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F21DF1: Databases & Information Systems Lachlan M. MacKinnon & Phil Trinder

Types of Information System

Databases & Information Systems

Lachlan M. MacKinnon & Phil Trinder

UNIT: 3

THEME:

Objective:

Identify the various types of information systems andits function within an organization.

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4 Levels of Information System

Op erational-level SystemsKnowledge-level Systemsmanagement-level SystemsStrategic-level Systems

A ctivities:Form 4 groups and chose a levelMake an analysis of your level and explain its function within an

organization, including its characteristics.Choose 1 or 2 of your companions to present your analysis. (it can be

the group)Give in your work with the names of the group memebers.

Take notes of each exposition.Look more information about your level for the following class.this work will graded at 15 points with participation (10 for the

group work and 5 for active and individual participation).This will continue on friday

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Op erational-level SystemsSu pp ort o perational managers by kee p ing track of the elementary activities and transactions of theorganization.

The princip le pur pose of systems at this level is toanswer routine questions and track the flow of transactions through the organization.Covers things such as sales, recei p ts, cash

de posits, payroll, credit decisions, flow of materials.

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Knowledge-level Systems

Su pp ort knowledge and data workers in anorganisation.The pur pose of these systems is to hel p the

organisation discover, organise and integrate newand existing knowledge in to the business, and tohel p control the flow of pa perwork.These systems, s pecially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and officesystems, are the fastest growing a pp lications inbusiness today.

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Management-level Systems

Designed to serve the monitoring, controlling,decision-making, and administrative activitiesof middle managers.These typically provide periodic reports

rather than instant information on operations.Some of these systems support non-routinedecision-making, focusing on less-structured

decisions for which information requirementsare not always clear. This will often requireinformation from outside the organisation, aswell as from normal operational-level data.

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Strategic-level Systems

Help senior management tackle and addressstrategic issues and long-term trends, bothwithin the organisation and in the externalenvironment.Principal concern is matching organisationalcapability to changes, and opportunities,

occurring in the medium to long term (i.e. 5 -10 years) in the external environment.

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Ty p ically, an organisation might have o perational,knowledge, management and strategic levelsystems for each functional area within theorganisation.This would be based on the management modelado p ted by the organisation, so, while the most

commonly-ado p ted systems structure wouldsim p ly follow the standard functional model,structures reflecting bureaucratic, product andmatrix models are also possible.

As identified before, enter prise level informationsystems attem p t to encom pass the wholeorganisation in one system.

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Characteristic of informationprocessing systems

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Operational-level SystemsTransaction-Processing Systems (TPS)

Basic business systemsPerform daily routine transactions necessary for business functionsA t the operational level, tasks, resources and

goals are predefined and highly structuredGenerally, five functional categories areidentified, as shown in the diagram.

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Knowledge-level SystemsOffice A utomation Systems (O A S)

Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of data workers within the organisationData workers tend to process rather thancreate information. Primarily involved in

information use, manipulation ordissemination.Typical O A S handle and manage documents,scheduling and communication.

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Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of knowledge workers within the organisationIn general, knowledge workers hold degree-level professional qualifications (e.g.engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobsconsist primarily in creating new informationand knowledge

KWS, such as scientific or engineering designworkstations, promote the creation of new knowledge, and its dissemination andintegration throughout the organisation.

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Management-level SystemsManagement Information Systems (MIS)MIS provide managers with reports and, insome cases, on-line access to the organisationscurrent performance and historical recordsTypically these systems focus entirely oninternal events, providing the information for

short-term planning and decision making.MIS summarise and report on the basicoperations of the organisation, dependent onthe underlying TPS for their data.

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Decision-Support Systems (DSS)A s MIS, these serve the needs of themanagement level of the organisationFocus on helping managers make decisionsthat are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advanceUse internal information from TPS and MIS,but also information from external sources

Greater analytical power than other systems,incorporate modelling tools, aggregation andanalysis tools, and support what-if scenariosMust provide user-friendly, interactive tools

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Voyage-estimating Decision Support System

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Strategic-level SystemsExecutive Support/Information Systems(ESS/EIS)

Serve the strategic level of the organisationESS/EIS address unstructured decisions andcreate a generalised computing andcommunications environment, rather than

providing any fixed application or specificcapability. Such systems are not designed tosolve specific problems, but to tackle achanging array of problems

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ESS/EIS are designed to incorporate data about

external events, such as new tax laws orcompetitors, and also draw summarisedinformation from internal MIS and DSSThese systems filter, compress, and track

critical data, emphasising the reduction of time and effort required to obtain informationuseful to executive managementESS/EIS employ advanced graphics software toprovide highly visual and easy-to-userepresentations of complex information andcurrent trends, but they tend not to provideanalytical models

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Documents

Class No.4