1
-Nelson Mandela
ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5
December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid
revolutionary,
political leader and philanthropist who served as President of
South
Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of
state
and the first elected in a fully representative democratic
election.
Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he
received
more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and
became
the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect
within
South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan
name,
Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".
SUMMARY:
The Inauguration: 10th May was the day when Nelson Mandela sworn
in
as the first black Head of State, South Africa. It was after years
of struggle
that his anti-racist party came into power. Until then, the seat
had always
been occupied by white Presidents. The ceremony took place in an
open
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
2
circular building made of sandstone consisting of Union buildings
in the
Pretoria city.
The Swearing-in Ceremony of Nelson Mandela: He was accompanied
by
his daughter, Zenani on his big day. First, the two
Deputy-Presidents took
oath. Then, when his turn came, he committed to respect, protect
and
abide by the Constitution and to devote his entire self into the
welfare of
the country.
Display of the Military Power by South African Jets: Just after the
newly
elected President‘s address to the audience, an impressive
arrangement
of fighter jets, helicopter and soldier transporters raised
everyone‘s
heads up in the sky. It symbolised perfection as well as military‘s
respect
and obedience towards the free country. Mandela mentions that he
was
well aware that these commanders, who were now saluting him,
would
have arrested him under the previous rule as during the oppressive
white
supremacy, he was considered to be a criminal. The author
remembers
the day as the playing of two National Anthems of the country; one
of the
whites and the other, that of the blacks. On that day, no one knew
the
words of the anthem of the blacks but Mandela was confident
that
everyone would soon learn this anthem that they once hated.
Apartheid and South Africa: On the day of the inaugural ceremony,
the
author reminisces the days of past when this whole system of
apartheid
emerged. The dark-skinned people were deprived of their basic
fundamental rights. This system created an atmosphere of
extreme
cruelty and injustice for a particular part of the community. Now
he along
with countless others has changed this entire system that treats
humans
as humans irrespective of their colour, caste, gender, or
age.
Regret and Remembering Freedom Fighters: Nelson Mandela gained
his
strength to stand against the wrong from all the great nationalists
who
even risked their lives for freedom and tolerated ill treatment,
but never
stopped fighting. He learned that ”courage” didn‘t mean the absence
of
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
3
fear, but the ability to overcome fear. The man who overcomes his
fear is
called brave. South Africa, he says, is rich in minerals and gems
but its
greatest strength lies in its people. This equal and free country
was a
result of sacrifices of countless other men and women who have
fought
all their lives for this day. The author wishes if he could thank
them all but
unfortunately, they didn‘t live to see the result of their courage.
Nelson
Mandela gathered his courage and power from all these people and
thus,
wishes to make them proud.
Goodness and Duties of a Man: One is taught by his society to
hate
humans because of their skin, colour, age, gender and religion. No
one is
inborn with hatred. The author‘s idea is that if people can be
taught
hatred, they can also be taught love and brotherhood. In their
most
testing times in prison when they were being treated brutally,
Mandela
would see a pinch of humanity and kindness in one of the guards and
that
was enough to keep him going. He believes that goodness in
human
beings can be suppressed but never eliminated.
According to the author, every human being has its responsibility
towards
the family and as well as the society. Generally, under
normal
circumstances, a person can maintain the balance between the two
but in
countries like South Africa, it was never so easy. When a person of
colour
would come up for his society, he would be arrested and taken
away
from his family, thus keeping them from fulfilling
responsibilities. In the
beginning, Mandela did not put his people over his family, but it
was only
later when he realised that in order to be there for his people, he
was
compromising his duties towards his own family.
Meaning of Freedom by Mandela: Nelson Mandela joined the
African
National Congress (ANC) when he realised it is not only him whose
basic
rights were snatched away but of all those who looked like him. It
was the
knowledge that he and his people had restricted freedom that made
him
into a selfless man as opposed to before. According to him,
freedom
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
4
cannot be divided. Snatching it away from some was equivalent to
taking
it away from everyone and that meant taking it away from the
author.
