class8 Sanskrit Textbook

7/30/2019 class8 Sanskrit Textbook

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9


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11


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(d) xqgk;k% Lokeh nf/iqPN% uke 'k`xky% lekxPNr~A

([k) lg% ,dkaegrha xqgke~vi';r~A

(x) ifjHkzeu~lg% {kq/krksZtkr%A

(?k) nwjLFk% 'k`xky% joadkqZekjC/%A

() lg% 'kxkyL; vkkuedjksr~A(p) nwjaiyk;eku% 'kxky% 'yksdeiBr~A

(N) xqgk;kadksfi vfLr bfr 'kxkyL; fopkj%A

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

xzUFk&ifjp; & fo".kq'kekZ us jktk vej'kfDr osQ ew[kZ iq=kksa dks oqQ'ky jktuhfrKcukus osQ ms'; ls dFkkvksaosQ ladyu osQ :i esaiprU=k dh jpuk dh FkhA blesa

fe=kHksn] fe=klEizkfIr] dkdksywdh;] yC/iz.kk'k rFkk vijhf{kr&dkjd_ bu ikp [k.MksaesaoqQy 70 dFkk,rFkk 900 'yksd gSaA 'yksdksaesaizk;% roZQiw.kZuhfr'yksd iz;qDrgSaA iprU=k dk vuqokn prqFkZ'krkCnh osQ vklikl bZjku dh igyoh Hkk"kk esagqvkFkkA blh osQ vk/kj ij fons'kh Hkk"kkvksaesablosQ vusd vuqokn gq,A

^dkdksywdh;e~* iprU=k dk rrh; rU=k gSA bldk uke dkd vkSj mywd dheq[; dFkk osQ dkj.k iM+k gSA

O;kdj.ke~

vO;; & vO;; laLr esa nks izdkj osQ 'kCn gSa&fodkjh rFkk vfodkjhA fodkjh'kCn ifjorZu'khy gSaA laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj f;k 'kCn fodkjh gSaA tSls&ckyd%]l%] 'kqDy%] xPNfrA vfodkjh 'kCn vO;; dgykrs gSaA buosQ :i dHkh ughacnyrsAtSls&v=k] v/quk] vfiA


14/125

12#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

vO;;ksaosQ Hkh :< vkSj ;kSfxd nks :i feyrs gSaA :< vO;;ksaosQ [k.M ughagksrs tSls&p] vfi] ok] rq] [kyq] u bR;kfnA ;kSfxd vO;;ksaosQ [k.M gksrs gSa;s r~]rfr ;k lekl osQ :i esagksrs gSaA r~ls cus vO;; gSa&xRok] xUrqe~bR;kfnA rfrls cus vO;; gSa&loZFkk] ,dnk] r=k] bRFke~] dFke~bR;kfnA lekl osQ :i esavO;;gSa&izfrfnue~] ;Fkk'kfDr bR;kfnA

izLrqr ikB esadnkfpr~] brLrr% (br% $ rr%)] u] n"V~ok] uwue~] vfi] rfgZ]v=k] ,o (v=kSo)] HkwRok] bfr] p] cfg%] vgks] ,oe~] fofpUR;] lg] rnk] ;fn] vFk]JqRok] lnk] ijUrq(ije~$ rq)] izfo';] lglk] dnkfi (dnk $ vfi) ;s vO;; gSaAbudh mi;ZqDr dksfV;ksaesaigpku dh tk ldrh gSA


15/125

1213HkxonTtqde~

r`rh;% ikB%

HkxonTtqde~HkxonTtqde~laLr dk ,d izfl izglu gSA blosQ jpf;rk cks/k;u dgs x;s gSaAblesaolUrlsuk uked xf.kdk viuh lsfodk ijHkfrdk osQ lkFk m|ku esafogkj osQfy, vkrh gSA mldk izseh jkfeyd mlls feyus ogkvkrk gSA blh chp ;e osQ }kjkHkstk x;k nwr ftls olUrlsuk uke dh fdlh vU; L=kh osQ izk.k ys tkuk gS] liZcudj xyrh ls bl olUrlsuk dks Ml ysrk gS vkSj mldk tho ysdj ;eyksd pyktkrk gSA

blh m|ku esa ,d ifjozktd(laU;klh) vius f'k"; osQ lkFk vk;s gq, gSaAolUrlsuk dks e`r ns[kdj f'k"; 'kkf.MY; nq%[kh gks tkrk gSA rc ifjozktd ;ksx ls

viuk tho xf.kdk dh dk;k esaizos'k djk nsrs gSaA xf.kdk thfor gks tkrh gSA mkjxyr tho ykus ij ;ejkt ;eiq#"k dks MkV&MiVdj okil Hkstrs gSaA m|ku esaokil vkdj ;eiq#"k ns[krk gS fd ftl xf.kdk osQ izk.k og ys x;k Fkk og laU;klhdh rjg lcdks mins'k ns jgh gSA rc ;eiq#"k laU;klh osQ [ksy dks vkxs c


16/125

14#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

oS|% & vjs b;alisZ.k n"VkA

psVh & dFkek;ksZtkukfr\

oS|% & egkUra fodkja djksrhfrAfo"krU=ke~ vkjHks Aoq Q.My&oqQfVyxkfefu!e.Mya iz fo'k iz fo'kA

oklqfdiq=k! fr"B fr"BAJw JwA vga rs fljkoska

dfj";kfeA oqQ=k oqQBkfjdkA

xf.kdk & ew[kZoS|! vyaifjJes.kA

oS|% & fikeI;fLrA vgars fikaokradiaQ p uk'k;kfeA

jkfeyd% & Hkks%! f;rka;Ru%A u

[kYorKk o;e~AoS|% & xqfydk% vku;kfeA

(fu"kUr%)(rr% izfo'kfr ;eiq#"k%)

;eiq#"k% & Hkks%! HkfRlZrksga;esuA

u lk olUrlsus; a f{ki za r=kSo uh;rke~A

vU;k olUrlsuk ;k {kh.kk;qLrkfegku;AA

;konL;k''kjhjefXula;ksxa u Lohdjksfr rkoRlizk.kkesuka djksfeA(foyksD;)v;s! mfRFkrk [kfYo;e~A Hkks! fdUuq[kfYone~A

vL;k thoks ee djs mfRFkrS"kk ojkukAvk'p;ijeayksosQ Hkqfo iwou n`';rsAA

(loZrksoyksD;)


17/125

1415HkxonTtqde~

v;s! v;e=kHkoku~;ksxh ifjozktd% hMfrA fdfenkuhadfj";sA Hkorq]n`"Ve~A vL;k xf.kdk;k vkRekuaifjozktd'kjhjs U;L; voflrs deZf.k

;FkkLFkkuafofu;kst;kfeA(rFkk Rok fu"kUr%)

ifjozktd%& (mRFkk; xf.kdk;k% Lojs.k)ijHk`frosQ! ijHkfrosQ!'kkf.MY;% & vjs! izR;kxrizk.k% [kyqHkxoku~A

ifjozktd%& oqQ=k oqQ=k jkfeyd%A

jkfeyd% & HkxoUu;efLeA

'kkf.MY;% & Hkxou~ fdfene~\ #nzk{kxzg.kksfpr% okegLr% 'k~[koy;iwfjr boes izfrHkkfrA uSo uSoA

ifjozktd%& jkfeyd! vkfy eke~A

(rr% izfo'kfr oS|%)


18/125

16#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

oS|% & xqfydk% e;k vkuhrk%A mnde~mnde~A

psVh & bne~mnde~A

oS|% & xqfydk% vo?k^;kfeA

xf.kdk & (laU;kflu% Lojs.k)ew[kZ oS|! tkukfl dresu lisZ.k b;a L=khn"Vk\

oS|% & vjs] b;aizsrsu vkfo"VkAxf.kdk & 'kkL=katkukfl\

oS|% & vFk fde~\xf.kdk & czwfg oS|'kkL=ke~AoS|% & 'k`.kksrqHkorhA

okfrdk% iSfkdk'pSo 'ySf"edk'p egkfo"kk%A=khf.k likZ HkoUR; sr s prqFkk sZ ukf/xE;r sAA


19/125

1617HkxonTtqde~

xf.kdk & v;ei'kCn%A =k;% likZbfr oDrO;e~A ^=khf.k* uiqaloaQ HkofrAoS|% & vjs] vjs! b;aoS;kdj.klisZ.k [kkfnrk Hkosr~Axf.kdk & fd;Urks fo"kosxk%\oS|% & fo"kosxk% 'kre~Axf.kdk & u u] lIr rs fo"kosxk%A r|FkkA

jksekpk s eq[k'k ks" k'p oSo.; pSo osiFk q%A

fgDdk okl'p laeksg% lIrSrk fo"kfof;k%AAoS|% & u [kYoLekoaQ fo"k;%A ueks HkxoR;SA xPNkfe rkonge~A(fu"kUr%)(izfo';)

;eiq#"k% & HkxoUeqP;rkaxf.kdk;k% 'kjhje~Axf.kdk & vLrqA;eiq#"k% & ;Fkk vL;k% thofofue;aRok ;kongefi Lodk;Zeuqfr"BkfeA

