ClassicalClassicalGreece & RomeGreece & Rome

Chapter 4Chapter 4

VocabularyVocabulary

1. Pericles1. Pericles

2. Alexander the Great2. Alexander the Great

3. Hellenistic Period3. Hellenistic Period

4. Punic Wars4. Punic Wars

5. Julius Caesar5. Julius Caesar

6. Constantine6. Constantine

7. Carthage7. Carthage

8. Roman Republic8. Roman Republic

9. Senate9. Senate

10. Consuls10. Consuls

11. Aristotle11. Aristotle

12. Iliad12. Iliad

13. King Xerxes13. King Xerxes

14. Themistocles14. Themistocles

15. Thermopylae 15. Thermopylae

16. Peloponnesian Wars16. Peloponnesian Wars

17. Philip II of Macedon17. Philip II of Macedon

18. Hannibal18. Hannibal

19. Augustus Caesar19. Augustus Caesar

20. Polis20. Polis

21. Tyranny21. Tyranny

22. Direct Democracy22. Direct Democracy

23. Aristocracy23. Aristocracy

24. Twelve Tables24. Twelve Tables

25. Ptolemy25. Ptolemy

I. Geography of GreeceI. Geography of Greece

A.A. Mountains Mountains

1. 1. Impeded communication and allowed the Impeded communication and allowed the creation of independent city-states…still had a creation of independent city-states…still had a common culture across the city states.common culture across the city states.

B. B. The Sea The Sea

1. 1. Natural harbors and limited farm land Natural harbors and limited farm land increased the importance of the water increased the importance of the water

2. 2. Allowed the Greek city-states to develop trade Allowed the Greek city-states to develop trade networks and establish coloniesnetworks and establish colonies

II. Patterns of Greek and Roman HistoryII. Patterns of Greek and Roman History

A. GreeceA. Greece

1. Crete1. Crete

2. Mycenae2. Mycenae

These two cultures, along with otherinvading indo-Europeans mixed tocreate the Greek culture.

II. Leading Up to Classical GreeceII. Leading Up to Classical Greece

A.A. The Civilizations of Crete and Mycenae mixed to The Civilizations of Crete and Mycenae mixed to create the Greek culture.create the Greek culture.

B. The Minoans…Island of Crete B. The Minoans…Island of Crete (2000 – 1500 BCE)(2000 – 1500 BCE)

1. 1. Monarchy…was a civilization based on tradeMonarchy…was a civilization based on trade

2. 2. Major palace at KnossosMajor palace at Knossos

3. 3. Contact with developing Contact with developing Mycenaean culture on Mycenaean culture on the Greek mainlandthe Greek mainlandeventually led to the eventually led to the downfall of the Minoansdownfall of the Minoans

Palace at Knossos

Trade was vital to the Minoans!

C. The MycenaeansC. The Mycenaeans

1. 1. Indo-European people - invaded the Greek Indo-European people - invaded the Greek peninsula…began to form city-states by 1600 BCEpeninsula…began to form city-states by 1600 BCE

2. 2. Name came from their leading city, Mycenae Name came from their leading city, Mycenae a. Dominated the Aegean Sea from 1500-1200 BCE a. Dominated the Aegean Sea from 1500-1200 BCE

b. Cities were built on hills for protection.b. Cities were built on hills for protection.

3. 3. War against Troy?War against Troy?

4. 4. The Mycenaeans The Mycenaeans were conquered were conquered by the Dorians by the Dorians

D. The Greek Dark AgesD. The Greek Dark Ages…(1150 - 800 BCE)…(1150 - 800 BCE)

1. 1. Period between the fall of the Mycenaeans and the Period between the fall of the Mycenaeans and the rise of the city-states rise of the city-states

2. 2. No written recordsNo written records

3. 3. Simplified political patterns - village communities Simplified political patterns - village communities led by kings (tribal leaders) led by kings (tribal leaders)

4. 4. Little to no trade (no word for merchant)Little to no trade (no word for merchant)

III. Classical GreeceIII. Classical Greece

A. A. 800-600 BCE – growth of independent city-states 800-600 BCE – growth of independent city-states

1. 1. Despite independence, Despite independence, a single Greek culture a single Greek culture was established.was established.

