Derivation Possible Meaning (Gortatleva) mountain

Gurtacleva (Larkin, 1819) Na Croisiíní (Crusheeny)

Croisin = little cross Small crosses? Possibly associated with church at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge)

Islandmore Island, more – large/ big; Area shown as a Thurlough on Larkin’s Map 1819.

Big island

Cathair-na silinidhe (Cahernashilleeny)

Caher = stone fort Silin [shilleen] = a cherry

Stone fort of the cherries

14.3.3.2 Townlands

The townland is an Irish land unit of considerable longevity as many of the units are likely to represent much earlier land divisions. However, the term townland was not used to denote a unit of land until the Civil Survey of 1654. It bears no relation to the modern word ‘town’ but like the Irish word baile refers to a place. It is possible that the word is derived from the Old English tun land and meant ‘the land forming an estate or manor’ (Culleton 1999). A total of four townland boundaries are slightly affected by the proposed scheme.

Gaelic land ownership required a clear definition of the territories held by each sept and a need for strong, permanent fences around their territories. It is possible that boundaries following ridge tops, streams or bog are more likely to be older in date than those composed of straight lines (ibid.).

The vast majority of townlands are referred to in the 17th century, when land documentation records begin. Many of the townlands are mapped within the Down Survey of the 1650s, so called as all measurements were carefully ‘laid downe’ on paper at a scale of forty perches to one inch. Therefore most are in the context of pre-17th century landscape organisation (McErlean 1983).

In the 19th century, some demesnes, deer parks or large farms were given townland status during the Ordnance Survey and some imprecise townland boundaries in areas such as bogs or lakes, were given more precise definition (ibid.). Larger tracks of land were divided into a number of townlands, and named Upper, Middle or Lower, as well as Beg and More (small and large) and north, east, south and west (Culleton 1999). By the time the first Ordnance Survey had been completed a total of 62,000 townlands were recorded in Ireland.

The proposed flood relief works will be undertaken along the course of the Clare River and along three short sections of road to the north and south of the watercourse. The Clare River (TB 1) comprises the boundary between the townlands to the north and south. To the east of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) one townland boundary joins with the Clare River within the area of proposed excavation TB 2 - Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) /Cathair-na silinidhe (Cahernashilleeny). Two further townland boundaries will be impacted by the proposed development by the raising of roadways, which themselves form the boundaries (TB 4 - Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey)/ Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and TB 3 - An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South)/ Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Cahergowan or Summerfield).

14.3.3.3 Cultural Heritage Sites

The term ‘cultural heritage’ can be used as an over-arching term that can be applied to both archaeology and architectural. However, it also refers to more ephemeral aspects of the environment, which are often recorded in folk law or tradition or possibly date to a more recent period. No individual sites have been identified that could be defined as purely Cultural Heritage.


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Baile Chláir has been a focus of activity for centuries as its location on the main crossing point of the Clare River and the road north from Galway City. There are no further sites at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) in addition to what has been discussed above. A small plaque was recently erected in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland north of Crusheeny Bridge and east of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071) commemorating the centenary of the relocation of a farming community from Móinteach Theas to Cill Torróg in 1908 (Image 14.12).


A review of the townlands names within which the proposed development will be contained has revealed some common topographical terms, which were used to describe portions of the landscape. These gradually became anglicised and lost their original form, although it still is possible to investigate their original structure. The majority of the townland names within the vicinity are derived from topographical features such as watercourses (Cinn Uisce (Kiniska), Lakeview/Thurloughbrega), marshy conditions (An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South), fields (Gort an Dúígh (Gortadooey), Gort an tSleibhe (Gortatleva)) and landscape type (Baile Chláir (Claregalway)). Two of the townland names make reference to a religious association (Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) and Na Croisíní); however there is no structural remains known for a church in this area.

A total of four townland boundaries (TB 1−4) are located within the area of proposed flood relief works. These are formed by one field boundary (TB 2), a watercourse (TB 1) and two roadways (TB 3 and TB 4). The largest of these is formed by the Clare River (TB 1) which forms a townland boundary along the length of the proposed scheme. The nature of the proposed development means that a limited portion of these townland boundaries will be removed and this will not impact greatly on the overall feature.