(rFkk Rok fu"kUr%)

ifjozktd%& f'koeLrqloZtxrkaijfgrfujrk HkoUrqHkwrx.kk%Anks"kk% iz;kUrq uk'k a loZ=k lq[kh Hkorq yksd%AA

vTtqdk & lEekU; [email protected] osQfy;s laKk vkSj lacks/u

,dr% & ,d vksjifjozktdL; & laU;klh dk

thosu & izk.k osQ lkFk

vkfo"Vk & izfo"V gq bZvijr% & nwljh vksj

'kCnkFkkZ%


20/125

18#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

psVh & nklh] ukSdjkuh

lofLFkrk & izk.k esa fLFkr

n"Vk & Ml yh x;h

fo"krU=ke~ & >kM+&iw Qd dks@fo"k Hkxkus dh fo|k dks

vkjHks & vkjEHk djrk gw @'kq: djrk gw

oqQ.MyoqQfVyxkfefu! & gs oq Q.My osQ leku Vskvksa osQ }kjk lki idM+us osQ fy;siFohry ij cuk;h tkus okyh okkdkjvkfr

fljkos/e~ & ukM+h dkVuk

oqQBkfjdk & NksVh oqQYgkM+h

fike~] okre~ & fik ,oa okr (ok;q) ls mRiUu gksusokys jksx

f;rke~ & djsa ;Ru% & Je] ifjJe] esgur

vrKk & r?u

xqfydk% & nokbZ dh xksfy;k

fu"kUr% & fudy x;k

HkfRlZr% & Mk Vk x;k

f{kize~ & 'kh?kz

uh;rke~ & ys tk;sa{kh.kk;q% ({kh.k$vk;q%) & ftldh vk;q lekIr gks x;h gS

bg & ;gk

vfXula;ksxe~ & vkx ls la;ksx

lizk.kke~ & izk.k lfgr dks


21/125

1819HkxonTtqde~

mfRFkrk & mB x;h

ojkuk (oj$vuk) & Js"B ukjh

Hkqfo & iFoh ij

U;L; & j[kdj

voflrs & lekIr gksus ij

izR;kxrizk.k% & ftldk izk.k ykSV vk;k gS'k~[koy;iwfjr & 'k~ [k fufeZr dM+k ls ;qDr

vo?k^;kfe & ?kksa Vrk gw@ihlrk gw

dresu & fdl

fd;Ur% & fdrus

eq[k'kks"k% & eq g dk lw[kuk

oSo.;Ze~ & psgjs dk jax mM+uk

osiFkq% & dkiuk@didih

fgDdk & fgpdh

laeksg% & csgks'kh] ewPNkZ

fo"kosxk% & fo"k osQ izHkko

fo"kfof;k% & fo"k osQ fodkj

eqP;rke~ & NksM+ nsa

mixE; & ikl tkdj thofofue;e~ & izk.k dh vnyk&cnyh

Hkwrx.kk% & izkf.kx.k

iz;kUrq & tk;sa


22/125

20#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

1- v/ksfyf[krkukaiz'ukuke~mkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&

(d) xf.kdk;k% uke fde~\

([k) ifjozktdL; f'k";% d% vklhr~\

(x) ;enwr% xf.kdk;k% thoadL; 'kjhjs fun/kfr\(?k) ijfgrfujrk osQ HkoUrq\

2- lfU/foPNsnaoqQ#r&

;Fkk& r=kSo r=k $ ,o

HkxoUu;e~ ---------------- $ ----------------

'okl'p ---------------- $ ----------------

[kYorKk% ---------------- $ ----------------lIrSrk% ---------------- $ ----------------

djksrhfr ---------------- $ ----------------

3- mnkgj.kkuqlkjavO;;inkfu fpuqr&

;Fkk& jk/k vfi uR;frA vfi

(d) Roadnk x`gaxfe";flA ----------------

([k) v/quk d% le;%A ----------------(x) egkRekxkU/h lnk lR;aonfr LeA ----------------

(?k) vga o% fo|ky;axfe";kfeA ----------------

() bnkuhaRoa'yksoaQ iBA ----------------

vH;kl%


23/125

2021HkxonTtqde~

4- v/ksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d%@dk oaQ@dkaizfr dFk;kfr\

d%@dk oaQ@dkaizfr

(d) ew[kZoS|! vyaifjJes.kA ---------------- ----------------

([k) oqQ=k oqQ=k jkfeyd%A ---------------- ----------------

(x) fo"kosxk% 'kre~A ---------------- ----------------

(?k) xqfydk% e;k vkuhrk%A ---------------- ----------------() bne~mnde~A ---------------- ----------------

(p) vjs! izR;kxrizk.k% [kyqHkxoku~A ---------------- ----------------

5- foijhrkFkZdk% 'kCnk% ys[kuh;k%&

xq.kk% ----------------

Lohdkj% ----------------

nf{k.kgLr% ----------------

vuU;k ----------------

rK% ----------------

6- v/ksfyf[krkfu inkfu iz;qT; okD;kfu jp;r&

xqfydk% & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

oqQBkfjdk & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

f{kize~ & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

;Ru% & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

yksosQ & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------


24/125

22#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

7- mnkgj.kkuqlkjs.k infuekZ.kaoqQ#r&

ewy'kCnk% opue~ inkfu

;Fkk& f'kfYiu~ izFkek&,dopus f'kYih

/fuu~ f}rh;k&,dopus ---------------------

Kkfuu~ r`rh;k&,dpus ---------------------

egokdkaf{ku~ f}rh;k&cgqopus ---------------------

cgqHkkf"ku~ rrh;k&cgqopus ---------------------

nf.Mu~ f}rh;k&cgqopus ---------------------

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

i;kZ;okfpu% 'kCnk%

liZ% & Hkq tx%] O;ky%] fo"k/j% ph] vfg%] iouk'ku%] HkksxhAyksd% & lalkj%] txr~] Hkqoue~] fo'oe~A

'kjhje~ & nsg%] ruq%] xk=ke~] oiq%] dk;%] foxzg%AHkw% & /jk] iFoh] /j.kh] vpyk] vuUrk] /fj=kh] olq/k] olqU/jk] olqerhAf{kize~ & nzqre~] 'kh?kze~] Rofjre~] lRoje~] piye~] rw.kZe~] vfoyfEcre~A

* izglu :id dk Hksn gS tks gkL;jl iz/ku gksrk gSA HkxonTtqde~laLr ukV~;lkfgR; dk izfl izglu gSA ;g gekjs ns'k esarFkk fons'kksaesaHkh ewy laLrrFkk vU; Hkk"kkvksaesavuwfnr gks dj fo'o osQ Js"B ukV~;funsZ'kdksaosQ funsZ'kuesaeap ij vusd ckj [ksyk x;k gSAbl izglu dk vfHku; osQjy osQ eafnjksaesaizkphu dky ls gh ikjaifjd :i lsgksrk jgk gSA bldh nk'kZfud o vk;kfRed O;k[;k Hkh dh tkrh jgh gSA

* jkf"V; ukV~; fo|ky; (,u~-,l~-Mh)] fnYyh osQ ikB~;e esa;g Lohr gSA* nwjn'kZu /kjkokfgd osQ :i esa(lkr dfM+;ksaesa) Hkh bldk izlkj.k gks pqdk gSA


25/125

2223

lnSo iqjrksfuksfg pj.ke~

prqFkZ% ikB%

lnSo iqjrks fu/sfg pj.ke~Jh/jHkkLdj o.ksZdj osQ }kjk fojfpr izLrqr xhr esapqukSfr;ksadks Lohdkj djrs gq,vkxs c


26/125

24#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

'kCnkFkkZ%

iqjrks(iqjr%) & vkxs

fu/sfg & j[kks

fxfjf'k[kjs & ioZ r dh pksVh ij

futfudsrue~ & viuk fuokl fouSo(fouk$,o) & fcuk gh

uxkjksg.ke~ (ux$vkjksg.ke~) & ioZr ij p


27/125

2425


1- ikBs nkaxhralLojaxk;rA

2- v/ksfyf[krkukaiz'ukuke~mkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&

(d) Lodh;alk/uad Hkofr\

([k) ifFk osQ fo"kek% iz[kjk%\

(x) lrrad dj.kh;e~\

(?k) ,rL; xhrL; jpf;rk d%\

() l% dhn`'k% dfo% eU;rs\

3 etw "kkr% fozQ;kinkfu fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

fu/sfg fo/sfg tghfg nsfg Hkt py oqQ#

;Fkk&Roaiqjr% pj.kafu/sfgA

(d) Roa fo|ky;a -----------------A

([k) jk"Vs vuqjfDra -----------------A

(x) eg~;atya -----------------A

(?k) ew


28/125

26#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

4- etw "kkr% vO;;inkfu fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

,o [kyq rFkk ifjr% iq jr% lnk fouk

(d) fo|ky;L;----------------- ,de~m|kue~vfLrA

([k) lR;e~ ----------------- t;rsA

(x) d Hkoku~Lukuaroku~----------------- \

(?k) l% ;Fkk fpUr;fr----------------- vkpjfrA

() xzkea----------------- o{kk% lfUrA

(p) fo|ka ----------------- thouaoFkkA

(N) ----------------- HkxoUra HktA

5- foykseinkfu ;kst;r&

iqjr% fojfDr%

Lodh;e~ vkxeue~

Hkhfr% i"Br%

vuqjfDr% ijdh;e~

xeue~ lkgl%


29/125

2627


6- yV~ ydkjinsH;% yksV~&fof/fy~ydkjinkuka fuekZ.kaoqQ#r&

yV~ydkjs yksV~ydkjs fof/fy~ydkjs

;Fkk&iBfr iBrq iBsr~

[ksyfl --------------- ---------------

[kknfUr --------------- ---------------

fickfe--------------- ---------------

glr% --------------- ---------------

u;ke% --------------- ---------------

7- v/ksfyf[krkfu inkfu funsZ'kkuqlkjaifjorZ;r&

;Fkk& fxfjf'k[kj (lIreh&,dopus) & fxfjf'k[kjs

ifFku~(lIreh&,dopus) & ------------------

jk"V (prqFkhZ&,dopus) & ------------------ik"kk.k (lIreh&,dopus) & ------------------

