Class XII Chapter 10 – Vector Algebra Mathscbseocean.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/1/5/28152469/cmn10.pdf · Class XII Chapter 10 – Vector Algebra Maths Page 3 of 46 Website: Email:

Class XII Chapter 10 – Vector Algebra Maths

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Exercise 10.1

Question 1:

Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north.

Answer

Here, vector represents the displacement of 40 km, 30° East of North.

Question 2:

Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.

(i) 10 kg (ii) 2 metres north-west (iii) 40°

(iv) 40 watt (v) 10–19 coulomb (vi) 20 m/s2

Answer

(i) 10 kg is a scalar quantity because it involves only magnitude.

(ii) 2 meters north-west is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction.

(iii) 40° is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(iv) 40 watts is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(v) 10–19 coulomb is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(vi) 20 m/s2 is a vector quantity as it involves magnitude as well as direction.

Question 3:

Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.

(i) time period (ii) distance (iii) force


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(iv) velocity (v) work done

Answer

(i) Time period is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(iii) Force is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction.

(iv) Velocity is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude as well as direction.

(v) Work done is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

Question 4:

In Figure, identify the following vectors.

(i) Coinitial (ii) Equal (iii) Collinear but not equal

Answer

(i) Vectors and are coinitial because they have the same initial point.

(ii) Vectors and are equal because they have the same magnitude and direction.

(iii) Vectors and are collinear but not equal. This is because although they are

parallel, their directions are not the same.

Question 5:

Answer the following as true or false.

(i) and are collinear.

(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.

(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.

(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.

Answer

(i) True.


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Vectors and are parallel to the same line.

(ii) False.

Collinear vectors are those vectors that are parallel to the same line.

(iii) False.


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Exercise 10.2

Question 1:

Compute the magnitude of the following vectors:

Answer

The given vectors are:

Question 2:

Write two different vectors having same magnitude.

Answer

Hence, are two different vectors having the same magnitude. The vectors are

different because they have different directions.

Question 3:


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Write two different vectors having same direction.

Answer

The direction cosines of are the same. Hence, the two vectors have the same

direction.

Question 4:

Find the values of x and y so that the vectors are equal

Answer

The two vectors will be equal if their corresponding components are

equal.

Hence, the required values of x and y are 2 and 3 respectively.

Question 5:

Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1) and terminal

point (–5, 7).

Answer

The vector with the initial point P (2, 1) and terminal point Q (–5, 7) can be given by,

Hence, the required scalar components are –7 and 6 while the vector components are


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Question 6:

Find the sum of the vectors .

Answer

The given vectors are .

Question 7:

Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector .

Answer

The unit vector in the direction of vector is given by .

Question 8:

Find the unit vector in the direction of vector , where P and Q are the points

(1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6), respectively.

Answer

The given points are P (1, 2, 3) and Q (4, 5, 6).

Hence, the unit vector in the direction of is

.


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Question 9:

For given vectors, and , find the unit vector in the direction

of the vector

Answer

The given vectors are and .

Hence, the unit vector in the direction of is

.

Question 10:

Find a vector in the direction of vector which has magnitude 8 units.

Answer

Hence, the vector in the direction of vector which has magnitude 8 units is

given by,


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Question 11:

Show that the vectors are collinear.

Answer

.

Hence, the given vectors are collinear.

Question 12:

Find the direction cosines of the vector

Answer

Hence, the direction cosines of

Question 13:

Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points A (1, 2, –3) and

B (–1, –2, 1) directed from A to B.

Answer

The given points are A (1, 2, –3) and B (–1, –2, 1).


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Hence, the direction cosines of are

Question 14:

Show that the vector is equally inclined to the axes OX, OY, and OZ.

Answer

Therefore, the direction cosines of

Now, let α, β, and γbe the angles formed by with the positive directions of x, y, and z

axes.

Then, we have

Hence, the given vector is equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ.

Question 15:

Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q

whose position vectors are respectively, in the ration 2:1

(i) internally

(ii) externally

Answer

The position vector of point R dividing the line segment joining two points

P and Q in the ratio m: n is given by:

i. Internally:


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ii. Externally:

Position vectors of P and Q are given as:

(i) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q

internally in the ratio 2:1 is given by,

(ii) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q

externally in the ratio 2:1 is given by,

Question 16:

Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the points P (2, 3, 4) and Q

(4, 1, – 2).