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14.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

14.4.1 Potential Impacts

14.4.1.1 Archaeology

Movement of Excavated Material/Embankments

• The medieval settlement of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) is located to the north and south of the Clare River. There is no predicted impact on the structural remains of the castle (RMP GA070-036) or church and abbey (RMP GA070-012, 35). However it is possible that artefacts or remains associated with the medieval settlement may have been dredged from the river bed over the past two centuries and survive in the dredged material deposited in the embankments along the river banks. This material will be removed as part of the proposed development therefore there may be an adverse impact on any remains or artefacts that have the potential to survive.

• The medieval settlement at Kiltroge Castle (RMP GA070-071) is located on the northern bank of the river. It is possible that artefacts or remains associated with the castle which may have been dredged from the river bed over the past two centuries may have survived in the dredged material deposited in the embankments along the river banks. This material will be removed as part of the proposed development therefore there may be an adverse impact on any remains or artefacts that have the potential to survive.

Excavation of River Bank (Measure 8b)

• The tower house (RMP GA070-071) at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) is located on the northern bank of the Clare River adjacent to proposed flood alleviation works. Current works at Crusheeny Bridge were monitored by Headland Archaeology but nothing of archaeological significance was revealed. The potential remains that there may be an adverse impact on archaeological remains which have the potential to survive beneath the 19th century embankments or along the river banks associated with the castle. This will be caused by excavation associated with the proposed development.

• The proposed flood relief works are mainly located along the banks of the Clare River (c. 1.3km) which largely comprise of marshy terrain. Riverine environments and boggy ground have the potential to reveal archaeological activity such as burnt mounds. There may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological feature or deposits that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level. This will be caused by excavation associated with the proposed development.

Deposition of Spread Material

• Deposition of excavated materials (c. 1m in depth) within the vicinity of Recorded Monuments and Places (GA070-109, GA070-035, GA070-036, GA070-111, GA070-012, GA070-072, GA070-073 and GA070-071) would cover and disguise archaeological features within these areas. This would result in a significant negative impact.

• It is proposed to spread excavated material west of the church and graveyard (RMP GA070-012) and east of the bridge at Baile Chláir (Claregalway). This area was shown as an island on the first edition OS map and may have been the location of activity associated with the


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church or castle. As such deposition of materials would cover and disguise archaeological features within these areas. This would result in a significant negative impact.

• It is proposed to strip these areas of topsoil prior to spreading of materials. There may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with the proposed development and their subsequent covering over without proper recording.

Raising Level of Roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)

• It is proposed to raise four sections of road as part of the proposed flood relief scheme. Three of these, in the north-west of the scheme, are shown in boggy marginal terrain on the first edition OS map. Should any excavation of virgin ground be required this may impact negatively on any archaeological remains, such as burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive below ground in waterlogged conditions.

Cleaning of River Kiniska (Measures 5a and 5b)

• It is proposed to Clean OPW stream C3/5 in Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) towlands. Although the southern section of this stream has been canalised the northern half retains its original setting. Riverine environments and boggy ground have the potential to reveal archaeological activity such as burnt mounds. Watercourses have the potential to retain artefacts or organic items such as wood or leather, which do not usually survive within the archaeological record. There may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with the proposed development.

Provision of Surface Water Drains (Measures 6a and 9)

• The northern portion of the proposed surface water drain passes through the locations of two recorded archaeological sites, an earthwork (GA070-111003) and enclosure (GA070-111002). The route also passes through the location of a burnt mound identified in recent testing on the bank of the river. Ground disturbance associated with the proposed drain may have a significant impact on these remains.

• The southern portion of the proposed surface water drain will pass through fields of pasture in Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) and An Carn Mór Thoir townlands. There may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with the proposed Measures 6a and 9.

14.4.1.2 Architecture

Movement of Excavated Material/ Embankments

• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the architectural resource.


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Deposition of Spread Material (Measures 4d)

• The nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) is located c. 90m south of the proposed development works. It is proposed to provide a local embankment to the immediate east of the bridge. This bridge is a landmark in the town and the embankment will have a moderate negative visual impact on the structure. Conversely the embankment will protect the bridge from future flood damage and as such will have a significant positive impact. Taking both impacts into account the proposed embankment will have a moderate positive impact on the nine-arch bridge.