;ku (f}rh;k&cgqopus) & ------------------

'kfDr (izFkek&,dopus) & ------------------

i'kq (lIreh&cgqopus) & ------------------

8- mfprdFkukukale{ke~ ^vke~*] vuqfprdFkukukale{ka ^u* bfr fy[kr&

;Fkk&iqjr% pj.kafu/sfgA

(d) futfudsrua fxfjf'k[kjs vfLrA

([k) Lodh;acyack/oaQ HkofrA

vke~


30/125

28#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

(x) ifFk gk% i'ko% u lfUrA

(?k) xeualqdje~vfLrA

() lnSo vxzs ,o pyuh;e~A

9- okD;jpu;k vFkZHksna Li"VhoqQ#r&

ifjr% iqjr%

ux% ukx%

vkjksg.ke~ vojksg.ke~

fo"kek% lek%

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

u xPNfr bfr ux%A iru~xPNrhfr iUux%A

mjlk xPNrhfr mjx%A olq/kj;rhfr olq/kA

[ks (vkdk'ks) xPNfr bfr [kx%A ljrhfr liZ%A

MkW- Jh/jHkkLdj o.ksZdj (1918&2005 bZ-) ukxiqj fo'ofo|ky; esalaLr foHkkxosQ v;{k FksA mUgksaus laLr Hkk"kk esadkO;] ukVd] xhr bR;kfn fo/kvksadh vusdjpuk,dhaA rhu [k.MksaesalaLr&ok~e;&dks'kdk Hkh mUgksaus lEiknu fd;kA mudhjpukvksaesa ^f'kojkT;ksn;e~* egkdkO; ,oa ^foosdkuUnfot;e~* ukVd lqizfl gSaA

izLrqr xhr esa iT>fVdk NUn dk iz;ksx gSA bl NUn osQ izR;sd pj.k esa16

ek=kk,gksrh gSaA fgUnh esabls pkSikbZdgk tkrk gSA


31/125

29/esZ /eua ikis

iq.;e~

dkjkUr&L=khfy%

ipe% ikB%

/esZ /eua ikis iq.;e~^/esZ/euaikis iq.;e~* (/je esa/Ddk] iki esaiq.;) e;izns'k osQ fM.Mksjh fkysesaij/kuksaosQ chp izpfyr yksddFkk gSA ;g dFkk iprU=k dh 'kSyh esajfpr gSAbl dFkk esa;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd ladV esaiM+us ij Hkh prqjkbZ,oaizR;qRiUUkefrRols mlls fudyk tk ldrk gSA

vklhr~ df'pr~ ppyks uke O;k/%A if{kexknhuka xzg.ksu l% Loh;kathfodkafuok Zg;fr LeAA ,dnk l% ou s tkya foLrh; Z

x`ge~ vkxroku~A vU;fLeu~ fnolsizkr%dkys ;nk ppy% ouaxroku~rnk l% n`"Voku~;r~ rsu foLrkfjrstky s nk SH k kZ X;kn ~ ,d% O;k?k z %c% vklhr~A lksfpUr;r~] ^O;k?kz%ek a [kkfn";fr vr,o iyk;uadj.kh;e~A* O;k?kz% U;osn;r ~&^Hkks

ekuo! dY;k.ka Hkorq rsA ;fn Roaeka ekspf;";fl rfgZ vga ROkka ugfu";kfeA* rnk l% O;k/% O;k?kzatkykr~ cfg% fujlkj;r~A O;k?kz%DykUr% vklhr~A lk sonr~] ^Hkks


32/125

30#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

ekuo! fiiklq% vge~A u|k% tyekuh; ee fiiklka'ke;AO;k?kz% tyaihRok iqu% O;kkeonr~] ^'kkUrk es fiiklkAlkEizra cqHkqf{krksfLeA bnkuhe~ vga Roka [kkfn";kfeA*ppy% mDroku~] ^vga RoRrs keZe~ vkpfjroku~ARo;k feF;k Hkf.kre~A Roaeka[kkfnrqe~bPNfl\

O;k?kz% vonr~] ^vjs ew[kZ! /esZ/euaikis iq.;a

Hkofr ,oA iPN defiA*ppy% unhtye~ vi`PNr ~ A

unhtye~vonr~] ^,oeso Hkofr] tuk%ef; LukuaoqQoZfUr] oL=kkf.k iz{kky;fUrrFkk p ey&ew=kkfnoaQ fol`T; fuorZUrs]vr% /esZ/euaikis iq.;aHkofr ,oA*

ppy% o`{ke~ mixE; vi`PNr~Ao{k% vonr~] ^ekuok% vLekoaQ Nk;k;kafojefUrA vLekoaQ iQykfu [kknfUr] iqu%oqQBkjS% izR; vLeH;aloZnk d"VannfrA;=k oqQ=kkfi NsnuaoqQoZfUrA /esZ/euaikisiq.;aHkofr ,oA*

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33/125

31/esZ /eua ikis

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34/125

32#fpjk

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fujlkj;r~(fu%$vlkj;r~) & fudkyk

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35/125

33/esZ /eua ikis

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vH;kl%


36/125

34#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

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37/125

35/esZ /eua ikis

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38/125

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39/125

3637

izseyL;izseY;k'p

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40/125

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41/125

3839

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42/125

40#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

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vH;kl%


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44/125

42#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

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45/125

4243tyokfguh

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46/125

44#fpjk

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47/125

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48/125

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5- lekukFkZdkfu inkfu esy;r&

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49/125

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7- fp=kan`"V~ok etw"kkr% inkfu p fpRok okD;kfu jp;r&

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50/125

48#fpjk

rrh;ks Hkkx%

8- vUo;aoqQ#r&

(d) nzqra;fn ;kfe oluaes

HkosnknzlfyyosxS%A

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oyuh;% & bBykdj pyus yk;d ;k;kprs & ckj&ckj ek x jgh gS


52/125

50#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

v"Ve% ikB%

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53/125

51lalkjlkxjL;

uk;dk%

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ue% ,rkn`'ksH;% f'kfYiH;%A


54/125

52#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

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fuehZ;Urs Le & cuk, tkrs Fks


55/125

53lalkjlkxjL;

uk;dk%

fuekZrkj% & cukus okys

xt/j% & xt (yackbZ ] pkSM+kbZ] xgjkbZ] eksVkbZekius dh yksgs dh NM+) dks /kj.kdjus okyk O;fDr

rMkxfuekZr.kke~ & rkykc cukus okyksa osQ

f=kgLrifjek.kkfRedhe~ & rhu gkFk osQ uki dh ykSg;f"Ve~ & yksgs dh NM+

leknrk% & vknj dks izkIr

xkEHkh;Ze~ & xgjkbZ

okLrqdkjk% & Hkou vkfn dk fuekZ .k djus okys

dkee~ & pkgs] Hkys gh

fuHkky;fUr Le & fuHkkrs Fks

vk/rkfu & vk/kfjr

vkdy;fUr Le & vuq eku djrs Fks

midj.klEHkkjku~ & lk/u lkexzh dks

laxg~.kfUr Le & laxzg djrs Fks

izfrnkus & cnys esa;kpUrs Le & ek xrs Fks

vfrfjP; & vfrfjDr


56/125

54#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

1- ,dinsu mkjr&

(d) dL; jkT;L; Hkkxs"kqxt/j% 'kCn% iz;qT;rs\

([k) xtifjek.kad% /kj;fr\

(x) dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; xt/jsH;% d iznh;rs Le\

(?k) osQ f'kfYi:is.k u lekn`rk% HkofUr\

2- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqkjkf.k fy[kr&

(d) rMkxk% oqQ=k fuehZ;Urs Le\

([k) xt/jk% dfLeu~:is ifjfprk%\

(x) xt/jk% d oqQoZfUr Le\

(?k) osQ lEekuuh;k%\

3- js[kkfrkfu inkfu vk/`R; iz'u&fuekZ.kaoqQ#r&(d) lqj{kkizcU/uL; nkf;Roaxt/jk% fuHkky;fUr LeA

([k) rs"kkaLokfeu% vleFkkZ% lfUrA

(x) dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; lEekuefi izkIuqofUrA

(?k) xt/j% lqUnj% 'kCn% vfLrA

() rMkxk% lalkjlkxjk% dF;UrsA

4- v/ksfyf[krs"kq;Fkkisf{kralU/@foPNsnaoqQ#r&

(d) v| $ vfi ---------------([k) ---------- $ ---------- Lej.kkFkZ e~

(Xk) bfr $ vfLeu~ ---------------

(?k) ---------- $ ---------- ,rs"oso

() lglk $ ,o ---------------

vH;kl%


57/125

55lalkjlkxjL;

uk;dk%

5- etw"kkr% leqfprkfu inkfu fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

jp;fUr x`ghRok lglk ftKklk lg

(d) Nk=kk% iqLrdkfu-------------------- fo|ky;axPNfUrA

([k) ekykdkjk% iq"iS% ekyk% --------------------------------A

(x) ee eufl ,dk

-------------------------------

orZrsA(?k) jes'k% fe=kS% ----------------- fo|ky;axPNfrA

() ---------------------- ckfydk r=k vglrA

6- infuekZ.kaoqqQ#r&

/krq% izR;;% ine~

;Fkk& $ rqequ~ drZqe~

$ rqequ~ -------------r` $ rqequ~ -------------

;Fkk& ue~ $ DRok uRok

xe~ $ DRok -------------

R;t~ $ DRok -------------

Hkqt~ $ DRok -------------

milxZ% /krq % izR;;% ine~

;Fkk& mi xe~ Y;i~ mixE;

le~ iwt~ Y;i~ -----------------

vk uh Y;i~ -----------------

iz nk Y;i~ -----------------


58/125

56#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

7- dks"BosQ"kqnks"kq'kCns"kqleqfprka foHkfDra ;kstf;Rok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

