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3. Classical Civilization: India. Classical Civilization: India. The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period Patterns in Classical India Political Institutions Religion and Culture Economy and Society Indian Influence and Comparative Features. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Classical Civilization: Classical Civilization: IndiaIndia
3
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Classical Civilization: India
I. The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
II. Patterns in Classical India
III. Political Institutions
IV. Religion and Culture
V. Economy and Society
VI. Indian Influence and Comparative Features
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Classical Civilization: India
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
Period of Aryan Incursions–Buddhists and brahmans shape society–Gupta dynasty emerges–Peak of artistic, intellectual achievement–Distinct from Chinese developments
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Formative influences– Geography
Open to influences from the Middle East• Alexander the Great
Himalayas• Isolating, but passable• Mountainous northern areas• Deccan
Semitropical climate• Monsoon rains
The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Great Epics–Aryans
Indo-European pastoralists Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s B.C.E.
–Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age Rig-Veda• 1028 hymns
–Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E. Mahabharata, Ramayana The Upanishads
The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Society and Religion in the Vedic and Epic Ages
(1500-1000 and 1000-600 B.C.E.)–Caste system
Varnas• Warriors, brahmans, traders and farmers, laborers• Untouchables added later• Brahmans replace warriors at the top during the Epic Age
–Religion elaborated Upanishads record developments
The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns in Classical India
End of formative era, c.600 B.C.E.– From c. 600 to c. 300 B.C.E. plains divided
among rulers
– Sixteen major states
– 327 B.C.E., Alexander the Great
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns in Classical India
The Mauryan Dynasty– Chandragupta Maurya, 322 B.C.E.
Autocratic rule
– Ashoka (269-232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Conversion to Buddhism• Becomes pacific, vegetarian• Infrastructure: roads, hospitals, inns
Opposed by Brahmins
– Kushans follow end of Mauryan rule
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
India at the Time of Ashoka
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns in Classical India
The Guptas– Collapse of Kushan state by 220 C.E.
Autocratic rule
– Guptas From 320 C.E. Long period of stable rule Overthrown by Huns in 535 C.E.
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Gupta Empire
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Political Institutions
Consistent tradition of regionalism– Attempts to hold large areas
Mauryan rulers rely on armies Guptas create taxation system, claim divine sanction
– In general simple political culture Kautilya is an exception• Chandragupta’s chief minister• Treatise on politics
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Political Institutions
Social organization– Caste system becomes more rigid– Yet social mobility existed– Rulers could rise from lower castes– No slavery
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Hinduism–Origins in Vedic and Epic Eras–No single founder, develops gradually–Fluid, adaptable–Brahmans
Develop abstract aspects of gods Upanishads Tension between ritual and spirituality Brahmans versus gurus
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Hinduism (cont’d)–Brahma – holy essence–Different paths for a good life
Yoga Brahmans’ ritual Personal devotion
–Dharma Moral law Not prescriptive
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Buddhism–Siddhartha Gautama, born c. 563 B.C.E.
Takes to wandering life, asceticism
–Four Noble Truths–Escape suffering by renouncing worldly things
Achievement of nirvana
–Spread through work of monks Conversion of Ashoka Opposed by brahmans
Religion and Culture
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Arts and Sciences–Literature
Strong traditions of storytelling Drama
–University center under Guptas Some borrowing from Greeks
–Aryabhatta
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Arts and Sciences (cont’d)–Mathematics
Originated “Arabic” system, including zero Negative numbers, square roots
–Architecture – stupas–Lively murals
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Economy and Society
Society–Caste system influences many aspects of life–Status of women diminishes–Yet, stress on loving relationships–Children indulged in early years
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Economy–Strong manufacturing
Textiles Steel Guilds, selling from shops
–Trade Greater status than in China Trade with East Asia, Middle East, Roman Empire,
Southeast Asia
Economy and Society
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Indian Influence and Comparative Features
Influence–Indian Ocean a hub for contacts–Buddhism carried to China–Influence on Greeks and Romans
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Indian Influence and Comparative Features
China and India Compared–Chinese restraint versus Indian sensuality–Sciences
Chinese prefer the practical Indians interested in mathematics
–Popular worldviews Hindu peasants had more local control Indian merchants more important
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Global Connections:India and the Wider World
Open to influence–Buddhism, spread both east and west– India especially influential in southeast Asia–Most open among classical civilizations