14.4.1.3 Cultural Heritage


• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the cultural heritage resource.


• A total of four townland boundaries (TB 1−4) are crossed by the proposed flood relief works. Due to the nature of the proposed development only a small portion of these boundaries will be affected and as such any impact will be minimal and is considered to be slightly negative.



Raising level of roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)



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14.4.2 Do Nothing Impact

If the proposed development were not to proceed future flooding may impact negatively on the Recorded Archaeological Monuments located on the banks of the river at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (abbey GA070-035 Nat. Mon. 165, abbey GA070-012, castle GA070-036 and nine-arch bridge RPS 108 NIAH 30407011) and the castle at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) (GA070-071).

14.4.3 Worst Case Impact

Under a worst case scenario, the proposed development would disturb previously unrecorded and unidentified deposits and artefacts without proper excavation and recording being undertaken.


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14.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

14.5.1 Impacts

14.5.1.1 Archaeology

Due to the archaeological nature of the surrounding landscape, and the topography of the proposed development area, the following recommendations have been made.


• It is recommended that the dredged material (embankments) to be removed along the length of the scheme, particularly in the vicinity of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (RMP GA070-012, 35, 36, 109 and 111) and Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071) are sampled and subject to metal detection in order to identify any disturbed archaeological material or artefacts. Metal detection should be carried out by an archaeologist under licence to the Department of Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht.


• There may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological feature or deposits, such as burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level in riverine environments. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with the proposed development. It is therefore recommended that all ground disturbances associated with the proposed development, such as topsoil stripping or site investigations, be monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.


• It is recommended that spreading of excavated material should be avoided within the vicinity of Recorded Monuments and places (RMP GA070-012, 35, 36, 71, 72, 73, 109 and 111) in order to avoid impacts on known archaeological features.

• It is recommended that all topsoil stripping associated with the proposed spreading of materials be subject to monitoring by a suitably qualified archaeologist. Should any previously unknown archaeological features be identified during topsoil stripping a description and position of the remains may be ascertained and the site preserved in situ beneath the spread material. Works carried out in consultation with the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.


• Should any disturbance of virgin ground be undertaken in Móinteach Theas, Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey) or Baile Chláir (Claregalway) during the raising of these sections of road it is recommended that works are monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.


• There may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits, such as burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive beneath the


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current ground level in riverine environments in Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) townlands. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with the proposed development. It is therefore recommended that all ground disturbances associated with the proposed works, that require the excavation of virgin ground, be monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.

• The northern section of the Kiniska Stream in Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) townland appears to be undisturbed in its natural course. It is recommended that an underwater archaeological survey be undertaken within this area to be impacted by the proposed development. The survey should be carried out by an archaeologist licenced to the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Full provision should be made available for the resolution of any archaeological features or deposits that may be identified should that be deemed the most appropriate way to proceed.


• It is recommended that any impact on the RMP sites, earthwork (GA070-111003), and enclosure (GA070-111002), and burnt mound in Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview) be avoided. If this is not possible then it is recommended that a program of pre-development archaeological testing be undertaken within the footprint of the proposed drain and ant associated wayleave. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.

• It is recommended that all ground disturbances, that require the excavation of virgin ground, associated with the proposed provision of surface water drains be subject to monitoring by a suitably qualified archaeologist. Should any previously unknown archaeological features be identified during topsoil stripping a description and position of the remains may be ascertained and the site preserved in situ beneath the spread material, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed following discussion with the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

14.5.1.2 Architecture


• There are no mitigation measures required. Excavation of River Bank (Measure 8b)

• There are no mitigation measures required.

Deposition of Spread Material (Measure 4d)

• There is no further mitigation required with regard to the nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011).





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Provision of Surface Water drains (Measures 6a and 9)


14.5.1.3 Cultural Heritage

With the exception of the above mitigation measures, recommendations in relation to specific cultural heritage sites are deemed necessary.

14.5.2 Monitoring

The mitigation measures recommended above would also function as a monitoring system to allow the further assessment of the scale of the predicted impacts and the effectiveness of the recommended mitigation measures.