2. 2. Greek culture Greek culture characterized by:characterized by:

a. A written language a. A written language based on the based on the Phoenician alphabet Phoenician alphabet

b. Shared polytheistic b. Shared polytheistic religion religion

c. Regular celebrations c. Regular celebrations including the Olympics to honor the gods. including the Olympics to honor the gods.

3. 3. Colonization…set up colonies around the Colonization…set up colonies around the Mediterranean Mediterranean

4. 4. WarfareWarfare

a. Warfare came to a. Warfare came to commoners…not just commoners…not just nobles.nobles.

b. Phalanx - tight battle b. Phalanx - tight battle formation of hoplites.formation of hoplites.

c. Hoplite – armored c. Hoplite – armored Greek citizen soldierGreek citizen soldier

B. B. GovernmentGovernment

1. 1. Polis (city-state)Polis (city-state)

2. 2. Government varied from city-state to city-stateGovernment varied from city-state to city-state

a. Sparta (military aristocracy) and Athens (direct a. Sparta (military aristocracy) and Athens (direct democracy) were the leaders democracy) were the leaders

b. All citizens were expected to serve in the b. All citizens were expected to serve in the government. government.

3. 3. Acropolis…each city-state built a temple to its Acropolis…each city-state built a temple to its patron god on the highest patron god on the highest hill (acropolis)hill (acropolis)

4. 4. Agora…open area used as Agora…open area used as a meeting place and for a meeting place and for marketsmarkets

The Agora in Athens today

C. C. AthensAthens

1. 1. Large city-state with plentiful mineral deposits and Large city-state with plentiful mineral deposits and good harbors good harbors

2. 2. Strong in the arts: literature and sculptureStrong in the arts: literature and sculpture

3. 3. Strong in philosophy: Socrates and PlatoStrong in philosophy: Socrates and Plato

4. 4. Established numerous coloniesEstablished numerous colonies

5. 5. Did engage in the practice of slaveryDid engage in the practice of slavery

6. 6. Women in AthensWomen in Athens

a. Women secluded in the home…expected to have a. Women secluded in the home…expected to have one child every two years…was their main roleone child every two years…was their main role

b. Girls married in early teens in arranged marriageb. Girls married in early teens in arranged marriage

c. Women seen as inferior…not worthy of a c. Women seen as inferior…not worthy of a relationshiprelationship

7. 7. Government included oligarchy, tyranny, and Government included oligarchy, tyranny, and eventually, democracyeventually, democracy

8. 8. Solon instituted reforms giving poor Solon instituted reforms giving poor greater voice in governmentgreater voice in government

9. Age of Pericles9. Age of Pericles

a. Imperialist phase - Athens dominated a. Imperialist phase - Athens dominated Greece through Delian League (trade Greece through Delian League (trade alliance with other city states) after alliance with other city states) after the Persian Wars. the Persian Wars.

b. Pericles increased b. Pericles increased democratic institutionsdemocratic institutions

Solon

Pericles…leader Pericles…leader during the during the

“Golden Age of “Golden Age of Athens”Athens”

D. D. SpartaSparta

1. 1. Militaristic state built on the slavery Militaristic state built on the slavery (serfdom) of the Helots(serfdom) of the Helots

2. 2. Male children raised by the state Male children raised by the state

a. Mandatory military service at age 7a. Mandatory military service at age 7

3. 3. Females raised by wivesFemales raised by wives

a. Spartan women had more freedom a. Spartan women had more freedom than women in other city-statesthan women in other city-states

4. 4. Disdained the arts; masters of the Disdained the arts; masters of the art of warart of war

5. 5. GovernmentGovernment

a. Two Kings (to act as military leaders)a. Two Kings (to act as military leaders)

b. Council of Elders (28 + 2 kings). Proposed b. Council of Elders (28 + 2 kings). Proposed motions to be voted on by citizen assembly.motions to be voted on by citizen assembly.

Spartan Hoplite

E.E. Persian Wars Persian Wars

1.1. 490 BCE – Darius 490 BCE – Dariusinvades and losesinvades and losesthe Battle of the Battle of MarathonMarathon

2.2. 480 BCE – Xerxes 480 BCE – Xerxesinvadesinvades

--Thermopylae--Thermopylae

--Salamis--Salamis

Allows the Greek City-Statesto remain independent!

