Class 3: Canada Expands: Agriculture and Manufacturing

Class 3: Canada Expands: Agriculture and Manufacturing

Class 3:Canada Expands

Agenda• Class Admin

• Summary from Class 2

• Trade - Protectionism

• National Policy

• Break

• Agriculture in Canadian Economy

• Manufacturing in the Canadian Economy

• Massey Harris Case

• Group Assignment

• Q & A

Class 3:Canada Expands

Outcomes Expected

• Able to discuss the Importance of Trade to Canada

• Able to discuss what protectionism is and it’s role in the development of Canada’s Economy

• Able to discuss John A. Macdonald’s “National Policy” and the role it plays and still plays in the Canadian economy

• Able to discuss the role of agriculture and manufacturing to the Canadian economy

Class 2: Defining Canada

Early Governments in Canada

Government of New France– 1608-1759– Mostly based on feudal system– Fur Traders– Aristocracy, Church dominated

British Government 1759-1867– Traders and farmers dominated– Early attempt to eliminate French

influence through restrictions– Eased off prior to US Revolutionary

war

Revolutionary War, 1775-1783

9 May 20116

After U.S. Revolutionary War 50,000 Empire Loyalists who did not want independence from Britain fled persecution and came north to Quebec and Nova Scotia. This resulted in Nova Scotia being split and Britain creating the Province of New Brunswick in 1784 and the creation of Upper and Lower Canada 1791

War of 1812

9 May 20117 Alison Kemper ADMS 1010

Civil War in US 1861-1865

8

Upper & Lower Canada

While the British ruled through a Lieutenant Governor, who spent most of their time in Europe, and an elected assemble, the effect rule was left to an executive group who were appointed for life. Family Compact – Upper CanadaChateau Clique - Lower Canada

Lead to Unrest and finally rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837-38

Durham Report 1838

After the two Rebellions Britain sends Lord Durham to investigate and to make recommendations

Create a responsible government Unite Upper and Lower Canada 1841 Act of

Union into the Province of Canada

Lead Up to Confederation

Civil War and Raiders from US caused concern

Political instability in the new province of Canada

John A. Macdonald and other delegates created the 72 resolutions that lead to the British America Act in 1867 establishing a confederation of provinces but with a strong central government to avoid US problems

Form Of Government

Unitary State Federated State

What is Federalism?

Emphasizes the legal and institutional aspects of the system.

It has been defined as the method of dividing powers so that the general or central regional governments are each within there sphere coordinate and independent.

Principles of Federalism

● Governmental power is distributed between a central or national authority and regional state or provincial authorities

● Every individual is subject to the laws of each, both the central government and the regional government

● Neither levels can subordinate or over rule the other where powers specified

● Where powers not explicitly granted they are assumed to be part of either the central or the regional authority

Federal Legislative Powers

VI. -- DISTRIBUTION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS.

91. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada.

British North Amercia Act 1867 Sec. 91

What are the challenges to Canadian Federalism?

• Duality of federalism. The country versus the regions.

• Vast geographic distances.• Changing economic and social circumstances• Nature of Regions. Many areas of Canada were

independent prior to Confederation and have their own distinct identities.

A Federal System is a Balance

Federal Government provides peace and security for the entire nation

Provincial Governments retain sufficient powers to regulate local matters

Federal Provincial

Judicial Powers

A method of authoritative interpretation of the constitutional division of the legislative power

The testing of the constitutional validity of laws both at the Federal and Provincial Levels

Differences between US and Canada

In Canada Peaceful transition to

independence More Collectivist More Gov. involvement More sense of Gov.

responsibility for social welfare All powers not specifically

reserved for the provinces are allotted to the Federal government.

House of Commons democratically representative

Senate Appointed Co-operative Federalism –

Marble Cake

In the United States Revolution to independence More Individualist Less Gov. involvement Less Gov. responsibility for

social welfare All powers not specifically

reserved for the Federal government are allotted to the States.

House of Representatives (Congress) democratically representative

Senate Elected and Equal Dual Federalism – Layer Cake

3. The fiscal and institutional arrangements of federal-provincial relations

Canada's confederation on July 1, 1867 brought four eastern provinces together to form a new country. As part of the deal, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were promised a railway to link them with the two Central Canadian provinces – Quebec and Ontario. Manitoba joined confederation in 1870. British Columbia, on the west coast, was enticed to join the new confederation in 1871, but only with the promise that a transcontinental railway be built within 10 years to physically link east and west. Canadian Pacific Railway was formed in 1881.