Please note that all recommendations are subject to approval by the National Monument Section of the Heritage and Planning Division, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

14.6 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

Should all mitigation measures be carried out as specified above no negative residual impacts are predicted on the cultural heritage of the Clare River environs. There will however be a positive residual impact on all of the nearby RMP sites (GA070-012, GA070-111001-3 and GA070-071) and the nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) which will be protected from future flood damage by the proposed scheme.

14.7 CONCLUSIONS

The proposed flood relief works are located to the west and east of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) village along the Clare River. The geostrategic location of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) has meant that this site was attractive for settlement throughout history. Riverine locations have always posed as attractive locations for settlement as the river provides an access route, a food source and water for domestic use.

The Franciscan Abbey (RMP GA070-035) was founded at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) during the mid-13th century on the northern banks of the Clare River. The community flourished until the mid-16th century and the Reformation. From that time on, the monks of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) struggled to keep the abbey viable against political and economic forces. A deserted medieval settlement (RMP GA070-109) is recorded to the south-east of the abbey site and a tower house (RMP GA070-036) which dates to the late 15th century is also present. The castle belonged to the De Burgo family of Clanrickarde and was one of a number of castles under their possession. A further tower house (RMP GA070-071) is present on the northern bank of the Clare River in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland.

Recent archaeological testing and excavation undertaken as part of flood alleviation works revealed evidence of intensive burial activity to the north of abbey (RMP GA070-012) and domestic activity to


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the east of abbey (RMP GA070-035). A burnt spread was also identified to the immediate north-west of earthworks (RMP GA070-111003) which was preserved in situ.

Cartographic analysis has shown that the Clare River was largely canalised between 1840−1890 and a large amount of land was reclaimed for agricultural use. The second edition OS maps and later 25 inch maps illustrate the early construction of embankments undertaken along the river bed, especially to the west of the town and in the vicinity of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071). As a result of continuous dredging and deposition material on the banks it is probable that very little in situ archaeological remains are on the river bed. It is likely that artefacts that once lay on the river bed may be located within the dredged materials in the embankment.

Removal of this dredged material as part of the proposed development may impact negatively on any archaeological artefactual evidence which may have survived the dredging process. It is recommended that a programme of metal detection be undertaken on samples of this dredged material from the embankment, with particular reference to the material located in the vicinity of the medieval settlement of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071).

It is proposed to excavate a section (c. 10-15m) either side of the river for c. 1.3km, upstream of Crusheeny Bridge. This area has been canalized and disturbed during the 19 th century however mapping has shown that most reclamation work was undertaken along the southern banks. It is possible that previously unknown archaeological remains, such as burnt mounds, may survive within the area of proposed development. A burnt mound was recently identified on the banks to the immediate east of the bridge at Baile Chláír.

It is recommended that archaeological monitoring of all ground disturbances be undertaken by a suitably qualified archaeologist along the river banks. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.

It is proposed to excavate two surface water drains within the townlands of Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) and An Carn Mór Thoir townlands. A section of the proposed drain in Droim na Gaoithe townland passes through the location of two RMPs (earthwork GA070-111003 and enclosure GA070-111002) and a burnt mound site. There may be a significant negative impact on these sites caused by ground disturbance associated with the proposed development. It is therefore recommended that these sites be avoided. If this is not possible then it is recommended that pre-development testing be undertaken within the footprint of the proposed drain and wayleave. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.

The proposed drains continue through a number of fields of pasture in the townlands of Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) and An Carn Mór Thoir townlands. It is possible that previously unknown subsurface features associated with these sites may survive within the greenfield area of proposed development. It is recommended that archaeological monitoring of all ground disturbances be undertaken by a suitably qualified archaeologist along the river banks.

It is proposed to clear the bed of the Kiniska Stream and expand two culverts in the townlands of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Cinn Uisce (Kiniska). The southern half of the proposed stream has been subject to a degree of canalisation and disturbance in the 19th and 20th centuries however the northern half, in Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) townland, remains in its original setting. It is recommended that an underwater survey be undertaken within this northern half of the site within any areas to be impacted by the proposed development. The survey should be carried out by an archaeologist licenced to the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Full provision should be made available for the resolution of any archaeological features or deposits that may be identified should that be deemed the most appropriate way to proceed.