He mentions that the need to free the oppressor is as high as that
of the
oppressed because the oppressor is bounded by the shackles of
hatred.
He has the weight of all the people who he has tormented, for he
carries
the curses of all of their families. For taking away someone else‘s
freedom
and making him a prisoner, he becomes a prisoner of biasness. Thus,
he is
robbed of his humanity and needs to be freed too.
SAMPLE QUESTION:
1. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:
In life, every man has twin obligations- obligations to his family,
to his
parents, to his wife and children; and he has an obligation to his
people,
his community, his country. In a civil and humane society, each man
is
able to fulfil those obligations according to his own inclinations
and
abilities. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost
impossible for a
man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. In
South
Africa, a man of colour who attempted to live as a human being
was
punished and isolated. [CBSE 2014]
(a) What are the obligations that every man has in life?
(b) Why was it impossible for a coloured man to discharge his
obligations?
(c) Find the word in the passage which has same meaning as
duty‘.
(d) A word synonymous with intentions‘ is ……… in the passage.
1. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of
all
those African patriots” who had gone before him?
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
5
2. Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights
of
character”? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your
own
examples to this argument?
ASSIGNMENT:
1. It was not only a display of pinpoint precision and military
force, but a
demonstration of military‘s loyalty to democracy, to a new
government
that had been freely and fairly elected. Only moments before, the
highest
generals of South African defence force and police, their chests
bedecked
with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted me and pledged
their
loyalty. I was not unmindful of the fact that not so many years
before they
would not have saluted but arrested me. Finally a chevron of Impala
jets
left a smoke Trail of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the
new South
African flag.
(a) What did the highest generals do in the event?
(b) What did the smoke trail of Impala symbolise?
(c) Pick out the word from the passage that means the same as
adorned.
(d) ________ is a line or pattern in the shape of V‘ signifying
victory.
3. What did Mandela realise about his brothers and sisters? [CBSE
2012]
4. How did Mandela‘s hunger for freedom‘ change his life?
5. What did freedom mean to him in his childhood? [CBSE 2015]
6. What does Mandela mean to say that the oppressor and the
oppressed
alike are robbed of their humanity?
7. What did Mandela think for the oppressor and the oppressed?
[CBSE
2011]
6
8. Describe the value of freedom for the human beings and how it
is
important for the growth of civilisation and humanism as described
in the
lesson Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom‘. [CBSE2014]
9. Describe the obligations which the author is talking about and
also
describe his feelings for them?
Life Processes Worksheet
2. What are the types of respiration?
3. Explain the process of respiration in roots.
4. Explain the process of respiration in stems.
5. _________ are the sites of aerobic respiration in the
cells.
_____.
9. Match the column
10. The deficiency of _______ in the blood of a person reduces the
oxygen carrying capacity of blood
resulting in breathing problems, tiredness and lack of
energy.
WORKSHEET
Answer the following questions 1.what do you mean by the term
electric potential?
2.which device helps to maintain a potential difference across a
conductor?
3.why are metals good conductor of electricity whereas glass is a
bad conductor of electricity?
4.find the amount of work done in moving a charge of 2C across two
points having a potential difference 12V.
5.how much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing
through a 6v battery?
6.what is meant by saying that the potential difference between two
points is 1V?
7.Define potential difference.
8.what potential difference is required to do 100J of work to carry
a charge of 10C between two points?