The Great Canadian Dream

Fiscal and Institutional Arrangements

From 1867-1929 Provinces gained more an more power from the Federal government

Many provinces gained control over crown lands Gain control over mineral rights Growth of importance of Provincial roles in

Education, Health and Welfare

Factors Contributing to Increased Federal Activism

The Great Depression and the need for Federal Government help? Federalism was influenced by the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes. Federal authority was seen under Keynes’ economic model to be the provider of economic stability through the use of the Central Bank to regulate money supply anStart of WWII, the War Measures ActPost War recession

Cooperative Federalism

• Provinces started to resent Federal involvement in provincial jurisdiction

• Federal and Provincial Governments agree to work together in areas that are clearly the domain of one or the other

• Four Main Features• Reliance on Federal-Provincial conferences

• Federal Government agreed to consult with provinces before committing to programs

• Policies designed as fiscal programs to create economic stability and growth – Cost sharing

• Formal structures to support intergovernmental relations

• Lead to a more integrated Federalism but did not solve provinces’ concerns

Executive Federalism

Quebec often opted out of Federal Programs though wanted the money to do their own. (Double Image Federalism)

Provinces began to take more activist roles in economic and social policy and demand great control over revenue and spending

Lead to a more Executive Federalism

First Minister Conferences Held behind closed doors

Part 4: Regional Diversities and Disparities

Regional Differences

Influenced by immigration patterns.

Economics – Access to Capital– Occupational Mobility– Market Size

Cultural differences – Spatial Mobility i.e. First

Nations Resource differences Historic differences

Feds try to Manage Regional Differences three ways.

1. Industrial Incentive Programs

2. Infrastructure Assistance Programs

3. Social adjustment and rural development programs.

Flaws of Regional Development

Industrial incentive programs favor capital-intensive programs in areas where one of the major problems is excess labor. (Mega-projects).

Do the companies really need the grants, or would they have done it anyway?

Grants to one company could hurt other existing companies who have not received grants.

Could lead to bidding wars between provinces Benefit may accrue to multi-national corporations

Currency Reform and Bank Act 1871

Canadian Banks: A better system By Theresa Tedesco and John Turley-Ewart, Financial PostApril 5, 2009

Based on the Stern Model

• Government Stability— Sound laws, peace, order and good government

• Financial System for providing Capital for financing for development

• Currency and means for trade

Building an New Country Canada 1867 what do you need for Competition and Sustainable Growth

Class 3: Canada Expands: Agriculture and Manufacturing

The Role of Government in the Early Development of Canada

Sir John A. MacDonald's national policy.

Exercise of residual legislative powers to establish a strong central government to unite, expand, develop and settle a newly established nation.

Regulate trade and commerce.

Establish trading patterns.

The Staple Thesis of Harold Innis

In 1922, standing on the campus of the University of Toronto, Harold Innis asked the question, What have been the very long run factors in the economic integration and independence of Canada? …He asked it when the Maritime Rights Movement, the Progressives on the Prairies, and the Partie National in Quebec were threatening to destabilize and regionalize the federation. His answer, pointing to the factors of unity and of separation from the United States, constituted the Staple Thesis of Canadian economic development. The Staple Thesis has formed the principal interpretive element in virtually all treatments of Canadian economic history since then.

The Staple Thesis of Harold Innis

Asserted the origins and purposes of the federal government can be understood in terms of an economic territory dependent upon the export of certain staples.

To make it commercially feasible, production entailed heavy public expenditures on railways and canals.

The government filled an important vacuum by being the substitute for private enterprise in the building and developing Canada.

Thomas Hockin later argued that the Canadian government was given an active role in national development and fostering and protecting of certain cultural and economic characteristics.