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Furthermore there may be a significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits, such as burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level in the riverine environment of the Kiniska Stream. It is therefore recommended that all ground disturbances associated with the proposed cleaning works, that require the excavation of virgin ground, be monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.

It is currently proposed to landspread the excavated material over a large area or stockpile the material within the vicinity of the river. It is recommended that no landspreading be undertaken within the vicinity of known archaeological sites such as abbey (GA070-012), earthworks (GA070-111002−3), moated site (GA070-111001), enclosure (GA070-072), house and burial (GA070-073) and Kiltroge castle (GA070-071) as this will have an adverse impact on the remains. Also there is the potential for previously unknown remains associated with the church (GA070-012) to be present within the area shown on the first edition OS map as an island. It is recommended that spreading of material should not be undertaken in this area in order to avoid impacting on potential archaeological remains.

Finally, it is proposed to raise four sections of road as part of the proposed flood relief scheme. Three of these in the north-west of the scheme are shown in boggy marginal terrain on the first edition OS map. Should any excavation of virgin ground be required this may impact negatively on any archaeological remains, such as burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive below ground. It is recommended that any ground disturbance of virgin ground be monitored by suitably qualified archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.

Clare River (Claregalway) Flood Relief Scheme Landscape & Visual Environment

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15 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ENVIRONMENT

15.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the landscape and visual impacts associated with the proposed Clare River (Claregalway) Flood Relief Scheme. The assessment begins with a description of the existing landscape setting and visual resources to establish baseline conditions. The proposal is then applied to the baseline and the impacts of the proposed flood relief scheme upon the existing landscape setting and visual resources are then predicted.

This chapter outlines the methodologies used to assess the potential landscape and visual impacts and describes the potential impact including the residual impact and provides details on mitigation measures.

15.2 METHODOLOGY

The landscape and visual assessment methods are derived from the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment, 2002). In addition to this the Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements’, EPA, 2002, and ‘Advice Notes on Current Practice in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements’, EPA, 2002 were consulted in completing this assessment.

The landscape has been appraised to allow it to be described and classified into landscape character areas that in turn enable the categorisation of landscape quality. The capacity of a landscape to accept change of the type proposed is then assessed. The key landscape components are landform, vegetation and historical and cultural components. Landform relates to topography, drainage characteristics and geology. Historical and cultural components include historic landscapes, protected structures, conservation areas and historic designed landscapes. Vegetation plays an important role in how the landscape and visual resources of an area are viewed and is an integral component of a landscape character.

Assessment was undertaken through analysis of up to date digital copies of OSI Discovery Series raster and OSI vector maps and aerial photography, in conjunction with drawings of the scheme. Site visits were undertaken to assess the existing environment and the landscape and visual impacts associated with the proposed flood relief scheme.

Existing visual resources were established along with sensitive receptors, i.e. residential properties, scenic viewpoints and visitor amenity areas. The proposed flood relief scheme was then applied to this landscape and visual baseline and potential impacts predicted.

A review of the Galway County Development Plan 2009 – 2015 relevant statutory documents was undertaken to establish if there are any relevant landscape related designations that may influence the assessment within the study area.

15.2.1 Landscape Assessment Methodology

This section describes the key criteria and terminology used in the landscape assessment.

Landscape Resource The combination of elements that contribute to landscape context, character and value. Landscape Value


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The relative value or importance attached to a landscape that expresses national, regional or local consensus because of intrinsic characteristics.

Landscape Character The distinct and homogenous pattern that occurs in the landscape reflecting geology, landform, soils, vegetation and mans impact.

Landscape Quality The assessment of the landscape quality assesses the value of the landscape in relation to its rarity, location and landscape character attributes. In general, the higher the quality of landscape the more sensitive it will be to change.

Based on information gathered as part of the classification of the landscape, it is possible to assess the landscape quality of the study area using a 5-point scale as follows: a) Highest quality - the landscapes of highest quality are, by definition, landscapes of an ‘awe

inspiring’ or ‘sublime’ nature and are important on an international and national level.

b) Very attractive - this definition relates to landscapes which are still of high value nationally and can be defined as highly scenic.

c) Good landscape - this category contains areas that, although still attractive, have less significant and more common landscape features.

d) Ordinary landscape - this category contains areas that have only common landscape features and some intrusive elements such as conspicuous infrastructure with scope for improvement in management.

e) Poor landscape – this category includes areas that contain frequent detracting aspects and/or lack of management results in a degraded landscape with very few valued features.

