Class no. 26 – Summary and Review

1740 18 Septembris ex Judaismo convertus pravi[tat]e instructus et

de errore convictus baptizatus est Fridericus Amans

filius legitimus Leonis et Sara Judaorum coniugum in Zünders-

bach diocesis Fuldendis oriundus annorum i7. Patrinus

fuit perquam gratiosus illustrissimus ac excellentissimus

Dominus Fridericus de Bastheim Altissimi principis nostri

consiliarius intimus Mareschalbus et Archi satrapa in Brüchenau etc etc

Document no. 19

Course mission statement:

Course purpose: Students will learn to read, interpret and evaluate Latin language documents from the 15th -20th centuries

Major goals:

1. Become familiar with Latin grammar and vocabulary

2. Learn translation and transcription methodologies

3. Introduce Latin paleography and shorthand

4. Analyze various Latin document types

- metrical books, court records, etc.

5. Study the Julian and Gregorian calendars

Latin grammar:

The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English

nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections

Latin, however, has no article

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection

for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension

for verbs this is called conjugation

Nouns

Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality

Three genders

masculine, feminine, and neuter

The gender of words can be natural or grammatical

Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending

Number

Latin has two numbers, the singular and the pluralSingular denotes one object, the plural more than one

Case

There are six cases in Latin

Nominative, case of subject Accusative, case of direct object

Genitive, objective with of Vocative, case of address

Dative, objective with to or for Ablative, objective with by, from, in, with

The Latin Declensions

There are five declensions in Latin

Each declension is distinguished by

the final letter of the stem

the termination of the genitive singular

Declension Final letter of stem Gen. Termination

First a -ae

Second o -i

Third i -is

Some consonant

Fourth u -us

Fifth e -ei

Declension summary table

Adjectives

Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes

Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions

Adjectives of the 3rd declensions

First and Second Declension Adjectives

Third Declension Adjectives

Three terminations Two terminations One termination

Numerals

In Latin are of three types

Cardinals unus, duo

Ordinals primus, secundus

Distributives singuli, bini

Numerals in Latin are declined

Pronouns

Latin has eight classes of pronouns

I. Personal V. Intensive

II. Reflexive VI. Relative

III. Possessive VII. Interrogative

IV. Demonstrative VIII. Indefinite

personal, possessive, demonstrative and interrogative

1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd

ego tu is, ea, id nos vos ----

mei tui nostrum vestrum

mihi tibi nobis vos

me te nos vos

---- tu ---- vos

me te nobis vobis

my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their

Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension

meus, -a, -um

noster, nostra, nostrum

tuus, -a, um

vester, vestra, vestrum

suus, -a, -um

Pater suos liberos amat

Personal

Possessive

Demonstrative Pronouns

Verbs

The inflection of verbs is called conjugation

Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person

In Latin

Two voices

Active and Passive

Five Moods

Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle

Six Tenses

Present Perfect

Imperfect Pluperfect

Future Future perfect

Personal Endings of the Verb

Active Passive

Sing.

Plural

1. -o; -m; -i (perf. indic.) -r

2. -s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.) -ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.)

3. -t; -to (imp.) -tur; tor (imp.)

1. –mus -mur

2. -tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.) -mini

3. -nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.) -ntur; -ntor (imp.)

The Four Conjugations

1.1. -are-are aa

2.2. -ere-ere ee

3.3. -ere-ere ee

4.4. -ire-ire ii

Infinitive termination Distinguishing vowel

The Verb “to be” (memorize)

Latin verb terminations

Conjugation example: active

Conjugation example: passive

Other Verb Forms

Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th conjugation (pres. indic.)

Deponent Verbs have the mostly passive forms, but active meaning

patior, pati, passus sum

Periphrastic conjugation

active uses the Future Active Participle with sum

amaturus sum, I am about to love

passive uses the gerundive with sum

amandus sum, I am to be loved

Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs

Adverbs

Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage

quo - whither qua - where hac - by this way aliquo - to some place

Prepositions

Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item]

Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans

Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine

The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative

in urbem, into the city in urbe, in the city

Interjections

In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling

Vocabulary

BaptizatusBaptizatus SepultusSepultus FiliusFilius FiliaFilia PaterPater MaterMater Patrinus, levansPatrinus, levans EstEst DieDie MensisMensis Anno DominiAnno Domini

BaptizedBaptized BuriedBuried SonSon DaughterDaughter FatherFather MotherMother GodfatherGodfather Is or wasIs or was On the dayOn the day In the monthIn the month In the year of the In the year of the