Section 3: The Evolution of Protectionist Intervention in Canada

OVERVIEW OF THE SECTORAL OVERVIEW OF THE SECTORAL STRUCTURE OF CANADA’S ECONOMYSTRUCTURE OF CANADA’S ECONOMY

Evolution of Canada’s economyEvolution of Canada’s economy– From agrarian to manufacturing and then to service-From agrarian to manufacturing and then to service-

based based

Development of Canada’s corporate sectorDevelopment of Canada’s corporate sector– High degree of concentration of wealth and corporate High degree of concentration of wealth and corporate

powerpower– High degree of foreign ownership High degree of foreign ownership

Copyright © Captus Press Inc., 2009 Copyright © Captus Press Inc., 2009


Sectoral Structure of Canada’s Economy from 1901-1961

SHIFTS IN EMPLOYMENTSHIFTS IN EMPLOYMENT

Employment is Employment is shifting away from the from the agricultural sector.agricultural sector.– Shift is attributed to an increase in the Shift is attributed to an increase in the

productivity of agricultural labourproductivity of agricultural labourDue to increasing sophistication and Due to increasing sophistication and

mechanization of agricultural productionmechanization of agricultural production

Great increases in the goods production in the goods production and service industriesand service industries




EFFECT OF SHIFTEFFECT OF SHIFTTO SERVICE SECTORTO SERVICE SECTOR

Canadians will require different and greater level of job skills to be successful

Government must adapt new industrial, tax and regional policies to reflect shifts

Strategy is difficult because not all provinces equal

Need to manage these differences


SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD’S SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD’S NATIONAL POLICY (1879)NATIONAL POLICY (1879)

Designed to encourage manufacturing growth in Central Canada

Imposed high tariffs on manufactured goods– Machinery in the natural resource industries:

Exempted from tariff or charged low rates of duty– Resulting east-west flow of goods helped make

the Canadian Pacific Railway viable Established open market for foreign

investment– “The bigger the capitalist and the more

he has invested in the country, the better the country.” Sir John A. Macdonald.

– Attracted both foreign and domestic investors to Canada’s protected markets


SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD’S SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD’S NATIONAL POLICY (1879)NATIONAL POLICY (1879)

Designed to encourage east-west trade rather than north-south with the U.S.

Development of harbours and fast steamship lines to England and Asia

Encourage the grow the a wealthy business class in Canada

Strong Immigration Policy to promote the population of Western Canada

http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005632http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005632

http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/federal/npolicy.htmhttp://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/federal/npolicy.htm

Macdonald believed the future of Confederation, he thought, hinged upon the development of the West. Without such development, the Americans would take over the West, encircle Canada and inevitably bring about its annexation. Hence, the dream of creating a sepearate, peaceful and orderly society on the northern half of the continent would die.

IMPLICATIONS OFIMPLICATIONS OFTHE NATIONAL POLICYTHE NATIONAL POLICY

Foreign firms importing goods into CanadaForeign firms importing goods into Canada– Disadvantaged by the tariffDisadvantaged by the tariff– Free to invest in Canada and establish subsidiariesFree to invest in Canada and establish subsidiaries– Developed “branch-plant” mentality (inefficient)Developed “branch-plant” mentality (inefficient)

Foreign firms able to open resource frontiers Foreign firms able to open resource frontiers before Canadian firmsbefore Canadian firms– Vertical integrationVertical integration

National Policy made Canadian industries very National Policy made Canadian industries very attractive investmentsattractive investments

Concentration of ownership and market powerConcentration of ownership and market powerCopyright © Captus Press Inc., 2009 Copyright © Captus Press Inc., 2009

CORPORATE SECTOR IN CANADACORPORATE SECTOR IN CANADA

Compared to United States:Compared to United States:– Canadians never fully trusted the market mechanism to Canadians never fully trusted the market mechanism to

allocate resources and rewardsallocate resources and rewards Did not encourage the growth of the free enterprise Did not encourage the growth of the free enterprise

systemsystem Did not discourage conditions that inhibit growthDid not discourage conditions that inhibit growth Empire Loyalist who were mostly small business men had Empire Loyalist who were mostly small business men had

rejected the liberal views that resulted in U.S. revolutionrejected the liberal views that resulted in U.S. revolution


CANADA’S UNIQUECANADA’S UNIQUECORPORATE SECTORCORPORATE SECTOR

Ownership and control:Ownership and control:– To a significant extent, corporations controlled by To a significant extent, corporations controlled by

foreignersforeigners– Controlled by a relatively small group of individuals Controlled by a relatively small group of individuals

and firmsand firms Competitive environment:Competitive environment:

– Relatively small number of corporations in any Relatively small number of corporations in any particular industry.particular industry.