10
,
Read more on Brainly.in -
https://brainly.in/question/683275#readmore
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus for Social Science – Project Work
NoteKindly complete your project work during the lock down periods
1. Every student has to compulsorily undertake any one project on
the
following topics:
OR
4- Ozone layer depletion
5- Forms of sustainability
6-Approach to economic planning
10- Sustainability in India
11-Ecological Stability
12Chipko Movement
2. Objective: The overall objective of the project work is to help
students
gain insight and pragmatic understanding of the theme and see all
the
Social Sc
Science disciplines from an interdisciplinary perspective. It
should also
help in enhancing the Life Skills of the students. Students are
expected
to apply the Social Science concepts that they have learnt over the
years
in order to prepare the project report. If required, students may
go out
for collecting data and use different primary and secondary
resources to
prepare the project. If possible, various forms of art may be
integrated
into the project work.
3. The distribution of marks over different aspects relating to
Project
Work is as follows:
S. No. Aspects Marks
analysis
c. Viva Voce 1
4. The projects carried out by the students in different topics
should
subsequently be shared among themselves through interactive
sessions
such as exhibitions, panel discussions, etc.
5. All documents pertaining to assessment under this activity
should be
meticulously maintained by concerned schools. The Project
Report
should be handwritten by the students themselves.
6. Records pertaining to projects (internal assessment) of the
students
will be maintained for a period of three months from the date
of
declaration of result for verification at the discretion of the
Board.
Subjudiced cases, if any, or those involving RTI / Grievances
may,
however, be retained beyond three months.
PREPARATION AD SUBMISSION OF PROJECT REPORT
At the end of the stipulated term each student will prepare and submit her/his
project report.
Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission
1. The total length of the project report will be 1520 pages.
2. The project report will be handwritten and credit will be awarded to original
drawings, illustrations and creative use of materials.
3. The project report will be presented in a neatly bound simple folder.
4. The project report will be developed in this sequence
- • Cover page showing project title, student information, school and year •
List of contents
• Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, offices and
libraries visited and person who have helped).
• Introduction.
• Chapters with suitable headings.
• Planning and activities to be done during the project, if any.
7TEACHERS’ REMARKS
b.Aesthetic presentation, visual appeal, expression and neatness____________
c.Content accuracy, creativity, originality, analysis of different perception, performance in the oral/
written tests.________________________________
d.Date of submission_________________________________________
e.Total marks_______________________________________________
f.Overall remarks____________________________________________
g.Teacher’s signature______________________
FEW RESOURCES AND TIPS
Check the link For video of project file on consumer
awareness
File 1 https://youtu.be/PbEO0-EdFdw File 2
https://youtu.be/qBeXvRtwjG8
FORMAT OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher (Name of the teacher) as well as our principal (Name of the
principal)who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me
in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to
thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
Sample Certificate
CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT (STUDENT'S NAME) OF CLASS X HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER/HIS SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT ON THE TOPIC
"(NAME OF THE PROJECT)" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mr./Mrs. (TEACHERS NAME)
Sir/Ma'am, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2019- 2020 AS PER THE
GUIDELINES ISSUES BY CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION -
CBSE.
ADD AN INDEX.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Project on inflation
Meaning of inflation What is inflation?
Inflation is defined as a rise in the general price level. In other
words, prices of many goods and services such as housing, apparel,
food, transportation, and fuel must be increasing in order for
inflation to occur in the overall economy. If prices of just a few
types of goods or services are rising, there isn’t necessarily
inflation.
TYPES/FORMS OF INFLATION
https://www.toppr.com/guides/fundamen...
https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.ph...
1. Increase in Money Supply
2. Deficit Financing
8. Indirect Tax
9. Credit Expansion
10. Black Money Effect of Inflation or Problems related to
inflation
1. Inflation Hinders the process of growth
2. Adverse effect on the people with fixed Income
3. Increase in the cost of Projects
4. Adverse Impact on Balance of Payments
5. Wage-Price spiral
8. Impact on FDI
9. Speculation and Hoarding Government Policies to check Inflation
Price Policy
1. Price Control of Essential Goods.
2. Procurement Price and Support Price Monetary Policy
1. A Check on the supply of Money
3. Decrease in the supply of Credit Fiscal Policy
1. A check on public Expenditure
2. Public Debt
4. Surplus Budget Policy Some General Suggestions to Control
Inflation
1. Check on Supply of Money
2. Check on Deficit Financing
3. Increase in agricultural Output
4. Tax on Agricultural Income
5. Distribution through fair Price Shops)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Project on UNEMPLOYMENT
Meaning of unemployment
NCERT ECONOMICS BOOK https://iasexamportal.com/ncert-books...
*MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS OF ECONOMICS FOR CLASS 10* *Chapter one*
*Development*
https://youtu.be/RwD68ZVHLT4 *Chapter two* *Sectors of Indian
economy*
https://youtu.be/7M7EmqRRsQo *Chapter three* *Money and
credit*
https://youtu.be/TEInp88QdzA *Chapter four* *Globalisation*
https://youtu.be/QYCPmivyth8
SubjectHistory
Ch1The Rise of Nationalism In Europe
NOTES
Napolean
• Gained absolute powers in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.
Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code
• Equality before the law was established
• Secured the right to property
• Simplified administrative measures
• Abolished feudal system
• Guild restrictions were removed
Napoleon took away political freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and
forced people to join French army.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
No Nation states were in Europe because of not common identity or culture.
• People residing in different areas spoke different languages.
Example: Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar other half spoke variety →
of dialects and in Galicia people spoke Polish.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
• Aristocracy
Numerically a small group.→
• Middle class
New Social class emerged with the growth of towns and emergence of commercial →
classes.
Educated class where ideas of nationality gained popularity.→
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law
The end of autocracy and clerical privileges→
A constitution and representative government through parliament.→
• In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the
abolition of stateimposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced the number of currencies to two, and
promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.
A New Conservatism after 1815
• Believed that established institutions of state and society should be preserved,
with the changes initiated by Napoleon.
Treaty of Vienna (1815)
• Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France
• A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion
in future.
• German confederation was left untouched.
• Main intentions was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by
Napoleon.
The Revolutionaries
Acommitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the
Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe Mazzini
• A member of the secret society of Carbonari
• Founded Young Italy in Marseellies, Young Europe in Berne.
• Believed in the unification of Italy into a republic.
The Age of Revolutions: 18301848
• In July 1830, Bourbon kings of France were overthrown and a constitutional
monarchy was established.
• Belgium broke away from the United kingdoms of the Netherlands.
• Greece which had been a part of the Ottomon Empire since the fifteenth century,
struggled for independence.
Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.→
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
• A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment, criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on
emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder tried to discovered culture among
common people, through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
• In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in
town and country.
• In 1848, the Population of Paris came out on the roads and Louis Philippe was
forced to flee and National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
• In 1845, weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
• The revolution was led by educated middle classes who combined their demands for
constitutionalism with national unification.
Frankfurt Parliament
• On 18 May 1848, members of political association’s elected 831 representatives
who took their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St.
Paul and drafted a Constitution for the German nation.
• It was opposed by King of Prussia and also lost its social basis as no
no rights
were given to workers and women.
• It forced the autocratic monarchs to introduce some changes – serfdom and bonded
labour was abolished
• Hungarians were granted more autonomy.
Some solved questions
1Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.” Support the statement with
examples.
Answer
Culture also played an important role in the development of nationalism alongwith wars and territorial
expansion:
• Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
• The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common
cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
• It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
7. Why were 1830s called the years of great economic hardship in Europe ? Give any three reasons.
OR
"The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe". Support the statement with arguments.
Answer
• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
• In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
(Para – 3, Page No. 15)
8. How was the ideology of liberalism allied with National Unity in early 19th century in Europe? Explain in
three points.
Answer
The ideology of liberalism allied with Nationalism:
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law.
• It emphasized on the concept of government by consent.
• It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
• It emphasized the inviolability of private property.
. Explain the conditions which were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new
commercial classes. How did it end in 1834?