Answer

The position vector of mid-point R of the vector joining points P (2, 3, 4) and Q (4, 1, –

2) is given by,


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Question 17:

Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors, ,

respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle.

Answer

Position vectors of points A, B, and C are respectively given as:

Hence, ABC is a right-angled triangle.

Question 18:

In triangle ABC which of the following is not true:

A.

B.

C.

D.


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Answer

On applying the triangle law of addition in the given triangle, we have:

From equations (1) and (3), we have:

Hence, the equation given in alternative C is incorrect.

The correct answer is C.


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Question 19:

If are two collinear vectors, then which of the following are incorrect:

A. , for some scalar λ

B.

C. the respective components of are proportional

D. both the vectors have same direction, but different magnitudes

Answer

If are two collinear vectors, then they are parallel.

Therefore, we have:

(For some scalar λ)

If λ = ±1, then .

Thus, the respective components of are proportional.

However, vectors can have different directions.

Hence, the statement given in D is incorrect.

The correct answer is D.


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Exercise 10.3

Question 1:

Find the angle between two vectors and with magnitudes and 2, respectively

having .

Answer

It is given that,

Now, we know that .

Hence, the angle between the given vectors and is .

Question 2:

Find the angle between the vectors

Answer

The given vectors are .


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Also, we know that .

Question 3:

Find the projection of the vector on the vector .

Answer

Let and .

Now, projection of vector on is given by,

Hence, the projection of vector on is 0.

Question 4:

Find the projection of the vector on the vector .

Answer

Let and .

Now, projection of vector on is given by,


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Question 5:

Show that each of the given three vectors is a unit vector:

Also, show that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.

Answer

Thus, each of the given three vectors is a unit vector.

Hence, the given three vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.


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Question 6:

Find and , if .

Answer

Question 7:

Evaluate the product .

Answer


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Question 8:

Find the magnitude of two vectors , having the same magnitude and such that

the angle between them is 60° and their scalar product is .

Answer

Let θ be the angle between the vectors

It is given that

We know that .

Question 9:

Find , if for a unit vector .

Answer


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Question 10:

If are such that is perpendicular to ,

then find the value of λ.

Answer

Hence, the required value of λ is 8.

Question 11:

Show that is perpendicular to , for any two nonzero vectors

Answer

Hence, and are perpendicular to each other.

Question 12:

If , then what can be concluded about the vector ?


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Answer

It is given that .

Hence, vector satisfying can be any vector.

Question 14:

If either vector , then . But the converse need not be true. Justify

your answer with an example.

Answer

We now observe that:

Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.

Question 15:

If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively,

then find ∠ABC. [∠ABC is the angle between the vectors and ]

Answer

The vertices of ∆ABC are given as A (1, 2, 3), B (–1, 0, 0), and C (0, 1, 2).

Also, it is given that ∠ABC is the angle between the vectors and .


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Now, it is known that:

.

Question 16:

Show that the points A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3) and C (3, 10, –1) are collinear.

Answer

The given points are A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3), and C (3, 10, –1).

Hence, the given points A, B, and C are collinear.


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Question 17:

Show that the vectors form the vertices of a right

angled triangle.

Answer

Let vectors be position vectors of points A, B, and C

respectively.

Now, vectors represent the sides of ∆ABC.

Hence, ∆ABC is a right-angled triangle.

Question 18:

If is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and λ a nonzero scalar, then λ is unit vector if

(A) λ = 1 (B) λ = –1 (C)

(D)

Answer

Vector is a unit vector if .


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Hence, vector is a unit vector if .



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Exercise 10.4

Question 1:

Find , if and .

Answer

We have,

and

Question 2:

Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector and , where

and .

Answer

We have,

and


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Hence, the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors and is given by the

relation,

Question 3:

If a unit vector makes an angles with with and an acute angle θ with , then

find θ and hence, the compounds of .

Answer

Let unit vector have (a1, a2, a3) components.

∠

Since is a unit vector, .

Also, it is given that makes angles with with , and an acute angle θ with

Then, we have:


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Hence, and the components of are .