;Fkk&fo|ky;a ifjr% o{kk% lfUrA (fo|ky;)

(d) -------------------- mHk;r% xzkek% lfUrA (xzke)

([k) -------------------- loZr% v^kfydk% lfUrA (uxj)

(x) f/o~Q--------------------A (dkiq#"k)

;Fkk&e`xk% e`xS% lg /kofUrA (ex)

(d) ckydk% -------------------- lg iBfUrA (ckfydk)

([k) iq=k-------------------- lg vki.kaxPNfrA (fir)

(x) f'k'kq% -------------------- lg hMfrA (ekr)

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

vuqie feJ&ty laj{k.k osQ ikjaifjd Kku dks lekt osQ lkeus ykus dk Js; ftuyksxksa dks gS Jh vuqie feJ (tUe 1948) muesa vxzx.; gSaA ^vkt Hkh [kjs gSarkykc* vkSj ^jktLFkku dh jtr cwnas* ikuh ij mudh cgqiz'kaflr iqLroasQ gSaA

Hkk"kk&foLRkkj%

dkjd

lkekU; :i ls nks izdkj dh foHkfDr;kgksrh gSaA1- dkjd foHkfDr 2- miin foHkfDrA

dkjd fpg~uksaosQ vk/kj ij tgkinksadk iz;ksx gksrk gS mls dkjd foHkfDr dgrsgSaA fdUrqfdUghafo'ks"k inksaosQ dkj.k tgkdkjd fpksadh mis{kk dj fdlh fo'ks"k


59/125

57lalkjlkxjL;

uk;dk%

foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gS mls miin foHkfDr dgrs gSa] tSls&

loZr% vfHkr%] ifjr%] f/o~Q vkfn inksaosQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA

mnk & (d) fo|ky;a ifjr% iq"ikf.k lfUrA

([k) f/o~Q ns'knzksfg.ke~A

lg] lkde~] lkZe~] leaosQ ;ksx esar`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA

mnk & (d) tuosQu lg iq=k% xr%A

([k) nqtZusu leal[;e~Aue%] LofLr] Lokgk] Lo/k osQ ;ksx esaprqFkhZ foHkfDr iz;qDr gksrh gS&

mnk & (d) ns'kHkDrk; ue%A

([k) ue% ,rkn'ksH;% f'kfYiH;%A

(x) tusH;% LofLrA

vye~'kCn osQ nks vFkZgSa&i;kZIr ,oaer (okj.k osQ vFkZesa)A i;kZIr osQ vFkZesaprqFkhZ foHkfDr gksrh gS tSls&ns'knzksfg.ks vyans'kj{kdk%A

euk djus osQ vFkZesar`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gS] tSls&vya fooknsuA

fouk osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k] rrh;k ,oa ipeh foHkfDr;k gksrh gSa] tSls&[email protected]@ifjJekr~fouk u xfr%A

fuEufyf[kr f;kvksaosQ ,dopu cukus dk iz;kl djsa&

vkdy;fUr] laxfUr] izLrqUofUrA

ftKklk&tkuus dh bPNkA blh izdkj osQ vU; 'kCn gSa&fiiklk] ftfXe"kk] foo{kk] cqHkw{kkA

Hkko&foLrkj%

vxj ge ;ku ls ns[ksarks gekjs pkjksarjiQ Kku ,oadkS'ky osQ fofo/ :i fn[kkbZnsrs gSaA blesaoqQN Kku vkSj dkS'ky iQyrs&iwQyrs gSavkSj dbZfujarj {kh.k gksrs gSaA


60/125

58#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

blosQ dbZmnkgj.k gekjs lkeus gSaA ikuh dk O;oLFkkiu laj{k.k vkSj [ksrh&ckM+h dkikjaifjd rkSj&rjhdk] f'kYi rFkk dkjhxjh dk Kku nqyZHk vkSj foyqIr gksus osQ dxkjij gSA oghavfHk;kfU=kdh ,oalapkj ls lacaf/r Kku u, mHkkj ij gSaA njvly fdlrjg dk Kku vkSj dkS'ky vkxs fodflr vkSj izxqf.kr gksxk vkSj fdl rjg dk Kku,oadkS'ky fiNM+sxk] foyqIr gksus osQ fy, foo'k gksxk ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrkgS fd ns'k vkSj lekt fdl rjg osQ Kku ,oadkS'ky osQ fodkl esaviuk Hkfo";lqjf{kr ,oalq[ke; ekurk gSA

ifj;kstuk&dk;Ze~

vkus okyh Nqf^;ksaesavius vkl&ikl osQ {ks=k osQ mu ikjaifjd Kku ,oadkS'kyksadkirk yxk,ftudk LFkku lekt esavc fujarj ?kV jgk gSA mUgsadksbZmfpr izksRlkguughafey jgk gS ;k os foyqIr gksus osQ dxkj ij gSaA mudh ,d lwph Hkh rS;kj djsavkSj muosQ fy, iz;qDr gksus okys laLr 'kCn fy[ksaA vius vkSj vius fe=kksa }kjkrS;kj dh xbZvyx&vyx lwfp;ksa dks lkeus j[krs gq, bu ikjaifjd dkS'kyksa osQfoyqIr gksus osQ dkj.kksadk irk yxk,A


61/125

59lIrHkfxU;%

uoe% ikB%

lIrHkfxU;%^lIrHkfxuh* ;g ,d miuke gSA mkj&iwoZosQ lkr jkT; fo'ks"k dks mDr mikf/ nhx;h gSA bu jkT;ksadk izkfrd lkSUn;ZvR;Ur foy{k.k gSA bUghaosQ lkaLfrd vkSjlkekftd oSf'k"V~; dks ;ku esaj[kdj izLrqr ikB dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSA

v;kfidk & lqizHkkre~A

Nk=kk% & lqizHkkre~A lqizHkkre~A

v;kfidk & HkorqA v| d iBuh;e~\

Nk=kk% & o;alosZLons'kL; jkT;kukafo"k;s KkrqfePNke%Av;kfidk & 'kksHkue~A onrA vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\

lk;jk & prqfo'kfr% egksn;s!

flYoh & u fg u fg egkHkkxs! ipo'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA

v;kfidk & vU;% dksfi----\

Lojk & (e;s ,o) egksn;s! es Hkfxuh dFk;fr ;nLekoaQ ns'ksv"Vko'kfr% jkT;kfu lfUrA ,rnfrfjP; lIr osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk%vfi lfURkA

v;kfidk & lE;Xtkukfr rs HkfxuhA Hkorq] vfi tkuhFk ;w;a;nsrs"kqjkT;s"kqlIrjkT;kuke~,d% leok;ksfLr ;% lIrHkfxU;% bfr ukEukizfFkrksfLrA

izR;;%


62/125

60#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

losZ & (lk'p;Ze~ijLijai';Ur%)lIrHkfxU;%\ lIrHkfxU;%\

fudksyl% & bekfu jkT;kfu lIrHkfxU;% bfr fdeFkdF;Urs\

v;kfidk & iz;ksxks;aizrhdkRedks orZrsA dnkfpr~lkekftd&lkaLfrd&ifjn`';kukalkE;kn~bekfu mDrksikf/uk izfFkrkfuA

leh{kk & dkSrwgyaes u [kyq'kkfUraxPNfr] Jko;rqrkon~;r~dkfu

rkfu jkT;kfu\v;kfidk & k`.kqr!

v};ae=k;apSo u&f=k&;qDrarFkk };e~AlIrjkT;lewgks;a HkfxuhlIroaQ eue~AA

bRFkaHkfxuh lIrosQ bekfu jkT;kfu lfUr&v#.kkpyizns'k%] vle%]ef.kiqje~] fetksje%] es?kky;%] uxkyS.M%] f=kiqjk psfrA ;|fi{ks=kifjek.kS% bekfu y?kwfu orZUrs rFkkfi xq.kxkSjon"V~;k c`gkjkf.k

izrh;UrsAlosZ & dFke~\ dFke~\

v;kfidk & bek% lIrHkfxU;% Loh;s izkphusfrgkls izk;% Lok/huk% ,on`"Vk%A u osQukfi 'kklosQu bek% Lok;khrk%A vusd&laLfr&fof'k"Vk;ka HkkjrHkwekS ,rklka Hkfxuhuka laLfr%egokkkf;uh bfrA

rUoh & v;a'kCn% loZizFkeadnk iz;qDr%\

v;kfidk & Jqre/qj'kCnks;a loZizFkea foxr'krkCnL; f}lIrfrres o"ksZf=kiqjkjkT;L;ksn~?kkVues osQukfi izofrZr%A vfLeUuso dkys ,rs"kkajkT;kukaiqu% l~?kVuafofgre~A