Landscape sensitivity is used to establish the capacity of the landscape to accommodate the type of development proposed and is defined using the following categories and criteria:

High:- Highest/Very Attractive landscape quality with highly valued or unique characteristics susceptible to relatively small changes

Medium:- Good landscape quality with moderately valued characteristics reasonably tolerant of changes;

Low:- Ordinary/Poor landscape quality with common characteristics capable of absorbing substantial change.

Magnitude of Landscape Resource Change: Direct resource changes on the landscape character of the study area are brought about by the introduction of the proposal and its effects on the key landscape characteristics. The following categories and criteria have been used:

High:- Total loss or alteration to key elements of the landscape character, which result in fundamental change;

Medium:- Partial or noticeable loss of elements of the landscape character;

Low:- Minor alteration to elements of the landscape character.


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Significance of Landscape Impact: The level of significance of impact on landscape character is a product of landscape sensitivity and the magnitude of change in landscape resource as indicated in Table 15.1.

Table 15.1 Significance of Landscape Impact

Landscape Sensitivity Magnitude of landscape resource change

Low Medium High

No change No change No change No change

Low Slight Slight / moderate Moderate

Medium Slight / moderate Moderate Moderate / Substantial

High Moderate Moderate / Substantial

Substantial

15.2.2 Visual Assessment Methodology

The following text describes the key criteria and terminology used in the visual assessment. Visual Amenity Visual amenity is the value of a particular area or view in terms of what is seen by the viewer. This value may be influenced by the physical condition of the landscape viewed and the contribution the characteristics of the view make to the local environment. Visual Resources Visual resources are the overall key elements/features/characteristics that combine to make a view. Viewer Sensitivity Viewer sensitivity is a combination of the sensitivity of the human receptor (i.e. resident; commuter; tourist; walker; recreationist; or worker) and the quality of view experienced by the viewer and is defined using the following categories and criteria: High sensitivity: - users of an outdoor recreation feature which focuses on the landscape; valued views enjoyed by the community; tourist visitors to scenic viewpoint; occupiers of residential properties with a high level of visual amenity; Medium sensitivity: - users of outdoor sport or recreation which does not offer or focus attention on landscape; occupiers of residential properties with a medium level of visual amenity; Low sensitivity: - regular commuters, people at place of work; occupiers of residential properties with a low level of visual amenity.

Magnitude of Visual Resource Change: the magnitude of change in visual resource or amenity results from the scale of change in the view with respect to the loss or addition of features in the view and changes in the view composition, including proportion of the view occupied by the proposed development. Distance and duration of view must be considered. Other infrastructure features in the landscape and the backdrop to the development will all influence resource change. The following categories and criteria have been used;

High: - Total loss or alteration to key elements/ features/ characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or introduction of elements considered totally uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape or view;


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Medium: - Partial loss or alteration to key elements/ features/ characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or introduction of elements that may be prominent but not necessarily substantially uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape/view;

Low: - Minor loss or alteration to key elements/ features/ characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or introduction of elements that may not be uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape/view;

No change: - Very minor loss or alteration to key elements/ features/ characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or introduction of elements that are not uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape/view.

Significance of Visual Impact: Significance of visual impact can only be defined on a project by project basis responding to the type of development proposed and its location. The principal criteria for determining significance are magnitude of visual resource change and viewer sensitivity.

Table 15.2 illustrates significance of visual impact as a correlation between viewer sensitivity and magnitude of visual resource change.

Table 15.2 Significance of Visual Impact

Viewer Sensitivity Magnitude of visual resource change

Low Medium High

No change No change No change No change

Low Slight Slight / moderate Moderate

Medium Slight / moderate Moderate Moderate / Substantial

High Moderate Moderate / Substantial

Substantial

Zone of Visual Influence The visual assessment is assisted by the production of a Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI). The ZVI is the area within which views of the proposed flood relief scheme during site preparation, flood relief measures construction, and operation post construction. The extent of the ZVI is determined primarily by the topography of the area. The ZVI is a tool used to determine the study area for the landscape and visual impact assessment and does not represent a prediction of impacts.