IndustryIndustry– Significant proportion are involved in the extraction Significant proportion are involved in the extraction

and processing of natural resourcesand processing of natural resourcesCopyright © Captus Press Inc., 2009 Copyright © Captus Press Inc., 2009

CANADA’S UNIQUECANADA’S UNIQUECORPORATE SECTORCORPORATE SECTOR

Initially:Initially:– Supplier of raw materialsSupplier of raw materials– British-controlled firmsBritish-controlled firms

Loyalists - Loyalists - – State should protect small businessesState should protect small businesses– Started their own industrial enterprisesStarted their own industrial enterprises


FOREIGN VERSUS CANADIAN FOREIGN VERSUS CANADIAN OWNERSHIPOWNERSHIP

Canada has high level of foreign ownershipCanada has high level of foreign ownership Ownership and control of corporations:Ownership and control of corporations:

– Canadian preferred to foreign Canadian preferred to foreign

Profits of Canadian-owned corporations go to Profits of Canadian-owned corporations go to CanadiansCanadians– Contribute to wealth and material well-beingContribute to wealth and material well-being

Profits of foreign-owned firms do notProfits of foreign-owned firms do not


Before the National Policy

The Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty, also known as the Elgin-Marcy Treaty, was a trade treaty between the colonies of British North America and the United States. It covered raw materials and was in effect from 1854 to 1866. It represented a move toward free trade, and was opposed by protectionist elements in the United States, who joined with Americans angry at apparent British support for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, ended it in 1866.

Post National Policy Attempts at Free Trade

The last major attempt at reciprocity was negotiated in 1911 by the Liberal government of Sir Wilfrid LAURIER. This Reciprocity Agreement, to be implemented by concurrent legislation, provided for free trade in natural products and the reduction of duties on a variety of other products. The agreement was accepted by the US Congress but repudiated by Canadians, who ousted the Liberals in the general election of 21 Sept 1911.

Protectionism ruled until The Free Trade Agreement of 1989 was signed.

Protectionism

Protectionism

What is Protectionism

Government actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often done with the intent of protecting local businesses and jobs from foreign competition.http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/protectionism.asp#ixzz1wGekmqlr

Even in the most right wing of countries, governments will inevitably choose to intervene to protect what they perceive as in the nation interest.

What is Protectionism?

Refers to government policies that shield domestic production and producers from foreign competition.

How does Protectionism Work

Degrees of Intervention Persuasion (Minimum) Manipulation of the tax

system The awarding of government

contracts Granting subsidies and tax

concession policies

Trade Restrictions as Protectionism

• To protect domestic Industries from foreign competition

• Tariff refers to a tax imposed by the importing country when a good crosses an International boundary

An Example of a Protective Tariff

A Canadian Tariff of 15% is imposed on foreign automobiles. The automobile costs $5,000/ This means the tariff will be $750. When exported to Canada the Canadian price will be $5,750.

An Effect of a Protective Tariff

Producers dependent on protection cannot normally export since their costs are often above world prices.

They depend almost entirely on the domestic market.

Economic Losses from Tariffs Often Exceed their Benefits

A tariff is wasteful It leads to the substitution of

higher cost domestic products and lower cost imports.

Increase in economic rent which is economic rents are "excess returns" above "normal levels" that take place in competitive markets

Trade Restrictions as Protectionism

• Non-tariff barrier refers to any action other than a tariff that restricts International trade1. Quotas2. Licensing3. Regulations

Can be seen as worse than tariff barriers

Political Realities Ensure Protectionist Policies

• Politicians are likely to ignore tariffs or pay lip service to free trade elsewhere.

• To support tariffs where the protectionist vote is concentrated

• Politicians who would gain by repealing tariffs may vote against it in trade off for other issues they are interested in.

Canada Pioneers Canadian Content Provisions

Easier for companies to import when they produce in Canada a certain proportion of the content of goods they sell.

Became ingrained in Canadian broadcast and magazine production. Major mandate of Canadian Radio and Television Commission (CRTC)

Cultural Protectionism

The CRTC's Over-the-top 'Fact Finding Mission': Key Submissions Submitted by Adam Webb on Wed, 07/13/2011 - 02:04 Front Page Media News Post

For the second time in two years the CRTC has requested submissions from concerned parties on the increasing prevalence of over-the-top (OTT) services. Like so many of the Commission’s actions, the decision to prematurely reopen discussion is derived from a mix of obsessive cultural concern, private sector lobbying and a dependence on external research.