Lojk & vU;r~fdefi oSf'k"V~;efLr ,rs"kke~\


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61lIrHkfxU;%

v;kfidk & uwue~vfLr ,oA ioZr&o{k&iq"i&izHk`frfHk% izkfrdlEif%lqlekfu lfUr bekfu jkT;kfuA Hkkjro{ks p iq"i& Lrcdln'kkfufojktUrs ,rkfuA

jktho% & Hkofr! xgs ;Fkk lokZf/dk jE;k euksjek p Hkfxuh Hkofr rFkSoHkkjrxgsfi lokZf/dk% jE;k% bek% lIrHkfxU;% lfUrA

v;kfidk & euL;kxrk rs b;a Hkkouk ijedY;k.ke;h ija losZ u rFkk

voxPNfUrA vLrq] vfLr rkonsrs"kkafo"k;s fdfpn~oSf'k"V~;efidFkuh;e~A lkofgreulk k`.kqr&

tutkfrcgqyizns'kks;e~A xkjks&[kklh&uxk&fetks&izHk`r;% cgo%tutkrh;k% v=k fuolfUrA 'kjhjs.k tZfLou% ,rRizknsf'kdk%cgqHkk"kkfHk% lefUork%] ioZijEijkfHk% ifjiwfjrk%] Loyhyk&dykfHk'p fu".kkrk% lfUrA

ekyrh & egksn;s! r=k rqoa'ko{kk vfi izkI;Urs\

v;kfidk & vke~A izns'ksfLeu~gLrf'kYikukackgqY;aorZrsA vk oL=kkHkw"k.ksH;%x`gfuekZ.ki;ZUraizk;% oa'ko{kfufeZrkukaoLrwuke~mi;ksx% f;rsA;rks fg v=k oa'ko{kk.kka izkpq; fo|rsA lkEizra oa'kks|ksxks;avUrkjkf"V;[;kfre~vokIrksfLrA

vfHkuo% & Hkfxuhizns'kks;ackd"kZd% Kk;rsA

lyhe% & d Hkze.kk; Hkfxuhizns'kks;alehphu%\

losZ Nk=kk% & (mPpS%)egksn;s! vkxkfefu vodk'ks o;ar=kSo xUrqfePNke%A

Lojk & HkoR;fi vLekfHk% lkpyrqAv;kfidk & jksprs es;afopkj%A ,rkfu jkT;kfu rqHkze.kkFkLoxZln`'kkfu

bfrA


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62#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

ck


65/125

63lIrHkfxU;%

vijr% & nwljh vksj

{ks=kifjek.kS% & {ks=kiQy ls

y?kwfu & NksVs

xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k & xq.k ,oa xkSjo dh nf"V ls

cgkjkf.k & cM+s

Lok/huk% (Lo$v/huk%) & LorU=k

Lok;khrk% & vius v/hu fd;s x;segok/kf;uh & ego dks j[kus okyh] egoiw.kZ

(ego$vk/kf;uh)

Jqre/qj'kCn% & lquus esae/qj 'kCn

izHkfrfHk% & vkfn ls

fofgre~ & fof/iw oZd fd;k x;k

izkfrdlEif% & izkfrd lEinkvksals

lqlekfu & cgq r le`Hkkjro{ks & Hkkjr :ih o`{k esa @ij

iq"iLrcdln'kkfu & iq"i osQ xq PNs osQ leku

|k & fiz; (n; dks fiz; yxus okyh)euksje

jE;k & je.kh;

lkofgreulk & lko/ku eu ls

tZfLou% & tkZ ;qDrioZijEijkfHk% & ioks dh ijEijk ls

ifjiwfjrk% & iw.kZ] Hkjs&iwjs

lefHkuUnuh;e~ & Lokxr ;ksX;


66/125

64#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

lehphu% & cgqr vPNk

LoyhykdykfHk% & viuh f;k ,oa dykvksa ls

fu".kkrk% & ikjr] fuiq.k

oa'ko{kfufeZrkuke~ & ckl osQ o{kksals fufeZr

vokIr% & izkIr

ckd"kZd% (cgq$vkd"kZd%) & vR;Ur vkd"kZd@vR;f/d vkd"kZd

1- mPpkj.ka oqQ#r&

lqizHkkre~ egok/kf;uh ioZ ijEijkfHk%

prqfo'kfr% f}lIrfrres oa'ko{kfufeZrkuke~

lIrHkfxU;% izkfrdLkEif% oa'kks|ksxks;e~

xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k iq"iLrcdln`'kkfu vUrkjkf"V;[;kfre~2- iz'ukuke~mkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr&

(d) vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr jkT;kfu lfUr\

([k) izkphusfrgkls dk% Lok/huk% vklu~\

(x) osQ"kkaleok;% ^lIrHkfxU;%* bfr dF;rs\

(?k) vLekoaQ ns'ks dfr osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk% lfUr\

() lIrHkfxuh&izns'ks d% m|ksx% loZizeq[k%\

3- v/ksfyf[krins"kq izfr&izR;;foHkkxaoqQ#r&

inkfu izfr% izR;;%

;Fkk&xUrqe~ xe~ $ rqequ~

Kkrqe~ ------------- $ -------------

vH;kl%


67/125

65lIrHkfxU;%

xzghrqe~ ------------- $ -------------

ikrqe~ ------------- $ --------------

Jksrqe~ ------------- $ -------------

Hkzferqe~ ------------- $ -------------

4- ikBkr~fpRok rn~Hkoinkukars laLrinkfu fy[kr&

rn~Hko&inkfu laLr&inkfu;Fkk&lkr lIr

cfgu --------------

laxBu --------------

ckl --------------

vkt --------------

[ksr --------------

5- fHkUuizfroaQ inafpuqr&(d) xPNfr] iBfr] /kofr] vglr~] hMfrA

([k) Nk=k%] lsod%] f'k{kd%] ysf[kdk] hMd%A

(x) i=ke~] fe=ke~] iq"ie~] vkez%] u{k=ke~A

(?k) O;k?kz%] HkYywd%] xt%] diksr%] o`"kHk%] lg%A

() ifFkoh] olqU/jk] /fj=kh] ;kue~] olq/kA

6- etw"kkr% f;kinkfu fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

lfUr vfLr izrh;Urs orZrs bPNkfe fuolfUr orZUrs

(d) v;aiz;ksx% izrhdkRed% --------------A

([k) lIr osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk% --------------A


68/125

66#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

(x) v=k cgo% tutkrh;k% --------------A

(?k) vgafdefi Jksrqe~--------------A

() r=k gLrf'kfYiukackgqY;a --------------A

(p) lIrHkfxuhizns'kk% jE;k% |k p--------------A

(N) xq.kxkSjon`"V~;k bekfu o`gkjkf.k --------------A

7- fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.kkuke~mfpra esyue~oqQ#r&fo'ks";&inkfu fo'ks"k.k&inkfu

v;e~ la Lfr%

laLfrfof'k"Vk;ke~ bfrgkls

egok/kf;uh izns'k%

izkphus leok;%

,d% HkkjrHkwekS

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

* v};ae=k;apSo u&f=k&;qDrarFkk };e~AlIrjkT;lewgks;a HkfxuhlIroaQ ere~AA

;g jkT;ksaosQ ukeksadks ;kn j[kus dk ,d ljy rjhdk gSA bldk vFkZgS v lsvkjEHk gksus okys nks] e ls vkjEHk gksus okys rhu] u ls uxkyS.M vkSj f=k lsf=kiqjk dk cks/ gksrk gSA blh izdkj vBkjg iqjk.kksaosQ uke ;kn j[kus osQ fy;s;g 'yksd izfl gS&

e};a Hk};a pSo cz=k;a oprq"V;e~Av&uk&i&yx&owQLdkfu iqjk.kkfu izp{krsAA

* ^lIrHkfxuh* bl miuke dk loZizFke iz;ksx 1972 esaJh T;ksfr izlkn lSfd;kus vkdk'kok.kh osQ lkFk HksaVokrkZosQ e esa fd;k FkkA


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67lIrHkfxU;%

* buosQ vUrxZr vkus okys jkT;ksadk mYys[k izkphu xzUFkksa esa Hkh izkIr gksrk gS;Fkk&egkHkkjr] jkek;.k] iqjk.k vkfnA

* bu jkT;ksadh jkt/kuh e'k% bl izdkj gS&

v#.kkpy izns'k & bVkuxj

vle & fnliq j

ef.kiqj & bEiQky

fetksje & ,stksy

es?kky; & f'kyk

uxkyS.M & dksfgek

f=kiqjk & vxjrYyk

* fcgw] ef.kiqjh] ukue vkfn bl izns'k osQ izeq[k u`R; gSaA

* uxk] fetks] [kklh] vleh] ckaXyk] ine] cksMks] xkjks] t;fUr;k vkfn ;gkdhizeq[k Hkk"kk,gSaA

lIrla[;k ij oqQN vU; izpfyr uke gSa&

lIrflU/q &^lIrHkfxuh* osQ leku lIrflU/qHkh gSaA ;s lIrflU/q gSa&flU/q] 'kqrqnzh(lryt)] bjkorh (bjkonh)] forLrk (>sye)] foik'kk (O;kl)] vflDuh (fpukc)vkSj ljLorhA

lIrioZr& egsUnz] ey;] fgeoku~] vcqZn] foU;] lg~;kfnz] Jh'kSyA

lIrf"kZ & ejhfp] iqyLR;] vafxjk] rq] vf=k] iqyg] ofl"BA

".kukFk dh iqLrd v#.kkpy ;k=kk (okXnsoh izdk'ku] chdkusj 2002) iBuh; gSA

ifj;kstuk&dk;Ze~

ikB esa fLFkr v};a----- okyh igsyh ls lkrksajkT;ksaosQ uke dks le>ksA


70/125

68#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

n'ke% ikB%

v'kksdofudkizLrqr ikB vkfndfo okYehfdr jkek;.k osQ lqUnjdk.M osQ iUnzgosalxZls lax`ghrgSA lhrk dh [kkst esaguqeku yk esaizfo"V gksrs gSarFkk oghajko.k osQ izfl m|kuv'kksd&ofudk dh 'kksHkk dk vkg~yknd n'kZu djrs gSaA ;g v'kksdofudk fnO;@vf}rh;lkSjHk] Lokn] lkSUn;Z,oafofo/ o.kksls ;qDr oqQlqeksa] yrkvksao{kksavkfn ls lqHkksfHkrgSA blh dk o.kZu izLrqr ikB esagSA

loZrqZoqQlqeS jE;S% iQyon~fHk'p ikniS%A

iqf"irkuke'kksdkukafJ;k lw;ksZn;izHkke~AA1AAdf.kZdkjS% oqQlqferS% d'kqoSQ'p lqiqf"irS%Al ns'k% izHk;k rs"kkaiznhIr bo loZr% AA2AA