Question 4:

Show that

Answer

Question 5:

Find λ and µ if .


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Answer

On comparing the corresponding components, we have:

Hence,

Question 6:

Given that and . What can you conclude about the vectors ?

Answer

Then,

(i) Either or , or

(ii) Either or , or

But, and cannot be perpendicular and parallel simultaneously.

Hence, or .


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Question 7:

Let the vectors given as . Then show

that

Answer

We have,

On adding (2) and (3), we get:

Now, from (1) and (4), we have:

Hence, the given result is proved.


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Question 8:

If either or , then . Is the converse true? Justify your answer with an

example.

Answer

Take any parallel non-zero vectors so that .

It can now be observed that:

Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.

Question 9:

Find the area of the triangle with vertices A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5) and

C (1, 5, 5).

Answer

The vertices of triangle ABC are given as A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5), and

C (1, 5, 5).

The adjacent sides and of ∆ABC are given as:


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Area of ∆ABC

Hence, the area of ∆ABC

Question 10:

Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vector

.

Answer

The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are is .

Adjacent sides are given as:

Hence, the area of the given parallelogram is .

Question 11:

Let the vectors and be such that and , then is a unit vector, if

the angle between and is


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(A) (B) (C) (D)

Answer

It is given that .

We know that , where is a unit vector perpendicular to both and

and θ is the angle between and .

Now, is a unit vector if .

Hence, is a unit vector if the angle between and is .

The correct answer is B.

Question 12:

Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C, and D with position vectors

and respectively is

(A) (B) 1

(C) 2 (D)

Answer


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The position vectors of vertices A, B, C, and D of rectangle ABCD are given as:

The adjacent sides and of the given rectangle are given as:

Now, it is known that the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are

is .

Hence, the area of the given rectangle is



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Miscellaneous Solutions

Question 1:

Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with the positive direction

of x-axis.

Answer

If is a unit vector in the XY-plane, then

Here, θ is the angle made by the unit vector with the positive direction of the x-axis.

Therefore, for θ = 30°:

Hence, the required unit vector is

Question 2:

Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the points

.

Answer

The vector joining the points can be obtained by,

Hence, the scalar components and the magnitude of the vector joining the given points

are respectively and .

Question 3:

A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walks 3 km in a direction 30° east of north and

stops. Determine the girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure.

Answer


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Let O and B be the initial and final positions of the girl respectively.

Then, the girl’s position can be shown as:

Now, we have:

By the triangle law of vector addition, we have:

Hence, the girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure is

.


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Question 4:

If , then is it true that ? Justify your answer.

Answer

Now, by the triangle law of vector addition, we have .

It is clearly known that represent the sides of ∆ABC.

Also, it is known that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater

than the third side.

Hence, it is not true that .

Question 5:

Find the value of x for which is a unit vector.

Answer

is a unit vector if .


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Hence, the required value of x is .

Question 6:

Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the vectors

.

Answer

We have,

Let be the resultant of .

Hence, the vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of vectors is


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Question 7:

If , find a unit vector parallel to the

vector .

Answer

We have,

Hence, the unit vector along is

Question 8:

Show that the points A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2) and C (11, 3, 7) are collinear, and find

the ratio in which B divides AC.

Answer

The given points are A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2), and C (11, 3, 7).

Thus, the given points A, B, and C are collinear.


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Now, let point B divide AC in the ratio . Then, we have:

On equating the corresponding components, we get:

Hence, point B divides AC in the ratio

Question 9:

Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q

whose position vectors are externally in the ratio 1: 2. Also, show

that P is the mid point of the line segment RQ.

Answer

It is given that .

It is given that point R divides a line segment joining two points P and Q externally in

the ratio 1: 2. Then, on using the section formula, we get:

Therefore, the position vector of point R is .

Position vector of the mid-point of RQ =


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Hence, P is the mid-point of the line segment RQ.

Question 10:

The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are and .

Find the unit vector parallel to its diagonal. Also, find its area.

Answer

Adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given as: and

Then, the diagonal of a parallelogram is given by .

Thus, the unit vector parallel to the diagonal is

Area of parallelogram ABCD =

Hence, the area of the parallelogram is square units.


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Question 11:

Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ

are .