Answer
• There was absence of freedom of markets.
• State imposed various restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Presence of large numbers of states created problems as each had its own currency, and weights and measures.
• Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own
system of weights and measures, this involved timeconsuming calculation.
• In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the
German states.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(Para – 4, Page No. 9| Para – 1 and 2, Page No. 10)
2. What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists
underground? Explain.
Answer
• Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established
after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom.
• Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nationstates as a necessary part of this struggle for
freedom.
• Giuseppe Mazzini, a Italian revolutionary founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in
Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were likeminded young men from Poland, France,
Italy and the German states.
• Following his model, secret societies were Setup in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
WORKSHEET5
1Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.
2Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.
1Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D)
4Name the event that mobalised national feelings among the educated elites
across Europe in 1830?
5Who was the following countries who did not attened the congress of Vienna?
aBriatain bRussia cPrussia dSwitzerland
6Which congress was held in 1815 ? By whom was it hosted ?
7What was the result of July 1830 revolution in France ?
8Who was Lord Byron ? What was his contribution in the Greek war of independence?
9What was Romanticism ?
10What was contribution of Karol Kurpinski in the freedom struggle of Poland ?
11Give one reason for the great economic hardship in Europe in the 1830s.
12Who were Grimm brothers ? Why did they collect folktales
13What happened in 1848 revolution in France?
14What was zollverein ? Why was it introduced ? Describe its advantages ? How did it strengthen
nationalist sentiments in German states ?
ASSIGNMENT
COMPILE ALL YOUR NOTES AND WORKSHEET TOPIC WISE GIVEN IN EACH CLASS .
IT SHOULD BE NEATLY WRITTEN..
TAKE SCREEN SHOT OF YOUR COMPLETED WORK AND MAIL ME TO THE LINK BELOW.
[email protected]
40
Geography Lesson No. 1
Resources and Development Summary : 1. Resource Planning in India :
It involves :
1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of
the country. 2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with
appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up far implementing resource development plans.
3. Matching the resources development plans with over all national
development
plans. 2. Land use Pattern in India :
- Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. - Land
use data however is available only for 93% of the total area
because the
land use reporting far most of the North-East States except Assam
has not been done fully.
- Some area of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China
have also not been surveyed.
- The land under permanent pasture has also decreased. - Fallow
land - left without cultivation far one or less than one
agricultural year. - Net sown area total -total area sown in an
agricultural year. - More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana. -
Less net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
Andaman
Nicobar Islands. - National Forest Policy in India in 1952. - Waste
land includes rocky, Arid and desert area and land put to other
non
agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry
etc. - Continuous use of land over a long period of time without
taking appropriate
measures to conserve and manage it. Answer the following questions
: 1. What are the three stages of resource planning? Describe it.
2. Why land use data is not available for whole country? 3. Why
land is decreasing under permanent pastures? 4. What is net sown
area? Which areas of India has more net sown area? 5. Describe
waste land. 6. Describe two major causes of land degradation in
India?
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Chapter-2
Civics
Stay home stay safe
(iv) Concept of purchasing power parity.
What Development Promises – Different Peoples, Different
Goals
1. Different people can have different developmental goals
2. What may be development for one may not be development for the
other person. It may
even be destructive for the other.
For example-a girl from a rich urban family gets as much freedom as
her brother and is
able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue
her studies abroad.
Income and Other Goals
People want more income. Money, or material things that one can buy
with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. However, the quality of our life
also depends on non-
material things such as equal treatment, freedom, security, and
respect for others. For
development, people look at a mix of goals. The developmental goals
are not only about
better income but also about other important things in life.
Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment
which enhances sense
of securities.
In other cases, some companies provide high salary but offer no job
securities. They
reduce sense of securities.
National Development
Different persons could have different as well as conflicting
notions of a country’s
development.
National development refers to ability of a nation to improve
standard of living of its
citizens.
Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capita income,
Gross Domestic Product,
literacy rate and availability of health etc.These factors are also
consider as measure of
improvement.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of
the most important attributes.
Countries with higher income are more developed than others with
less income. As different
countries have different populations, comparing total income will
not tell us what an average
person earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.
Average income is the total income of the country divided by its
total population. It is also called
per capita income.
Average Income = Total Income of Country / Total Population of
Country
In World Development Reports, per capita income is used in
classifying countries.
1. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and
above in 2017, are
called rich countries.
2. Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called
low-income countries. Eg:
India.
Income and Other Criteria
When we think of a nation or a region, besides average income,
public facilities are equally
significant attributes.
→ For achieving development goal of people, people not only want
better income, they also wan
non-material thing like, freedom, security, and respect of
others.
→ For development of a nation average income or per capital income
is needed.
Per Capita income of selected states
As per table, Maharashtra had got top most position with 1, 01,314
per capital income. Whereas,
Bihar got bottom position with 23,435 per capital income. It means
a person in Maharashtra
earned Rs 1, 01,314 in one year. Whereas, a person in Bihar earned
only Rs 23,435 in one year.
So, Maharashtra is more developed country than Bihar with 1, 01,314
per capital income.
State
→ Development of a nation is also depended upon literacy
rate.
• In this table, the first columns shows that in Kerala, out of
1000 children born, 12 died before
completing one year of age but in Maharashtra , out of 1000
children born, 25 died before
completing one year of age and in Bihar out of 1000 children born,
44 died before completing
one year of age. The last columns shows that in Kerala, 78 children
out of 100 aged 14-15 are
not attending school beyond Class 8.Which is greater than
Maharashtra and Bihar.
Public Facilities
→ Facilities which are provided by the government considered as
public facility like schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
State Per Capita Income for 2011-12(in Rs.)
Maharashtra
Kerala
Bihar
1,01,314
83,725
23,435
→ As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in
Kerala but Kerala has a
low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like,
Public Distribution System which
provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
→ We need public facility because we are not able to purchase all
things by money. We cannot
able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of
money.
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the
needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations. Scientists
have been warning that
the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable.
Some of the examples
are:
Overuse of ground water
Exhaustion of natural resources
For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources
like carbon
based originally designed fuel for the quantity how much we
needed.
Some renewable resources like groundwater will take long time for
replenished. So,
we should u that resource in finite quantity.
Infant Mortality Ratio: Infant Mortality Ratio indicates the number
of children who die
before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1000 live children
born in that particular
year.
Literacy Rate: Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate
population in the 7 and
above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age
group 14 and 15 years
who attend school as a percentage of total number of children in
the same age group.
NCERT Solved Questions/Answers
Page No 16
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
a. its per capita income
b. its average literacy level
c. health status of its people
d. all the above
Answer: d. all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better
performance in terms
of human development than India?
a. Bangladesh
Answer: b. Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per
capita income of
these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs
4000, Rs 7000 and
Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth
family?
a. Rs 7500
b. Rs 3000
c. Rs 2000
d. Rs 6000
14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000-14000
x = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying
different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if
any?
Answer: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different
countries.
The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of
the country by
the population of the country. For the year 2017, the countries
with per capita
income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich countries and the
countries
with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income
countries.
The limitations of the criterion are:
1. Other important factors including literacy rate, infant
mortality rate,
healthcare are ignored while classifying the countries.
2. Information about the unequal distribution of income is not
mentioned by
The World Bank
3. The economy of the country cannot determine the development of
the
country.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development
different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used
by the World
Bank because
UNDP compares countries based on the educational level of the
people, their
health status and per capita income. This is in contrast with the
method used by the
World Bank because the World Bank only calculates the per capita
income for
measuring development.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
Illustrate with
your own examples related to development.