LordLord

baptizatusmatermensis

Translation and transcription:

1. How to write

2. Making hands

3. Letter composition

4. Translation procedures

5. Parsing

A,a ____ ____ ____ ____

B,b ____ ____ ____ ____

C,c ____ ____ ____ ____

D,d ____ ____ ____ ____

E,e ____ ____ ____ ____

F,f ____ ____ ____ ____

G,g ____ ____ ____ ____

H,h ____ ____ ____ ____

I,i ____ ____ ____ ____

J,j ____ ____ ____ ____

K,k ____ ____ ____ ____

L,l ____ ____ ____ ____

M,m ____ ____ ____ ____

N,n ____ ____ ____ ____

O,o ____ ____ ____ ____

P,p ____ ____ ____ ____

Q,q ____ ____ ____ ____

R,r ____ ____ ____ ____

S,s ____ ____ ____ ____

T,t ____ ____ ____ ____

U,u ____ ____ ____ ____

V,v ____ ____ ____ ____

W,w ____ ____ ____ ____

X,x ____ ____ ____ ____

Y,y ____ ____ ____ ____

Z,z ____ ____ ____ ____

Hand Chart:

a ___

b ___

c ___

d ___

e ___

f ___

g ___

h ___

i ___ihgfedcab

Letter composition:

Square Anglo-Saxon Miniscule Caroline Miniscule

Proto-Gothic Simi-Cursive Gothic Textura

f h m p F

Paleographical terms

majuscule

a capital or upper case letter

a script where all letters are the same size

miniscule

a lower case letter

a script using ascenders / descenders

base line

ascender minimbow

headstroke

hastadescenderhead line

Decide the documents purpose from:

title page or target

catalog entry

heading of the document

scanning for purpose words

testamentum, obitus est, baptizatus est, conjugeverunt, liber confirmatorum

Translation tips:

Translation tips: cont.

Identify the verb

Identify the subject

Identify the direct object

Identify the indirect object

Identify prepositional phrases and adverbs

Translate into English in the following order:

Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Indirect Object – Prep. Phrase

LOOK AT EACH WORD IN EACH LINE

LOOK FOR FAMILIAR WORDS

LOOK FOR FAMILIAR WORD STEMS, I.E. THE UNCHANGING PART OF A WORD THAT CARRIES ITS MEANING

WRITE DOWN EACH WORD IN ORDER

WRITE DOWN THE MOST COMMON MEANING OF THE WORD STEM

LOOK AT THE MEANINGS OF THE WORDS WITH THE SAME STEM

Identify pronouns and adjectives

Identify the Verbs

Verbs tell us what happened, when it happened, and how many were involved

Verbs are always the minority—Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives and conjunctions will always outnumber them

Like Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives, endings are added to the Verb stem

You will need a good pocket dictionary with regular, irregular and deponent verb tables

Identify the Nouns

What is the grammar?

Remember:

Nouns are divided into five declensions base on their spelling and endings.

Each declension has five forms reflecting the noun’s use in the sentence.

Each form has an ending added to the work stem to indicate the nouns’s use in the sentence and its number (singular or plural)

Example TranslationExample Translation

Die 22Die 22dada Julij nata est infans ex Andrea Herman, et Eva Margaretha Julij nata est infans ex Andrea Herman, et Eva Margaretha Conjugibus, baptizata die Sequenti, cui impositum nomen Maria Conjugibus, baptizata die Sequenti, cui impositum nomen Maria Barbara levans fuit Maria Barbara Jacobi Schwind civis hujatis uxor. Barbara levans fuit Maria Barbara Jacobi Schwind civis hujatis uxor. Ita testor Andreas HaasIta testor Andreas Haas

On the 22On the 22ndnd day of July a child was born from the married couple day of July a child was born from the married couple Andreas Herman and Eva Margaretha, [the child] was baptized the Andreas Herman and Eva Margaretha, [the child] was baptized the following day, to whom was placed the name Maria Barbara. The following day, to whom was placed the name Maria Barbara. The godmother was Maria Barbara wife of Jacob Schwind, a citizen of godmother was Maria Barbara wife of Jacob Schwind, a citizen of this place. And so I testify Andreas Haas.this place. And so I testify Andreas Haas.

