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Class Update• Observations• Friday, Mar. 27 8-9:30pm University of Minnesota (Telescopes, Star
Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet from calendar• Saturday, Mar. 28 7-10pm Eagle Lake Observatory at Baylor Park
(Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet• Thursday, May 7 5:30-8:30pm Science Museum of Minnesota SPACE
exhibit free. Details in email sent last week.• Safe Sun Observation
• Do the prep work. Different assignments for lecture-only and lab students. Details on class website. Handout on back table. Have ready by Mar. 31 – this coming Tuesday.
• Mar. 31 (most likely), Apr. 2, Apr. 7 or Apr. 9 – Watch email for date• All lecture and lab students need to come on this date• Lecture for the day and lab for the week• ~8:30am to 3:30pm reserve 30 minutes for lecture or 1 hour for lab
• Test 2 – not finished grading yet• Scantron multiple choice score on website soon• Writing assignment score on website by Tuesday
Star/Planet Birth
• Piece of nebula contracts due to gravity and shock waves
• Often other stars forming at same time from other parts of gas cloud
Video Clip – Orion Nebula, Star Birth Region
http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/video-audio/381-hiddenuniverse026-Orion-Nebula-Gallery-Explorer-
Star/Planet Birth
• Center:
Most matter
Protostar Star
Protostar =o Large object o From contraction/collapse of
part of a large gas cloudo Will become a star
Star/Planet Birth
• Disk: Warmer near protostar
Light elements blown awayCooler further out
Light elements like H stay aroundWater freezesBig, less dense planets form from H
Star/Planet Birth
• Nebula cleared:– Heavy stuff by
Collisions and close encounters• Planet Birth
– Light stuff by
Strong stellar winds
Nasa/JPL - Caltech
Star/Planet Birth Summary1. Nebula
2. Contracts, flattens, rotates
3. Disk with Protostar
4. Contracts to form Cocoon around Protostar
5. Solar wind blows Cocoon away and left with Star
6. Disk forms Planets
Star/Planet Birth
Star Birth Simulationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbdwTwB8jtc&playnext=1&list=PLFC84C8CBA3C1B6D6&feature=results_video
Evidence from our
Solar System
• Sun at center (most of mass)• Sun and planets – not much else• Flat/planar for most part• Preferred direction of rotation and revolution• Composition (Mostly H, He like stars and gas
clouds)
Model Today’s Solar System
Evidence from our
Solar System
• Smaller objects form larger objects • Meteoroids and comets• Craters
Model Today’s Solar System
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/images/gaspra.gif12 mi X 7 mi
Gaspra
Size ~ 1/2 Manhattan (14kmX4km)
Comet Tempel 1
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110216.htmlSize: ~1/3 Manhattan ~8kmX5kmImpacted on July 4, 2005 by part of the Deep Impact probe
Evidence from our
Solar System
• Smaller objects form larger objects • Meteoroids and comets• Craters• Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud• Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter
Model Today’s Solar System
Evidence from our
Solar System
• Terrestrial vs. Jovian planetsOuter solar system is coolerBig, less dense planets form from H
Model Today’s Solar System
Rotation and Revolution
• How does rotation and revolution happen?
Everything is in motion.
Random motion causes pockets of rotation/revolution.
• Why so fast?
Angular momentum demo
• Collisions, close encounters and solar wind clear nebula
• Light pressure demo – radiometer
• Demo • Video• https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=llxqNcipTwA
Evidence from our
Solar System
• Smaller objects form larger objects • Meteoroids and comets• Craters• Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud• Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter• Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets• Rotation and revolution
Model Today’s Solar System
Evidence from beyond our solar system
• Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990224.html
• Pipe Nebula
Pipe Nebula – dark area in lower lefthttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970621.html
http://wordlesstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/orion-over-snowy-ireland3.jpg
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap131231.html
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060816.html
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060403.html
Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud
Trifid Nebula - http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971208.html
• Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)
• Stars form in cocoons
• With bipolar jets
Evidence from beyond our solar system
• Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)
• Stars form in cocoons
• With bipolar jets
• Disks of material around stars
Evidence from beyond our solar system
• Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)
• Stars form in cocoons
• With bipolar jets
• Disks of material around stars
• Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds
Evidence from beyond our solar system
Evidence for Star/Planet Birth from Beyond Our Solar System
• Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)
• Stars form in cocoons
• With bipolar jets
• Disks of material around stars
• Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds
• Exoplanets
Exoplanets
http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/
NASA Exoplanet Archive 3/5/20151,821 Confirmed Planets
463 Multi-Planets Systems4,175 Kepler Candidates
Kepler Spacecraft2009 to look for Earth-like planets
in the Milky Way Galaxy
How to Find Planets
• Transit (most common currently)• Doppler Shift (aka Radial Velocity)• Others:
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/page/methods
Finding a planet – Transit
• Planets can block a little light from their parent star causing a slight dip in the light
http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/faq/
Finding a planet – Doppler Shift
• Planets tug on their parent stars causing a slight wobble in the star
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/page/methods
First visible light picture of a planet (from Hubble)! - 2008
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap081114.html
Exoplanet Missions
• Kepler – transit method• Spitzer – infrared• Hubble – visible• CoRoT – ESA decommissioned - transit• LBTI – Large Binocular Telescope
Interferometer – in Arizona