iqaukxk% lIri.kkZ'p pEidksn~nkydkLrFkkAfoo`ewyk cgo% 'kksHkUrs Le lqiqf"irk% AA3AA

uUnua focq/ks|kua fp=ka pS=kjFka ;FkkAvfrokfeokfpUR;afnO;ajE;fJ;kore~AA4AA

loZrZqiq"iSfuZfpra ikniSeZ/qxfU/fHk%AukukfuuknS#|kuajE;ae`xx.kf}tS% AA5AA

vusdxU/izoga iq.;xU/a euksgje~A'kSysUnzfeo xU/k


71/125

69v'kksdofudk

loZrqZoqQlqeS% (loZ$rqoqQlqeS%) & lHkh rqvksa osQ iwQyksals

ikniS% & o{kksals

lw;ksZn;izHkke~(lw;Z$mn;izHkke~) & lw ;ksZn; dh NVkfJ;k & 'kksHkk ls

df.kZdkjS% & dusj osQ iwQyksa ls

d'kqoSQ% & Vslw@iyk'k osQ iwQyksa@isM+ksa ls

izHk;k & NVk ls

iqaukxk & lisQn dey@ukxosQlj ukedk o{kA

lIri.kkZ'p% (lIri.kkZ%$p) & vkSj lIri.kZ * uke dk ,do{k fNrou

pEidksn~nkydk% & pEik ,oa mkyd uked(pEid$mkydk%) ikSkk@iQwy

focq/ks|kue~ (focq/$m|kue~) & nsorkvksa dk m|ku

pS=kjFke~ & oqQcsj osQ m|ku dk uke

uUnue~ & LoxZ dk m|kuukukfuuknS% & vusd izdkj dh ofu;ksa ls

exx.kf}tS% & i'kqvksa ,oafpfM+;ksals

'kCnkFkkZ%'kCnkFkk Z%


72/125

70#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

iq.;xU/e~ & ifo=k@'kq xU/ okyk

'kSysUnze~('kSy$bUnze~) & igkM+ksa dk jktk (fgeky;)

xU/eknue~ & ^xU/eknu* uke dk ,d igkM+

v'kksdofudk;ke~ & v'kksd ofudk esa

okujiqaxo% & cUnjksa esaJs"B (guqeku)

ftZre~ & pdkpkSa/ ls ;qDr

1- v/ksfyf[krkfu inkfu mPpkj;r&

loZrqZoqQlqeS% loZ rqZiq"iS% df.kZ dkjS%

e`xx.kf}tS% iQyof'p ikniSeZ/qxfU/fHk%

lIri.kkZ'p pEidkskydk% focq/ks|kue~

nn'kkZfonwjLFke~ izklknewftZre~ d'kqoSQ'p

2- ikBkUrxZrku~lokZu~ 'yksdku~lLoja xk;rA

3- 'yksosQ"kq fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

(d) v'kksd----------------------- rqrL;kaokuj -----------------------A

l nn'kkZfonwjLFka-----------------------------------

izklknewftZre~AA([k) df.kZdkjS% d'kqoSQ'p----------------------------------------------------- A

l ns'k% ----------------------- rs"kkaiznhIr bo-----------------------A

vH;kl%


73/125

71v'kksdofudk

4- 'yksdka'kku~ ;kst;r&

d [k

uUnuafocq/ks|kua iq.;xU/aeuksgje~A

vusdxU/izoga iznhIr bo loZr%A

l ns'k% izHk;k rs"kka fp=kapS=kjFka;FkkA

iqaukxk% lIri.kkZ'p jE;ae`xx.kf}tS%A

ukukfuuknS#|kua pEidksn~nkydkLrFkkA

5- funsZ'kkuqlkja ^rr~* bfr 'kCn:iS% fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

fofHkDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~

(d);Fkk& iqfYyXss izFkek l% ------------- -------------

"k"Bh rL; ------------- -------------

lIreh ------------- ------------- rs"kq

([k);Fkk& L=khfyXss "k"Bh ------------- r;ks% -------------f}rh;k rke~ ------------- -------------

r`rh;k ------------- rkH;ke~ -------------

(x);Fkk& uiqaldfyXss izFkek rr~ ------------- rkfu

f}rh;k ------------- ------------- -------------

prqFkhZ rLeS ------------- -------------

6- iz'ukuke~mkjkf.k fy[kr&(d) ikBsfLeu~ns'k% bfr 'kCnL; dksFkZ%\

([k) osQ"kkfpr~ip iq"ik.kkaukekfu fy[krA


74/125

72#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

(x) okujiqaxo% oQ nn'kZ\

(?k) v=k okujiqo% d%\

() m|kue~oSQ% fuuknS% jE;e~\

7- pLFkinkfu iz;qT; okD;kfu jp;r&

;Fkk&jke% lhrky{e.kkH;kalg ouaxPNfrA

(d) jke% -----------------------------------------A

([k) ----------------------------------------- A

(x) ----------------------------------------- A

(?k) ----------------------------------------- A

() ----------------------------------------- A

(p) ----------------------------------------- A

(N) ----------------------------------------- A

jke%

Hkjrk;

foHkh"k.k

a

jko.kalqxzhos.k

lhrky{e.kkH;ka

fi=kks%

guqefr

v;ks;k;

k%

flkJeaxPNfr

yadjkt

!bfr

lEcks/;fr

gfUr

lgouaxPNfr

iknqosQiz;PNfr

izlUu

ksfLr

oUnuadjk

sfr

eS=khaLFkki;fr


75/125

73v'kksdofudk

8- etw "kkr% inkfu fpRok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

,rke~ ,"kk ,rs ,rkfu ,"k% ,rk%

;Fkk&v;;us ,"k% cky% vf}rh;% vfLrA

(d) ------------ ckyk fo|ky;kr~x`gaxPNfrA

([k) m|kus ------------ iq"ikf.k fodflrkfu lfUrA

(x) firk------------

ys[kuhaee~vki.kkr~vku;r~A(?k) vge~------------ iQys rqH;annkkfeA

() ------------ ckfydk% e/qjkf.k xhrkfu xk;fUrA

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

xzUFk ifjp;&^jkek;.k* osQoy ykSfdd laLr dk gh ughavfirq fo'o dk vkfndkO; gSA ^jkek;.ke~ vkfndkO;e~ loZosnkFkZlEere~A* blesa lkr dk.M gSa rFkk ;gpkSchl gtkj 'yksdksals ;qDr gSA ^prqfo'k lglzkf.k 'yksdkukeqDroku`f"k%A*

* jkek;.k dk lcls vPNk dk.M lqUnjdk.M ekuk tkrk gSA dbZ izns'kksaesa bldk.M osQ fu;fer ikB dh ijEijk gSA lqUnjdk.M osQ fo"k; esa ,d yksdizpfyr dFku izkIr gksrk gS] tks bl izdkj gS&

lqUnjs lqUnjks jke% lqUnjs lqUnjh dFkkA

lqUnjs lqUnjh lhrk lqUnjs d u lqUnje~A

* v'kksd&ofudk n'kkuu jko.k dk m|ku Fkk ftlesavigj.k osQ ckn lhrk dksfNik dj j[kk x;k FkkA

ifj;kstuk&dk;Ze~

Hkkjro"kZ osQ oqQN izfl ckxksa vFkok m|kuksa dh lwph cuk,] ;Fkk&'kkyhekj ,oafu'kkrA


76/125

74#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

,dkn'k% ikB%

lkfo=kh ckbZ iqQysf'k{kk gekjk vf/dkj gSA gekjs lekt eas dbZleqnk; blls yEcs le; rd ofprjgs gSaA mUgsabl vf/dkj dks ikus osQ fy, yEck la?k"kZdjuk iM+k gSA yM+fd;ksadksrks vkSj T;knk vojks/ >syuk iM+rk jgk gSA izLrqr ikB bl la?k"kZdk usr`Ro djusokyh lkfo=kh ckbZiqQys osQ ;ksxnku ij osQfUnzr gSA

mifj fufeZra fp=ka i';rA bna fp=kadL;kf'pr~ ikB'kkyk;k% orZrsA b;alkekU;kikB'kkyk ukfLrA b;efLr egkjk"VL; izFkek dU;kikB'kkykA ,dk f'kf{kdk xgkr~iqLrdkfu vknk; pyfrA ekxsZdf'pr~rL;k% mifj /wfyadf'pr~p izLrj[k.Mku~f{kifrA ijalk Lon


77/125

75lkfo=khckbZ iqQys

efgyk\ vfi ;w;feekaefgykatkuhFk\ b;eso egkjk"VL; izFkek efgyk f'kf{kdklkfo=kh ckbZiqQys ukeks;kA

tuojh eklL; r`rh;s fnols 1831 res f[kzLrkCnsegkjk"VL; uk;xkao&ukfEu LFkkus lkfo=kh vtk;rArL;k% ekrk y{ehckbZfirk p [kaMksth bfr vfHkfgrkSAuoo"kZns'kh;k lk T;ksfrck iqQys egksn;su ifj.khrkA

lksfi rnkuha =k;ksn'ko"kZdYi% ,o vklhr~A ;rksfgl% L=khf'k{kk;k% izcy% leFkZd% vklhr~ vr%lkfo=;k% eufl fLFkrk v;;ukfHkyk"kk mRlaizkIrorhAbr% ijalk lkxzge~vk~XyHkk"kk;k vfi v;;uarorhA