Section 4: Arguments for Protection

Industries fearful of foreign competition. Those intended to influence the composition

of production. Those intended to influence the level of

employment. Those intended to influence the distribution

of income.

Protection of Infant Industries

• When foreign competition is reduced or eliminated by import barriers, new domestic industries can develop rapidly.

• Protection frequently cannot be removed because the domestic industries never develop sufficient competitive strength.

National Defense Argument

Seeks to avoid dependence on foreign sources for supplies of essential materials or finished products that might be denied in time of war.

Counter Dumping Argument

Dumping occurs when products are made available as imports at prices lower than the prices prevailing in the exporting country.

Redistribution of Income Argument for Protectionism

Refers to a country's ability to gain income at the expense of other countries by imposing tariffs or other import barriers.

Invites retaliation.

Increasing Employment

• With imports reduced, demand for domestic substitutes will be stimulated expanding production at home.

• Referred to as “Beggar-thy-Neighbor”

• It invites retaliation by other nations.

Outsourcing and Off-Shoring of Employment

– Outsourcing involves moving a portion of production outside of a firm.

– Off-shoring entails sourcing part of inputs outside the country.

Import share of service and material inputs in the business sector, 1961 to 2003

Note: Authors’ calculations from data.Source: Statistics Canada, Input–Output Accounts

Conclusion: Officially Countries Deny Protectionism and Favor Free Trade

When economies are booming and jobs seem secure, most people tend to support free trade.

When recessions occur, many countries become more protectionist because of national interest and pressure from organized labor and other interest groups.

Roles of Agriculture and Manufacturing Industries in Canada

Historically Canada industry and agriculture were impacted by Mercantilism theory

Mercantilism is an economic theory that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that a nation's prosperity depends on its success in accumulating wealth by exporting more than it imports. European nations attempted to put it into effect through commercial policies designed to produce a favourable balance of trade, through acquisition and development of colonies as exclusive markets and sources of raw materials.

Context: Relationship of Agriculture & Manufacturing in GDP terms

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1870 1880 1890 1900Agriculture

Manufacturing

30 May 2011Alison Kemper ADMS 1010

Agriculture in Canada

Maritimes– The British promoted agriculture in the Maritimes to

provision both its military and merchant fleets and supported trade to the West Indies

– After 1850 Maritime agriculture was affected by 2 principal developments: the transition throughout the capitalist world from general to specialized agricultural production and, especially after 1896, the integration of the Maritime economy into the Canadian economy

– After 1896 the boom associated with Prairie settlement opened the Canadian market to fruit (especially apples) and potatoes


Quebec– Despite being a feudal system agriculture took a back seat

in early Quebec to the fur trade– Agriculture was never a major export player in Quebec, It

was not until 1640 that is was even self-sustainable in agriculture and even that disappeared in the 1830’s.

– Later 19th-century Québec agriculture was marked by increases in cultivated area and productivity, and by a shift from wheat production to dairying and stock raising.


Ontario– Agriculture in what is now Ontario was dominated 1800-60 by wheat

production. Wheat was the crop most easily grown and marketed and was an important source of cash for settlers.

– British tariffs (Corn Laws), US tariffs and crop failures (the midge, 1858) significantly hurt the wheat trade in the first half of the 19th century. British tariffs were offset when preferential tariffs were introduced for Canada. Also the reciprocity treaty with the US from 1854-1866 helps

– Livestock raising increased after 1858 and with the introduction of factory cheese making a large cheese industry developed in Ontario

– In the late 19th and early 20th century with urbanization there was a increased demand for market gardens and beef and milk product to feed the cities. It also put a drain on farm labour.

– After a period of strong income the depression made it difficult to sell crops so the government regulated parts of the agricultural sector and created marketing boards that still exist today. The most important is the Milk Board


Prairies– Confederation was the spur to the agricultural development of the Prairie

West. – Purchase of Ruperts Land by the government and the support to populate

the west with farmers led to this expansion. – The creation of Marquis or Winter Wheat in 1907 overcame the short

growing season. – Large scale ranching on leased land was started in Alberta– After the boom of WW1 the price of wheat declined and stayed depressed

throughout the 1930’s. – During this period of time technological advances were made with the

invention of the combine. – Much of the infrastructure for farming and transportation was controlled

from central Canada. Farmer’s resented an formed what has become the “United Grain Growers”