Answer

Let a vector be equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ at angle α.

Then, the direction cosines of the vector are cos α, cos α, and cos α.

Hence, the direction cosines of the vector which are equally inclined to the axes

are .

Question 12:

Let and . Find a vector which is

perpendicular to both and , and .

Answer

Let .

Since is perpendicular to both and , we have:

Also, it is given that:


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On solving (i), (ii), and (iii), we get:

Hence, the required vector is .

Question 13:

The scalar product of the vector with a unit vector along the sum of vectors

and is equal to one. Find the value of .

Answer

Therefore, unit vector along is given as:

Scalar product of with this unit vector is 1.

Hence, the value of λ is 1.


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Question 14:

If are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector

is equally inclined to and .

Answer

Since are mutually perpendicular vectors, we have

It is given that:

Let vector be inclined to at angles respectively.

Then, we have:


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Now, as , .

Hence, the vector is equally inclined to .

Question 15:

Prove that , if and only if are perpendicular,

given .

Answer

Question 16:

If θ is the angle between two vectors and , then only when

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Answer

Let θ be the angle between two vectors and .

Then, without loss of generality, and are non-zero vectors so

that .


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It is known that .

Hence, when .


Question 17:

Let and be two unit vectors andθ is the angle between them. Then is a unit

vector if

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Answer

Let and be two unit vectors andθ be the angle between them.

Then, .

Now, is a unit vector if .


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Hence, is a unit vector if .


Question 18:

The value of is

(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 3

Answer


Question 19:

If θ is the angle between any two vectors and , then when θisequal to


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(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) π

Answer

Let θ be the angle between two vectors and .

Then, without loss of generality, and are non-zero vectors, so

that .

Hence, when θisequal to .


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VECTORS

SUMMARY

1. Position vector of a point P(x,y,z) is given as 𝑂𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗(𝑟 )= 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧�̂�,and its magnitude

by√𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2.

2. The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratios, and represent its projections

along the respective axes.

3. The magnitude(r),direction ratios (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)and direction cosines (𝑙,𝑚, 𝑛 )of any vector are

related as: 𝑙 =𝑎

𝑟 , 𝑚 =

𝑏

𝑟, 𝑛 =

𝑐

𝑟

4. The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0 .

5. The vector sum of two coinitial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram

whose adjacents sides are the given vectors.

6. The multiplication of a given vector by a scalar α, changes the magnitude of the given

vector by the multiple │α│, and keeps the direction same (or makes it opposite)

according as the value of α is positive (or negative).

7. For a given vector 𝑎 ,the vector �̂� =�⃗�

|�⃗� |gives the unit vector in the direction of 𝑎 .

8. The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the points P and Q

whose position vectors are 𝑎 and �⃗� respectively ,in the ratio m : n

(i) internally , is given by �⃗� = 𝑚�⃗� +𝑛�⃗�

𝑚+𝑛 .

(ii) externally, is given by�⃗� = 𝑚�⃗� −𝑛�⃗�

𝑚−𝑛 .

(iii) if R is the mid point of PQ, then �⃗� =�⃗� +�⃗�

2 .

9. The scalar product of two given vectors 𝑎 and�⃗� having angle 𝜃 between them is defined

as 𝑎 . �⃗� = ǀ 𝑎 ǀǀ�⃗� ǀcos 𝜃.

Also, when 𝑎 . �⃗� is given, the angle ‘𝜃′ between the vectors𝑎 and�⃗� may be determined by

cos 𝜃 =�⃗� .�⃗�

ǀ �⃗� ǀ ǀ�⃗� ǀ .

10. Product is given as𝑎 × �⃗� = |𝑎 ||�⃗� | sin 𝜃 �̂� ,where�̂� is aunit vector perpendicular to the

plane containing 𝑎 and �⃗� such that 𝑎 , �⃗� , �̂�form right handed system of co-ordinate axes.