The ZVI is refined by field studies to indicate where relevant buildings, woodlands, hedges or other local features obscure visibility from the main roads, local viewpoints/landmarks and settlement etc and it is through such field studies that prediction of visual impact takes place.

The worst case scenario ZVI for the proposed works will relate to the operational stage of the project when the flood relief scheme is finalised. This ZVI for this project equates to the study area.

A series of representative viewpoints have been selected within the ZVI to illustrate typical views towards the components of the proposed flood relief scheme during site preparation, flood relief scheme measures construction, and operational phases.


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15.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

The area of the proposed flood relief works runs along a section of the Clare River to the east and west of Baile Chláir (Claregalway), located on the eastern side of Galway City. The study area for the purpose of the landscape and visual appraisal covers the area of landscape and visual setting that has potential views of the proposed flood relief scheme (i.e. the ZVI). The study area is largely rural, apart from the urban settlement of Claregalway. The main villages and agglomerations are Carnmore East, Caherlea, Gortatleva, Islandmore, Lisheenavalla, Crusheeny, Kiltroge, Kiniska, Claregalway, Lakeview, Cahergowan/Summerfield, Montiagh North, Montiagh South, and Curraghmore. The townlands surrounding Claregalway and located within the study area are largely agricultural lands. Claregalway, the main residential centre in the study area, displays the characteristics of a dormitory settlement: a high residential content, no significant local employment base and a high level of commuting23. Claregalway has developed on the southern side of the Clare River on a relatively flat expanse of land. Being in such close proximity to other settlements means that the village remains a desirable residential location for those prepared to commute to work in the larger urban centers of Galway City and Tuam as well as the industrial area of Oranmore.

15.3.1 Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015

A review has taken place of the Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 and other relevant statutory documents to establish if there are any relevant landscape related designations that may influence the assessment within the study area.

The Planning and Development Acts require the inclusion of a development plan objective for: “The preservation of the character of the landscape where, and to the extent that, in the opinion of the Planning Authority, the proper planning and sustainable development of the area requires it, including the preservation of views and prospects and the amenities of places and features of natural beauty or interest”.

The following policies, objectives and standards have been included within the Galway County Development Plan in relation to landscape.

Landscape Conservation and Management Policies Policy HL93: The consideration of Landscape Sensitivity Ratings shall be an important factor in determining development uses in areas of the County. In areas of high Landscape sensitivity, the design and the choice of location of proposed development in the landscape will also be critical considerations.

Policy HL94: Preserve and enhance the character of the landscape where, and to the extent that, in the opinion of the Planning Authority, the proper planning and sustainable development of the area requires it, including the preservation and enhancement, where possible of views and prospects and the amenities of places and features of natural beauty or interest. This shall be balanced against the need to develop key strategic infrastructure to meet the strategic aims of the Plan.

Policy HL95: Preserve the status of traditionally open/unfenced landscape. The merits of each case will be considered in light of landscape Sensitivity Ratings and views of amenity importance.

23 Claregalway Local Area Plan 2005-2011


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Policy HL96: The Planning Authority shall prepare a detailed scheme of listed views for protection in addition to the views and prospects included in Map HL2 within 2 years of adoption of the Plan.

Policy HL97: Review the views and prospects set out on Map HL2 to provide greater clarity and guidance with respect to important views and prospects to be retained.

Landscape Conservation and Management Objectives Objective HL44: The Planning Authority shall have regard to the Landscape Sensitivity Classification of sitesin the consideration of any significant development proposals and, where necessary, require a Landscape/Visual Impact Assessment to accompany such significant proposals.

Objective HL45: Development that would have a detrimental effect on listed views and prospects will generally not be permitted.

DM Standard 36: Compliance with Landscape Sensitivity Designations Subject to the provisions of the Plan but in particular the settlement policies of Section 2 and 3 and the consequent restriction on development in rural areas, the control of permissible development shall be in accordance with the policies as they relate to the five sensitivity classes of landscape in Section 9.4. It will deem the following types of development generally to be acceptable in the various areas of sensitivity as follows:

1. Class 1 – Low Sensitivity All developments consistent with settlement policies.

2. Class 2 – Moderate Sensitivity Various developments, which are of appropriate scale and

design and are in compliance with settlement policies. 3. Class 3 – High Sensitivity Few developments, including those with substantiated cases for

such a specific location and which are in compliance with settlement policies.