1848 res f[k zLrkCns iq.k s uxjs lkfo=khT;ksfrckegksn;su lg dU;kuka o`Qrs izns'kL; izFkea fo|ky;e~vkjHkrA rnkuhalkosQoyalIrn'ko"khZ;k vklhr~A 1851 res f[kzLrkCns vLi';Rokr~frjLrL; leqnk;L;

ckfydkukao`Qrs iFko~Qr;k r;k vij% fo|ky;% izkjC/%AlkekftdoqQjhrhuka lkfo=kh eq[kja fojks/e~ vdjksr~A fo/okuka f'kjkseq.MuL;

fujkdj.kk; lk lk{kkr~ukfirS% fefyrkA iQyr% osQpu ukfirk% vL;ka:


78/125

76#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

'kCnkFkkZ%

vrho lf;k vklhr~A vL; e.MyL; ms';e~vklhr~ mRihfMrkuka leqnk;kukaLokf/dkjku~izfr tkxj.ke~bfrA

lkfo=kh vusdk% laLFkk% iz'kkludkS'kysu lpkfyrorhA nqfHkZ{kdkys Iysx&dkysp lk ihfMrtukuke~vJkUre~vfojrap lsoke~vdjksr~A lgk;rk& lkexzh&O;oLFkk;SloZFkk iz;kle~vdjksr~A egkjksxizlkjdkys lsokjrk lk Lo;e~vlk;jksxs.k xzLrk 1897res f[kzLrkCns fu/uaxrkA

lkfgR;jpu;k vfi lkfo=kh egh;rsA rL;k% dkO;lyu};aorZrs ^dkO;iqQys*^lqckskjRukdj* psfrA Hkkjrns'ks efgyksRFkkuL; xgukocks/k; lkfo=khegksn;k;k%

thoupfjre~vo';e~v;srO;e~A

vknk; & ysdj

izLrj[k.Mku~ & iRFkj osQ VqdM+ksadks

lfouksne~ & glh etkd osQ lkFk

vkyiUrh & ckr djrh gq bZ

vtk;r & iSnk gqbZ

vfHkfgrkS & dgs x;s gSa

ifj.khrk & C;kgh x;h vLi';r;k & NqvkNwr osQ dkj.k

izkjC/% & vkjEHk fd;k

izrkMu'khykuke~ & izrkfM+r djusokyh


79/125

77lkfo=khckbZ iqQys

fujkdj.kk; & nwj djus osQ fy,

:


80/125

78#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

2- v/ksfyf[krkfu inkfu vk/`R; okD;kfu jp;r&

Lodh;e~ & -----------------------------------------------------------------------

lfouksne~ & -----------------------------------------------------------------------

lf;k & -----------------------------------------------------------------------

izns'kL; & -----------------------------------------------------------------------

eq[kje~ &-----------------------------------------------------------------------

loZFkk & -----------------------------------------------------------------------

3- v/ksfyf[krkukainkuka foykseinkfu fy[kr&

mifj ----------------------

vknkue~ ----------------------

ijdh;e~ ----------------------

fo"kerk ----------------------

O;fDrxre~ ----------------------

vkjksg% ----------------------

4- v/ksfyf[krkukainkuka fya] foHkfDra] opuap fy[kr&

inkfu fye~ foHkfDr% opue~

/wfye~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

ukfEu ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

vij% ------------------ ------------------ ------------------dU;kuke~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

lgHkkfxrke~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

ukfirS% ------------------ ------------------ ------------------


81/125

79lkfo=khckbZ iqQys

5- mnkgj.keuql`R; ydkjifjorZuaoqQ#r&

orZekudky% vrhrdky%

;Fkk& lk f'kf{kdk vfLrA lk f'kf{kdk vklhr~A

(d) lk v;kius layXuk HkofrA

([k) l% =k;ksn'ko"kZdYi% vfLrA

(x) efgyk% rMkxkr~tyau;fUrA(?k) o;aizfrfnuaikBa iBke%A

() ;w;ad fo|ky;axPNFk\

(p) rs ckydk% fo|ky;kr~x`gaxPNfUrA


82/125

80

#fpjkr`rh;ks Hkkx%

}kn'k% ikB%

d% j{kfr d% jf{kr%izLrqr ikB i;kZoj.k ij osQfUnzr gSA gekjs thou esaIykfLVd dk bl lhek rd izos'kgks pqdk gS fd ge blosQ fcuk nSfud thou pykus dh dYiuk Hkh ughadj ikrstcfd IykfLVd i;kZoj.k osQ fy, ?kkrd gSA IykfLVd osQ c fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

(dk'pu Ckkfydk% Hkze.kk; fuxZrk% ijLijekyifUr)

fjiph & ijfeUnj~! ijfeUnj~! ,fg vkxPN] miouaizfo'kke%A

ijfeUnj~ & vjs! miouL; }kjs ,o IykfLVdL;wrdkfu f{kIrkfu brLrr%fodh.kkZfuA


83/125

81d% j{kfrd% jf{kr%

dpukj~ & tuk% izeknaoqQoZfUrA IykfLVdiqVosQ"kq[kk|oLrwfu xghRok Hk{k;fUr]ijarkfu iqVdkfu ekxsZ;=k oqQ=kkfi f{kifUrA

jkstfyu~ & egrh b;aleL;kA vfi izfo'kke%\

fjiph & vLrqizfo'kke%A

(lokZ% miousizfo'kfUrA)

dpukj~ & oqQ=k mifo'kke%\

fjiph & vfLeu~dk"BihBs mifo'kke%A

(lokZ% mifo'kfUr)

fjiph & vfi i';Fk] o;a;=kksifo"Vk% r=k dkfu oLrwfu lfUr\

ijfeUnj~ & vke~A vke~A cgwfu oLrwfu ifjrks fodh.kkZfuA

dpukj~ & ;Fkk L;wr%] tyowQih] oQUnqde~bR;knhfuA


84/125

82

#fpjkr`rh;ks Hkkx%

jkstfyu~ & gyk] vkRekuefi i';A

psuEek & vke~A vke~A i';kfe ,oA ee lfo/s dre~] oqQ.Mye~]osQ'kcUk%] ?kfVif^dk] d.ke~ bR;knhfu lokZf.k fojktUrsAfdefl oDrqdkek\

fjiph & bna;krO;a;n~,rkfu lokZf.k oLrwfu izk;% IykfLVosQu fufeZrkfulfUrA

dpukj~ & iworqizk;% dkikZlsu] peZ.kk] ykSgsu] yk{k;k] e`fkd;k dk"Bsuok fufeZrkfu oLrwfu ,o izkI;Urs LeA v/quk rr~ LFkkusIykfLVoQ&fufeZrkfu oLrwfu ifjr% fodh.kkZfu lfUrA ,rkfuvYiewY;kfu vfi lfUrA

psuEek & vgks! dyeLrq foLer%A dksfi ,rr~ vuqekrqa 'kDuksfr ;r~,dfLeu~dyes dfr efl;"V;% iz;qT;UrsA

ijfeUnj~ & vuqeh;rs ;r~izR;soaQ Nk=kk izfrlIrkgaLodyes ,dkaefl;f"Vaiwj;frA rkRi;Ze~bnefLr ;r~,dfLeUuso o"ksZ U;wukUU;wuaizk;%ipk'kr~efl;"V;% r;k iz;qDrk% HkofUrA

psuEek & ijad o;e~,dfLeu~o"ksZ,dL;So dyeL; iz;ksxaoqQeZ%\

lkewfgdLoj% & ufg ufgA o"ksZrqizk;'k% cgo% dyek% foyqI;UrsA

fjiph & ,dk Nk=kk f=k"kqekls"kq,oaQ dyeah.kkfrA vFkkZr~,dfLeu~o"ksZprqj% dyeku~h.kkfrA

jkstfyu~ & vijap dyesu lg efl;f"V% vfi IykfLVdkoj.ks lekos';rsArfgZvkgR; izfro"kZe~,dk Nk=kk izk;% ipk'kUefl;"VhukaprqfHZk%dyeS% prq%ipk'kf% vkoj.kS% iz;ksxadjksfrA


85/125

83d% j{kfrd% jf{kr%

'kCnkFkkZ%

dpukj~ & Hkorq] cgq/k iz;qDrL; IykfLVdL; nwjxkfeu% ?kkrdk% ifj.kkek%o;au nz"Vqa'kDuqe%A IykfLVoaQ dnkfi u xyfr] u p vi{kh;rsA;Fkk&vU;kfu oLrwfu fou'; e`fkdk;ka foyh;UrsA

psuEek & IykfLVdL; e`fkdk;kay;kHkkokr~vLekoaQ i;kZoj.kL; rs egrh{kfr% HkofrA

fjiph & ,osQu inkFksZu vij% inkFkZ% l`T;rs] vFkok fou"VaoLrqe`fkdk;ka

feyfrA ijaIykfLVosQ b;aizf;k vlEHkok ,oAijfeUnj~ & dYi;rq ] ;fn 'krao"kkZf.k ;kor~IykfLVd&fufeZrkukainkFkkZuka

fuekZ.kizf;k i`fFkO;kaizpfy";fr rfgZfdaL;kr~\(lokZ% l[ksnafoe'kfUrA)

jkstfyu~ & v=k fo"kknsu fde~\ loZizFkearqf'k{kdk.kkalg;ksxsu IykfLVdL;fofo/i{kk% fopkj.kh;k%A vLekoaQ iz;klksfi i;kZoj.kL; j{k.ksvisf{kr%A

dk'pu & oqQN

ppZ;fUr & ppkZ djrs gSa

iqVosQ"kq & NksVh FkSyh (ikmp)