Latin abbreviations:

Latin shorthandLatin shorthand Appears to be no rhyme or reasonAppears to be no rhyme or reason Basic rulesBasic rules

Basic classes of abbreviation

I. Truncation

II. Contraction

III. Abbrev. marks significant in themselves

IV. Abbrev. marks significant in context

V. Superscript signs

VI. Convention signs

VII. Numerals

General signs indicate the word has been abbreviated

Truncation signs indicate some letters are missing at the end of the word

Abbreviation by Contraction

occurs when one or more of the middle letters are missing

dno domino

dia dimidia

epo episcopo

oa omnia

contraction can be pure, i.e. when the first and last letters of the word are preserved; or mixed, when some of the middle letters are also preserved

ds Deus

ba beata

pr pater

mr mater

Marks Significant in Themselves

indicate which elements are missing, no matter what letter the symbol is place above or joined with

I.Abbreviations significant in context

II.

Marks resembling . : ; and 3 occur almost always at the end of and are written between the text and head lines

When they follow b they stand for –us or –et

b. b: b; b3

When they follow q- they stand for –ue. Alone the 3 and the : can stand for -que

quib; hab3 usq;

qa93 lic: omnib.

II. (cont.)

W/ Өy flw s— Өy std 4 —is

remiss; cas; ms;

III.

Θ 3rd claŝ . a; obliq3 le of. hook3 at 2th ends, cut: ars any ltr

o/ Θ a/b

See Capelli, p. 23-29 for more examples

IV.

The fourth class is similar to the Arabic numeral 2 or the letter z

After q- its meaning is –uia, quia

Alone, the signs equal et

After u- or a-, they show a missing -m

After s-, they stand for –et or –ed: sz = sed

Roman Numerals

i = 1 v = 5 x = 10 l = 50 c = 100 d = 500 m = 1000

iv = 4 vi = 6 xxii = 22 xlvii = 47 dcxlviii = 648 mcccliv = 1354 mmiv = 2004

Basic values

Combinations

Document types

Structure of Parish Registers (Birth, Baptismal)Structure of Parish Registers (Birth, Baptismal)

DateDate Names of the parent(s)Names of the parent(s)

Often includes mother’s maiden nameOften includes mother’s maiden name Name of the childName of the child Names of the godparentsNames of the godparents Tip: Memorize pattern and common Latin phrasesTip: Memorize pattern and common Latin phrases

Document types

Structure of Parish Registers (Marriage)

Date

Name and status of groom, parents’ names and status

Name and status of bride, parents’ names and status

Places of origin

Witnesses

Attestation

Document types

Structure of Parish Registers (Death)

Date of death

Name of deceased

Date of birth and status

Names of parents

Cause of death

Date and place of internment

Attestation

Document types

Structure of Manorial Wills

A heading, “In the name of God, amen”

A date expressed in relation to a saint’s day and a regnal year or year of grace

in festo Sancte Anne anno domini millesimo cccclvjmo

“in the feast of Saint Anne, 1456 A.D.”

Leaving of the testator’s soul to God

Naming of the executors of the will

Citing of witnesses to the will

Sealing the will

The date, if not already given

Dating the document

Most Documents Use the Gregorian Date: Day, Month Year (1582-Calendar Reform)

Many Events Will Be Recorded Using the Ecclesiastical Calendar: Fixed and Moveable Feast Days

A Few Recorders Used the Roman Calendar (All Dates Are Calculated from Kalends, Nones, Ides)

xi kalendas Maii

nonas Martii, millesimi octingentesimi sexagesimi noni

Roman Calendar

1641 Dn. 10. p.Tr.

Church Calendar

10 Sundays after Trinity, which is 1 Sunday after Pentecost, which is 7 Sundays after Easter, which in the Julian calendar of 1641 was 25 April

Equals 10 Sundays + 1 Sunday + 7 Sundays after 25 April, or29 August, 1641

Calendar -- continued

Sunday

Monday, fa2a

Tuesday, fa3a

Wednesday, fa4a

Thursday, fa5a

Friday, fa6a

Saturday, fa7a

Abbreviations:

Dom. Sunday

Donca. Sunday

eiusd. of the same month

eod. on the same [date]

fa feast day, weekday

fa2a Monday

pd. the day before

Aries

Taurus

Gemini

Cancer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Scorpiio

Sagittarius

Capricorn

Aquarius

Pisces

Student Projects

1. Mr Melendez 1:40 pm-2:00 pm

2. Ms Heuer 2:05 pm-2:25 pm

3. Ms Hald 2:30 pm-2:50 pm