Class 1Class 1

HistoryHistory

While the historian more or less diligently While the historian more or less diligently plods alongplods along his own narrow path, perhaps his own narrow path, perhaps the one millionth part of all history, every the one millionth part of all history, every avenue opens wide to the avenue opens wide to the imaginationimagination of of those who read him. those who read him.

In all directions, in almost every branch of litIn all directions, in almost every branch of literature, history may be discovered, a multifoerature, history may be discovered, a multiform rm chameleonchameleon; and yet history does not reall; and yet history does not really exist.y exist.

* changeable * changeable

THE LEADERSHIP OF GREECETHE LEADERSHIP OF GREECE

Never was a greater gift bestowed on a Never was a greater gift bestowed on a greater race. With it the Greeks developed a greater race. With it the Greeks developed a wonderful literature that was to leave a deep wonderful literature that was to leave a deep impress on all Western civilization. impress on all Western civilization.

Greek philosophy was to prove the greatest Greek philosophy was to prove the greatest intellectual asset of humanity. intellectual asset of humanity. No other No other civilization or language before the Greek civilization or language before the Greek had invented the abstract ideas:had invented the abstract ideas: time, will, time, will, space, beauty, truth, and the othersspace, beauty, truth, and the others

A few KeywordsA few Keywords

AgoraAgora

Eupidauros ThreatreEupidauros Threatre

Theatre of Demetrias Theatre of Demetrias

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JEWSTHE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS

Social inequality was a fundamental concepSocial inequality was a fundamental conception of the ancient world. tion of the ancient world.

For materialism and For materialism and epicureanism epicureanism were the were the natural outcome of a period of economic pronatural outcome of a period of economic prosperity; religion was at its best formalistic, at sperity; religion was at its best formalistic, at its worst its worst orgiastic(orgiastic( 纵欲的纵欲的 )); ethical elements ; ethical elements were almost wholly lacking. were almost wholly lacking.

Yet a revolt against the soullessness and Yet a revolt against the soullessness and iniquitiesiniquities of the times was proceeding and of the times was proceeding and men were prepared to turn to men were prepared to turn to whateverwhatever leaders could give them a system large leaders could give them a system large enough to satisfy the cravings of long-enough to satisfy the cravings of long-outraged conscience, and large enough to outraged conscience, and large enough to fill the bounds of the Mediterranean Empire. fill the bounds of the Mediterranean Empire. Three Jews—Jesus, Paul, and Philo—came Three Jews—Jesus, Paul, and Philo—came forward to do this workforward to do this work. .

The feeble constitution of the Empire was The feeble constitution of the Empire was too slight a framework to support the vast too slight a framework to support the vast edificeedifice. Emperor succeeded emperor, good, . Emperor succeeded emperor, good, bad, and indifferent, with now and again a bad, and indifferent, with now and again a monster, and now and again a saint. But the monster, and now and again a saint. But the elements of decay were always present, and elements of decay were always present, and made steady progress. made steady progress.

THE CHRISTIANIZING OF ROMETHE CHRISTIANIZING OF ROME

While the While the paganpagan cults still retained the mass of the cults still retained the mass of the people through habit and the sensuous appeal, people through habit and the sensuous appeal, Christianity had now drawn to itself, especially in Christianity had now drawn to itself, especially in the western parts of the Empire, the serious the western parts of the Empire, the serious minded and better class. Administrators, minded and better class. Administrators, merchants, men of position and influence were merchants, men of position and influence were Christian. Christian. ConstantineConstantine needed their aid, and needed their aid, and fulfilled the one condition on which he could obtain fulfilled the one condition on which he could obtain it by adopting their faith. it by adopting their faith.

Notre Dame de Paris 1163Notre Dame de Paris 1163

Notre Dame du Haut Le CorbusierNotre Dame du Haut Le Corbusier

THE FALL OF ROMETHE FALL OF ROME

Civilization had now taken on a marked chaCivilization had now taken on a marked change, had become a composite in which Chringe, had become a composite in which Christianity and stianity and TeutonismTeutonism were large factors were large factors

THE RISE OF ISLAMTHE RISE OF ISLAM

Then came, in the seventh century, a new Then came, in the seventh century, a new and even more terrible and even more terrible blast of blast of devastationdevastation. . MohammedMohammed arose, created arose, created Islam, and started the great movement of Islam, and started the great movement of Arab conquest. Arab conquest.

THE FEUDAL SYSTEMTHE FEUDAL SYSTEM

Only force could successfully resist forceOnly force could successfully resist force, and , and at every threatened point the same mode of local at every threatened point the same mode of local resistance sprang up. Men willing and able to fight resistance sprang up. Men willing and able to fight protected the community, and exacted in return protected the community, and exacted in return certain services. They soon began to build castles certain services. They soon began to build castles and to transmit their powers, together with their and to transmit their powers, together with their lands, to their heirs. Lands soon came to be lands, to their heirs. Lands soon came to be viewed as related to other lands on conditions of viewed as related to other lands on conditions of military and other services military and other services

Chateau de Gaillard AndelysChateau de Gaillard Andelys

kastel enmai nmai nBenel uxNederl andGel derl anNederl andgai l l ard1nederl and01gai l l ard

Orava SlovakiaOrava Slovakia

kastel enmai nmai nBenel uxNederl andGel derl anNederl andoravsky1nederl and01oravsky

Three KeywordsThree Keywords

TheatreTheatre Cathedral Cathedral Castle Castle Park / Square Park / Square