– One organziation that came out of this period is the Canadian Wheat Board to be the sole marketing agent for Canadian wheat and barley


British Columbia– Agriculture in BC was basically only to supply

local markets and other industries in rural BC– Fruit production began in the Okanagan Valley in

1880. This remains the dominant agricultural activity in BC.

Manufacturing in Canada

Manufacturing in Canada had its beginnings early in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century, with the development of electricity and a national political objective, that it achieved significant growth. Throughout the 20th century, manufacturing has contributed significantly to the economic well-being and prosperity of Canadians


Manufacturing in Canada began with flour mills. The first gristmills were built in New France in the 17th century and, by 1840, there were 400 in UPPER CANADA and LOWER CANADA producing flour for domestic and foreign sale

Iron smelting began in the 1730s at the FORGES ST-MAURICE near Trois-Rivières, Québec.

With CONFEDERATION in 1867 came geographic expansion, construction of the CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY, and new settlement bringing population increases, skills and capital

Eight years later, John A. Macdonald's NATIONAL POLICY established protective tariffs to encourage domestic processing of Canadian materials


During the 1870s and early 1880s., the discovery of electricity and the subsequent harnessing of some of Canada's vast hydro resource provided industry with an efficient, low-cost source of hydro-electrical energy. At the same time the extent of the mineral wealth beneath the Canadian Shield began to be realized.

Between 1945 and the 1990s, manufacturing has accounted for 22-24% of Canada's total real output of goods and services.


Four developments in trade policies and practices in this period affected Canadian manufacturers substantially: the Canada-US Autopact; the GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT); the world competitive environment, particularly the emergence of lesser developed countries; and the bilateral FREE TRADE agreement with the US reached in late 1987 and its expansion in the late 1990s to include Mexico

With "freer trade," the volume of manufactured goods imported into Canada has increased. Canada's degree of trade exposure is high by international standards,

Ontario and Quebec dominate the manufacturing sector in Canada though the western provinces are increasing particularly in the area of extracting technology.




Establishments Employees1920 22,532 598,893

1930 22,618 614,696

1940 25,513 762,244

1950 35,942 1,183,297

1955 38,182 1,298,461

1956 37,428 1,353,020

1957 37,875 1,359,061

1958 36,741 1,289,602

1959 36,193 1,303,956

1960 32,852 1,275,476

1961 32,415 1,264,946



Canada’s First Great Manufacturer: The Story of Massey-Harris

Massey Harris

Who were the Key Players in the Case Origins . Daniel Massey Jr.

– What type of Individual was he?

Massey Harris

International Events ? Effect on Daniel Massey Jr.?

Massey Harris

Development of the Business– Demand was significant, Why– What significant change happens in the business– What did Hart bring to the business?– What was one of his key strategies

What supported his expansion?

– What else was the company facing? What was the significance

– What Innovations were there?

Massey Harris

Marketing the Business– What did Hart do the market the business and

increase share– What did Massey launch that created a direct link

between the manufacturer and the farmer.

Massey Harris

Questions Hart Massey faced: – Expand into US?– Export to Europe?– Focus on Domestic Rivalry?

What Does he Do? What assisted him? Where did he finally expand to?

Massey Harris

Change of Leadership – What Happens?

Competitive Position ?– How did Massey deal with it?

Massey Harris

Government Policies– What Policies Helped ?– What Policies Hindered?

Another Management Change

Group 1 Assignment

No less than 5 and no more than 8 members in a group In your group assign one person with a lap top and internet

access to be the scribe. On the first page of your template please put your assigned group

number. Put the name of each member on the cover of the template that

was emailed or downloaded from the website The scribe will type out the answer to the questions At the end of the class the scribe will email me with the filled out

attached template and will copy each member of the group. In the subject line please put your assigned group number

I will mark it and will return a copy of the marked paper prior to each person, on the cc list the next class

Next Week

Readings Case: Relentless Change: Wars, Depressions and Dynamic Growth, pp. 79-94 AND CNR,

pp. 100-117 The CNR http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?

PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006655 Keynes in Canada http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?

PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004289 The Depression in Canada http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?

PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003425 Social Welfare in Canada Crown Corporations in Canada http://www.canadianstudies.ca/NewJapan/institutions.html Rasmussen's slides on Crown Corporations

Documents

Class 3: Canada Expands: Agriculture and Manufacturing