Answer: Different countries have a different population, so
calculating the average
helps in getting an estimated answer which can be used to compare
different things
at different levels. There are limitations of calculating averages
because we cannot
know the difference in the income of the people and the unfair
distribution of
income in a country or state.
For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries
A and B with 5
people each, the salary of five people in country A is Rs.23,000,
Rs.22,000,
Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000 and Rs.25,000 and the income of people living
in country B
are Rs.1,50,000, Rs. 22,000, Rs.50,000, Rs.4000, Rs.2500. The
average income of
country A will be Rs.24,300 and that of country B will be
Rs.45,700. This proves
that the average of country B is higher than that of country A, and
yet there is a
disparity in the income distribution of country B and the income is
evenly
distributed in country A.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human
development ranking
than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at
all and should
not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human
development
ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful
criterion at all and
should not be used to compare states. This is true because the
literacy rate, infant
mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc are better in Kerala in
comparison to
Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating
the average
income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the
people in India. What
could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy used by people in India
include firewood,
coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities
fifty years from
now can be using solar energy and wind energy as a source for
various energy
forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may
result in loss of
these resources for future generations.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for
development?
Answer: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources
in a manner so
that they can be used by the present and future generations. The
issue of
sustainability is important for development because if the natural
resources are not
used carefully, they may not be available for future generations.
The depleting
resources of a country may ultimately result in a lack of
development of the
country.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but
not enough to
satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement
relevant to the
discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer: Development not just depends on the economic factors of a
country, but
is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of
a country to use.
The statement: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of
all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is completely
relevant in terms of
the development of a country because natural resources are
non-renewable
resources and it is the responsibility of the people to use them
only meet their
needs and to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used
wisely now, the
future generations may not be able to use them for their needs,
which will result in
the downfall of development of a country.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may
have observed
around you.
Answer: A few examples of environmental degradation that we can
observe
around us are:
1. Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in
vehicles.
2. Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded
into water
bodies
5. Soil Erosion
The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global
warming and
depletion of glaciers and the atmospheric conditions.
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which
country is at the top
and which is at the bottom.
Answer: As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all the four
categories. It has the
highest Gross National Income, Life expectancy at birth, mean years
of schooling
of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world. Nepal has
the lowest
Gross National Income among the given countries. Pakistan has the
least Life
Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world
among the given
countries. Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above is
the lowest for
Myanmar and Nepal.
13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49
years) whose
BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a
survey of
various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer
the following
questions.
All States 20 23
(i)Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya
Pradesh.
Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than
the nutritional
level of people in Madhya Pradesh.
(ii)Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country
are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food
in the country?
Describe in your own words.
Answer: One-fifth of the population in the country are
undernourished even
though it is argued that there is enough food in the country
because of the
following reasons:
1. The disparity in the distribution of food grains by Public
Distribution
System (PDS)
2. Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the
country.
3. Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment
because of
which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food.
4. There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed price
stores.
Important Links
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Q1. Why do different persons have different notions of development
?
Q2. What is average income of a country ?
Q3. How is the development of a country determined ?
Q4 Why is for comparison between countries, total income is not
such an useful
measure?
II. Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Why is literacy essential for economic development ?
Explain.
Q2. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects
of
development?
Q3. Write the importance of human development index in three
points.
III. Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. What do you mean by public facilities ? Why are they important
? Name two
public facilities available in India.
Q2. What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of
sustainability important
for development? Explain.
Q3. What are the main criterion used by the World Bank in
classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if
any?
ICT WORKSHEET
Worksheet:
1. What is the difference between 3G and 4G? 2. Write the full form
of SIM. 3. What do you mean by GPRS? 4. Define video conferencing.
5. Rashmi has to send an email to Raees. She also wants to send
the
same e-mail to Vandana but does not want Raees to know about it.
Which option out of ‘cc’ or ‘bcc’ should Rashmi use to enter the
email address of Vandana?
6. Write any one application each of e-Governance and
e-commerce.
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus for Social Science – Project Work