Class 6th Shruti

7/25/2019 Class 6th Shruti

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The Urban

Livelihood


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Content

Livelihoods Framework Urban Economies: Development &

Division

Break Informal Economy: Isses of de!nition "atre of the Informal Economy #ar$inalisation: %les and discorse %eversin$ ineality of en$a$ement E'ercise: (hat wold yo do)


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Livelihoods: *n alternativeframework

+hifts emphasis from economic and staticindicators of poverty to processnderstandin$

*llows focs on those also vlnerable topoverty

,means of $ainin$ a livin$-

Livelihoods depend on:

*ccess to ,capital- resorces held byindividal or others

Economic. social. environmental.


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Livelihoods Framework


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URBAN ECONOMIES


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Urban Economy: ,23+I4I5E F3%Development-

3ften h$e sorce of economic$rowth

Dense concentration of labor.

infrastrctre & capital

Any objections?

UNDESA

(2012)

urbanization;

Worl !an"

(2012) #D$

%er ca%ita


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Cities are Freedom6

(UN&'abitat20121)


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#lti7Dimensional Development)


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Ineality #anifest

Urban life increasingly divided: Formal andInformal

The concept of the informal economy isfraught with denitional controversy and

argument about coherence and internalconsistency, but has nevertheless survivedseveral decades of debate to gainrecognition as a useful concept


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,Ima$inin$- the Informal Economy(*+at ,ills t+is s%ace)

-s it so.et+in/ a little li"e t+is?
http://youtu.be/D0U6OAk2r5Uhttp://youtu.be/D0U6OAk2r5U


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Isses of De!nition

IL3 /89;1

Low barriers to enter for skill and capital

Family ownership

+mall scale

Labor intensive with old technolo$y

Unre$lated bt competitive markets

*ssociated with poverty. srvival and makin$ do

"ot capital accmlation. enterprise and in$enityst abot themar$inalised

L*: some informal activity earns more

than formal sectorInformal enterprises are set p with

formal redndancy

2eople move between formal and informalwork ? often in the same day

Lar$e formal !rms hire informal workers #any activities are ite ,modern-
http://youtu.be/4624kHUKB-k?t=3m17shttp://youtu.be/4624kHUKB-k?t=3m17s


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+ome 2ossible Characteristics

Principal characteristic Sources

*voids re$lation Bromley /89@a1. Chant /89991

Dynamic Awynne & ay /89991

Ease of entry Low cost#skin 899. +oa & 4okman/891

Incorporates a variety of

activities

Awynne & ay /89991. (asserman

/89991

Informally acired skills Bromley /89@a1. Chant /89991

Labor intensive Bromley /89@a1. Chant /89991

#inority of workersprotected by labor

le$islation and coveredby social secrity

*i /89@1. Chant /89991

+mall7scale enterprises*i /89@1. Bromley /[email protected] /89991

+tron$ a!il"involvement

Bromley /89@a1. Chant /89991


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+cale of Informal +ector

+b7+aharan *frica

#ain sorce of rban >obs for rban poor

GH of all rban >obs

9GH of all new >obs created /899Gs1

Latin *merica

@GH of >ob creation /89@Gs and 899Gs1

+i$ni!cance varies: 8H of AD2 in 4heBahamas ? GHJ for 2ara$ay


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Importance of Informal +ector

(- 2001)


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#ar$inalisation of the Informal

4ransactions and activities nrecorded I#F(B ? symptom of poverty not opportnity Arowin$ donor emphasis on ta' revene and

(estern city plannin$ ideals 0 pressre to formalise %esponsibility falls to planners and mana$ers:%estriction: tradin$ hors. identi!cation & spaces

#any cities reire licenses Creates opportnities for corrptionbribin$ $overnment

/e


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2ower of Discorse

Formal economy & state are what)/ontolo$ically1

Usefl to nderstand in terms of

,discorses- 2articipation in $overnance denied to

,vili!ed- ,otsiders-

Ima$ery in newspapers

Critical discorse perspective: some havemore power

Elites 7 as means to protect their
http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/auth/checkbrowser.do?t=1354548739395&bhcp=1http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/auth/checkbrowser.do?t=1354548739395&bhcp=1


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Costs of #ar$inalisin$ theInformal

Informal activity problem to beremoved /not developed1

Discorse often >sti!es andpromotes e'plsions which can oftenbe violent

Evictions case acte loss for thosea=ected

Case +tdy of +oth *frican (orld Cp
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMPdBhIdp4whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMPdBhIdp4w


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4wo 2oints for 4ho$ht


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2ossible Interventions

Livelihood analysis to nderstand needs ofinformal

E'panded ones of informality in speci!c

$eo$raphical areas or economic sectors ,+pace- $overnance for traders-

associationsPboth formal and informal

Le$al reco$nition of ri$hts

Understandin$ of socialnetworkse'clsions

Focs on spportin$ most mar$inalised

*ccept comple'ity of representation


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CL*++

#ade bysQ%U4I

Documents

Class 6th Shruti