4. Class 4 – Special Restricted to essential residential needs of local households and family

farm business.

5. Class 5 – Unique Negligible alteration will be allowed only in exceptional circumstances.

The Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 incorporates the findings of the Landscape Character Assessment Report carried out in 2003 which assessed each area of the County under the following classifications:

1. Character

2. Values

3. Sensitivity

15.3.2 Landscape Character

Landscape Character is a combination of landform, land cover and visual units, which are attractive in the landscape. The Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 indicates the study area encompasses one Landscape Character Area:

• Area No. 5 “Northeast Galway (Tuam environs)”

An extract of the Landscape Character map from the Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 is shown in Figure 15.1.


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Figure 15.1 Landscape Sensitivity and Character Areas of County Galway (Source: Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015)

15.3.3 Landscape Values

Landscape Values are the local communities’ perceptions of the landscape they inhabit. These perceptions arise from features such as archaeology, visual beauty, mythology, religious sites, ecology, social history, traditional settlement patterns and community values. The Landscape Value Rating of the Clare River and its environs is designated as low for the majority of the study area, graduating to high or outstanding close to the shores of Lough Corrib (Figure 15.2). Figure 15.2 Landscape Value Rating of Galway County (Source: Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015)


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15.3.4 Landscape Sensitivity

Landscape Sensitivity is a measure of the ability of the landscape to accommodate change or intervention without suffering unacceptable effects to its character and values. Sensitivity ratings are derived from a combination of landscape values and landscape character. Five landscape sensitivity classes have been established:

• Class 1 – Low sensitivity • Class 2 – Moderate sensitivity • Class 3 – High sensitivity • Class 4 – Special • Class 5 – Unique

The study area is predominately designated as Class 1 – Low sensitivity, with the area along the shores of Lough Corrib designated as Class 5 - Unique. An extract of the Landscape Sensitivity map from the Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 is shown in Figure 15.1 above.

The Landscape Character Assessment 2003 also identified areas of protected “Focal Points/Views” which identify areas of scenic amenity value and interest. There are two protected “Focal Points/Views” located within the study area:

• Church and cemetery ruins at Claregalway, and • Reservoir located north of the R339 northeast of Galway (Carn Mór).

An extract of the Focal Points/Views map from the Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 is shown in Figure 15.3 below.

Architectural and local landscape sensitivities within the study area at a local level are further discussed in Chapter 14 (Archaeology).

Figure 15.3 Focal Points/Views in Galway County (Source: Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015)


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15.3.5 Summary

The landscape value of the study area is classified as low for the majority of the study area, graduating to high and outstanding as one approaches the shores of Lough Corrib. No flood relief measures are proposed in close proximity to Lough Corrib. The landscape sensitivity is also low for the majority of the study area, again with the exception of locations adjacent to Lough Corrib which are rated as Unique. No flood relief measures are proposed within this Unique landscape sensitivity area.

15.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

15.4.1 Impacts During Flood Relief Scheme Construction

The EPA Guidelines for Information to be included in an EIS identifies Flood Relief Works as Project Type 12A and lists the potential site preparation stage impacts as:

(i) temporary accommodation of materials and personnel.

(ii) Acquisition and management of lands prior to development.

(iii) Site preparation works.

(iv) Time of year, duration and phasing.

(v) Equipment maintenance and storage.

(vi) Water course diversion (temporary).

(vii) Dredging and excavation.

(viii) Spoil handling, storage and final deposition.

Landscape Character Impacts An assessment of the significance of the impact of the proposed flood relief scheme during the site preparation stage on the landscape character area described above has been completed and summarised below.

Northeast Galway (Tuam environs) Landscape Character Area

The proposed site preparation sta

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Clare River (Claregalway) Flood Relief Scheme Archaeology, Architectural & Cultural ... · 2020. 1. 16. · Clare River (Claregalway) ... 14.3.1.4 County Development Plan The County