L;wr% & FkSyk@FkSyh

tyowQih & ikuh dh cksry

gyk & l[kh osQ fy, lEcks/u


86/125

84

#fpjkr`rh;ks Hkkx%

dre~ & oaQ?kk@oaQ?kh

d.ke~ & oaQxu

dkikZlsu & dikl ls

yk{k;k & yk[k ls

e`fkd;k & fe^h ls

fodh.kkZfu & fc[kjh gq bZ@iSQyh gqbZ

izekne~ & vkyL;

dk"BihBs & ydM+h dh cSap ij

vkgR; & oqQy feykdj

efl;"V~;k & fjfiQy ls

U;wukUU;wue~(U;wukr~$U;wue~) & de ls deizk;'k% & izk;%] yxHkx

foyqI;Urs & yqIr gks tkrs gSa

vi{kh;rs & u"V gks tkrk gS

foyh;Urs & foyhu gks tkrs gSa

y;kHkkokr~(y;$vHkkokr~) & yhu@u"V u gksus osQ dkj.k

l`T;rs & fufeZ r fd;k tkrk gSdYi;rq & dYiuk dhft,

foe`'kfUr & fopkj djrs gSa


87/125

85d% j{kfrd% jf{kr%

1- mPpkj.ka oqQ#r

ipk'kr~ "kf"V% lIrfr% v'khfr% uofr%

f=kipk'kr~ }k"kf"V% prqLlIrfr% }'khfr% f=kuofr%

ipipk'kr~ prq""kf"V% iplIrfr% prqj'khfr% ipuofr%

lIripk'kr~ ip"kf"V% lIrlIrfr% ipk'khfr% "k..kofr%v"Vkipk'kr~ uo"kf"V% v"VklIrfr% uok'khfr% 'kre~

2- v/ksfyf[krs"kqins"kqiz;qDrkafoHkfDraopuap fy[kr

inkfu foHkfDr% opue~

;Fkk& Hkze.kk; prqFkhZ ,dopue~

oLrwfu ---------------- ----------------

IykfLVosQu ---------------- ----------------

fodh.kkZfu ---------------- ----------------

efl;"V~;k ---------------- ----------------

L;wrosQ"kq ---------------- ----------------

dk"BihBs ---------------- ----------------

i`fFkO;ke~ ---------------- ----------------

3- ,dinsu mkjr

(d) efl;"Vh&tyowQih&izHk`frfu oLrwfu osQu inkFksZu fufeZrkfu\([k) miouL; }kjs dkfu f{kIrkfu lfUr\

(x) efkdk;kad oLrqu dnkfi fou';fr\

(?k) vLekoaQ iz;kl% dL; j{k.ks visf{kr%\

vH;kl%


88/125

86

#fpjkr`rh;ks Hkkx%

4- iz'ukuke~mkjkf.k fy[kr

(d) psuEek;k% lfo/s dkfu oLrwfu vklu~\

([k) iwoizk;% osQu inkFksZu fufeZrkfu oLrwfu izkI;Urs Le\

(x) dkfu dkfu oLrwfu i;kZoj.kanw"k;fUr\

(?k) IykfLVdL; e`fkdk;kay;kHkkokr~d Hkofr\

5- v/ksfyf[krkukainkukaydkjaiq#"kaopup fy[kr&inkfu /krq% ydkj% iq #"k% opue~

;Fkk& lfUr vl~ yV~ydkj% izFkeiq#"k% cgqopue~

oqQeZ% ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

h.kkfr ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

i'; ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

vkxPN ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

izpfy";fr ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

6- etw "kkr% vkukars inkfu fpuqr&

prq%ipk'kr~ lIr"kf"V% }klIrfr% "kM'khfr%puquZofr% lIruofr% iplIrfr% v"Vkuofr%

67 --------------------- 86 ---------------------98 --------------------- 97 ---------------------

54 --------------------- 72 ---------------------

94 --------------------- 75 ---------------------


89/125

87d% j{kfrd% jf{kr%

;ksX;rk&foLrkj%

laLr esavdkjkUr L=khfy 'kCn osQ :i izkIr ughagksrs gSaA ysfdu yM+fd;ksaosQvdkjkUr uke gksrs gSaA buosQ mnkgj.k gSa&ijfeUnj] jkstfyu] dpukj vkfnA ;gkiz'umBrk gS fd fdl :i esabu ukeksadks laLr esafy[kk tk,A blfy;s bl ikB esaO;tukUr (ijfeUnj~) :i esa j[kk x;k gSA laLr esa bUgsa O;tukUr (ijfeUnj~]jkstfyu~] dpukj~) ekudj :i pyk;s tkus pkfg,A

ifj;kstuk&dk;Ze~

pfy,] vkxkeh vodk'k esa,d vH;kl djrs gSaA lqcg txus ls ysdj jkr lksus osQle; rd cktkj ls vkusokyh vkSj izfrfnu dke esavkus okyh oLrqvksadks ;kuiwoZdns[ksavkSj budh ,d lwph cuk,A muosQ fy, laLr esaD;k iz;ksx gksrk gS ;g tkuusdk iz;kl djsaA lwph esagj oLrqosQ uke osQ vkxs ;g fy[ksafd og fdl phk dhcuh gSA blesa IykfLVd dh cuh gqbZphkksadks NkVdj ,d txg fy[ksavkSj ;gvkdyu djus dk iz;Ru djsafd izfrfnu ge fdruh ek=kk esaIykfLVd dk mi;ksxdjrs gSaA

laLr esa okD; esa igys ^vfi* yxkus ls okD; iz'u okpd gks tkrk gSAtSls&vfi izfo'kke%\ D;k ge Hkhrj pysa\

/krq&la;qDr rqequ~ izR;; osQ vuqLokj dk yksi djosQ mlosQ vkxs dkek@dke%tksM+us ls veqd dk;Zdjuk pkgus okyh@pkgus okyk&;g eqgkojsnkj iz;ksx gksrk gSAtSls&xUrqdkek] oDrqdkek] dkZqdke% bR;kfnA bl izf;k osQ vk/kj ij uhps fy[ksokD;ksadk laLr esavuqokn djsa&

(d) jke D;k dguk pkgrk gS\

([k) fLrhuk dgktkuk pkgrh gS\(x) og djuk D;k pkgrk gS\


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88#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

lfU/%

=k;ksn'k% ikB%

fgeky;%

izLrqr ikB egkdfo dkfynkl iz.khr ^oqQekjlEHkoe~* uked egkdkO; osQ izFke lxZls lax`ghr gSA bu i|ksaesa fgeky; dh izkfrd lq"kek dk o.kZu gSA

vLR;qkjL;ka fnf'k nsorkRek fgeky;ks uke uxkf/jkt%A

iwokZijkS rks;fu/h oxkg~; fLFkr% i`fFkO;k bo ekun.M% AA1AA

vuUrjRuizHkoL; ;L; fgea u lkSHkkX;foyksfi tkre~A

,dks fg nks"kks xq.klfUuikrs fueTtrhUnks% fdj.ksf"ook%AA2AA

vkes[kya lpjrka ?kukuka Nk;ke/% lkuqxrka fu"ksO;A

m}sftrk o`f"VfHkjkJ;Urs 'k`kf.k ;L;kriofUr flk% AA3AA

diksyd.Mw% dfjfHkfoZusr qa fo?kf^rkuka ljynzqek.kke~A

;=k qr{khjr;k izlwr% lkuwfu xU/% lqjHkhdjk sfr AA4AA

fnokdjknz{kfr ;ks xqgklq yhua fnokHkhrfeokU/dkje~A

{kqnz sfi uwua 'kj.ka iziUus eeRoeqPpS%f'kjlka lrho AA5AA


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89fgeky;%

uxkf/jkt% (ux$vf/jkt%) & ioZ rjkt

iwokZijkS(iwoZ$vijkS) & iw oZvkSj if'pe esafLFkr (nksuksa)

rks;fu/h & nksuksaleqnzksadks

oxkg~; & izfo"V gksdj] /l djekun.M% & ekid] iSekuk] ukius osQ fy, iz;qDrmidj.k

izHkoL; & mRiUu djus okys dk

lkSHkkX;foyksfi & lkSUn;Z] efgek] cM+Iiu dks yqIrdjus okyk

lfUuikrs & bdV~ Bk gksus ijfueTtfr & foyhu gks tkrk gS] ux.; gksrk gS

v% & dya d] /Cck

vkes[kye~ & e; Hkkx rd

lpjrke~ & fopj.k djrs gq,

lkuqxrke~ & pksfV;ksaij x;h gqbZ

fu"ksO; & lsou djosQ] lq[k ikdjm}sftrk & ?kcjk, gq ,] ijs'kku

vkJ;Urs & vkJ; ysrs gSa

vkriofUr & /wi ls ;qDr ij

diksyd.Mw% & duiVh dh [kq tyh



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90#fpjkrrh;ks Hkkx%

dfjfHk% & gkfFk;ksaosQ }kjk

fousrqe~ & nwj djus osQ fy,

fo?kf^rkuke~ & jxM+s gqvksadk

ljynzqek.kke~ & nsonk# osQ o{kkas dk

lzqr{khjr;k & nw/ fudyus ls

izlwr% & mRiUu

lkuwfu & ioZ r dh pksfV;klqjHkhdjksfr & lqxfU/r dj nsrk gS

xqgklq & xqiQkvksaesa

yhue~ & fNis gq,

fnokHkhre~ & fnu ls Mjs gq,] mYyw

{kqnzsfi({kqnzs$vfi) & v/e ;k uhp dks Hkh

'kj.kaiziUus & 'kj.k esavk;s gq,eeRoe~ & viukiu

lrho(lfr$bo) & ekuksagksus ij

1- v/ksfyf[krkukaiz'ukuke~,dinsu mkjkf.k fy[kr(d) ifFkO;k% ekun.M% d%\

([k) fgeky;% HkkjrL; dL;kafnf'k orZrs\

(x) bUnks% fdj.ks"kqd% fueTtfr\

(?k) oqQekjl

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class8 Sanskrit Textbook