11. If we have two vectors 𝑎 and �⃗� , given in component form as

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51

𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖̂ + 𝑏1𝑗̂ + 𝑐1�̂� and �⃗� = 𝑎2𝑖̂ + 𝑏2𝑗̂ + 𝑐2�̂�

and λ any scalar, then

𝑎 + �⃗� = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2)𝑖̂ + (𝑏1 + 𝑏2)𝑗̂ + (𝑐1 + 𝑐2)�̂�

λ𝑎 =λ𝑎1𝑖̂ + λ𝑏1𝑗̂+ λ𝑐1�̂�

𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . �⃗� = 𝑎1𝑎2 + 𝑏1𝑏2 + 𝑐1𝑐2

And𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ × �⃗� = |𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ �̂�𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1

𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

|

Practice problems

LEVEL-1

1) Find the projection of 𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ on 𝑖̂+𝑗̂ .

2) If |𝑎 | =2,|�⃗� | =√3 and 𝑎 .�⃗� =√3.Find the angle between 𝑎 and �⃗� .

3) Find the value of λ when the projection of 𝑎 =λ𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +4�̂� on �⃗� =2𝑖̂ +6𝑗̂+3�̂� is 4 units.

4) Find 𝑎 . ( �⃗� x 𝑐 ) ,if 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3�̂�, �⃗� = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + �̂� and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2�̂�Ans:−𝟏𝟎

5) Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + �̂�, −𝑗̂ − �̂�,

3𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂ + 4�̂� and 4 ( −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + �̂� ) respectively are coplanar.

LEVEL-2

1. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑖̂ -2𝑗̂+3�̂� and 3𝑖̂ -2𝑗̂+�̂� .

2. Find |𝑎 − �⃗� | if |𝑎 | =2,|�⃗� | =3 and 𝑎 .�⃗� = 4.

3. If 𝑎 is a unit vector and (𝑥 - 𝑎 ) . (𝑥 + 𝑎 ) =15. Find |𝑥 | .

4. If 𝑎 and �⃗� are two vectors such that |𝑎 + �⃗� | =|𝑎 | then prove that the vector 2𝑎 + �⃗� is

perpendicular to �⃗� .

5. If vectors 𝑎 =2𝑖̂ +2𝑗̂+3�̂�,�⃗� =𝑖̂ +𝑗̂+�̂� and 𝑐 =3𝑖̂+𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 + λ 𝑏⃗⃗ is perpendicular

to �⃗⃗� . Find the value of λ.

6. If A and B be two points with position vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2�̂� and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ respectively. Find

the position vector of the point which divides AB in 1 : 2 internally.

LEVEL-3

1. Find the value of p so that 𝑎 =2𝑖̂ + p𝑗̂ +�̂� and �⃗� =𝑖̂ -2𝑗̂+3�̂� are perpendicular to each

other.

2. Find |𝑎 | if |𝑎 |=2|�⃗� | and (𝑎 +�⃗� ) . (𝑎 -�⃗� ) = 12.

3. If |𝑎 + �⃗� | =60,|𝑎 − �⃗� | =40 and |�⃗� | =46. Find |𝑎 | .

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4. If 𝑎 =(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3�̂�) and�⃗� =(4𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 3�̂�) Find vector projection of �⃗⃗� in the direction

of�⃗� .

5. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are )ˆ32ˆ(&)ˆ5ˆ4ˆ2( kjikji .Find the unit

vectors parallel to its diagonals. Also find its area.

6. If )ˆ6ˆ(&)ˆ2ˆ2ˆ3(),ˆ3ˆ5ˆ2(),ˆˆˆ( kjikjikjikji are the position vectors of points

A, B, C & D respectively, then find the angle between AB & CD. Deduce that AB & CD

are parallel.

7. Find the value of 𝜆 such that the vectors )ˆˆ2(&)ˆ3ˆ2ˆ(),ˆ5ˆˆ3( kjikjikji are

coplanar.

8. The scalar product of the vector𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + �̂� with a unit vector along the sum of the

vectors �⃗� = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5�̂� and 𝑐 = 𝜇𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3�̂� is equal to one .Find the value of 𝜇 and

hence find the unit vector along �⃗� + 𝑐 Ans:𝝁 =1,𝟏

𝟕(𝟑�̂� + 𝟔𝒋̂ − 𝟐�̂�)

9. Find the value of 𝜆 if the points A( -1,4,-3 ),B(3,𝛌,-5),C(-3,8,-5) and D(-3,2,1) are

coplanar. Ans:𝝀 = 𝟐

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