F. F. Peloponnesian Wars (431–404 BCE)…Sparta vs. AthensPeloponnesian Wars (431–404 BCE)…Sparta vs. Athens

1. 1. Causes: quarrels over colonies and fear of Athenian Causes: quarrels over colonies and fear of Athenian economic dominanceeconomic dominance

2. 2. Athens especially needed allies along waterways Athens especially needed allies along waterways due to dependence on imports.due to dependence on imports.

3. 3. Pericles’ strategy was to remain behind walls and Pericles’ strategy was to remain behind walls and supply Athens through its navy.supply Athens through its navy.

4. 4. The Spartans were unable to break through the The Spartans were unable to break through the walls of Athens.walls of Athens.

5. 5. Plague killed 1/4 to 1/3 of the Athenian Plague killed 1/4 to 1/3 of the Athenian population…including Pericles.population…including Pericles.

6. 6. Eventually Athens falls to Sparta...left all city-states Eventually Athens falls to Sparta...left all city-states severely weakened…made them vulnerable to severely weakened…made them vulnerable to

attackattack

7. 7. Greece could not withstand invasion by Greece could not withstand invasion by Macedonians Macedonians under Philip II…became part of the under Philip II…became part of the Macedonian Macedonian empire.empire.

Athens:

City walls, walls protecting road to port, walls protecting port

Macedonian Empire at Philip’s

death!

G.G. Alexander the Great…became emperor with the Alexander the Great…became emperor with the death of Philipdeath of Philip

a. Conquered Persia, Egypt, and attacked India a. Conquered Persia, Egypt, and attacked India

--Attempted blending of Greek and Persian --Attempted blending of Greek and Persian cultures through forced intermarriagescultures through forced intermarriages

b. Established Greek cities throughout empireb. Established Greek cities throughout empire

c. Died in Babylon in 323 BCE at age 33c. Died in Babylon in 323 BCE at age 33

d. Successors carved up empired. Successors carved up empire

e. Hellenistic Age establishede. Hellenistic Age established

H.H. Hellenistic Period (323–100 B.C.E.) – Greeks were Hellenistic Period (323–100 B.C.E.) – Greeks were known as Hellenesknown as Hellenes

a. Through the conquests of the Greeks, their a. Through the conquests of the Greeks, their culture and art were mixed with many other culture and art were mixed with many other civilizations. This extended their influence civilizations. This extended their influence through areas well outside their borders. through areas well outside their borders.

-- Ex: Alexandria in Egypt-- Ex: Alexandria in Egypt

IV. RomeIV. Rome

A. A. GeographyGeography

1. 1. Few natural resources…although coastline was Few natural resources…although coastline was extensive, few natural harbors – limited extensive, few natural harbors – limited seafaring skillsseafaring skills

2. 2. Mainly agriculturalMainly agricultural

B. B. Early Influences…the Early Influences…the Etruscans and GreeksEtruscans and Greeks

1. 1. The Etruscans The Etruscans brought city-states, brought city-states, and trade routesand trade routes

2. 2. The Greeks brought The Greeks brought religion, alphabet religion, alphabet and crops (grapes and crops (grapes and olives)and olives)

C. C. Origins of RomeOrigins of Rome

1. 1. City-state of Rome founded in 753 BCE along the City-state of Rome founded in 753 BCE along the Tiber River, on the Seven Hills of RomeTiber River, on the Seven Hills of Rome

2. 2. Myth of Romulus & RemusMyth of Romulus & Remus

D. D. Three Phases of Roman HistoryThree Phases of Roman History

1. 1. The Kingdom (753-507 BCE)The Kingdom (753-507 BCE)

2. 2. The Republic (27 BCE)The Republic (27 BCE)

a. Rule by Senate, Consuls, a. Rule by Senate, Consuls, assemblies, and dictatorsassemblies, and dictators

3. 3. The Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE)…Rule by emperorsThe Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE)…Rule by emperors

E.E. Rome’s Republic Rome’s Republic

1.1. Government Government

a. Senate – Aristocratic a. Senate – Aristocratic branch…dominated; branch…dominated;

they served for lifethey served for life

b. Consuls – executives; b. Consuls – executives; each held veto power over the othereach held veto power over the other

--Could be chosen dictator in times of crisis--Could be chosen dictator in times of crisis

c. Assemblies of the people…used to choose c. Assemblies of the people…used to choose representatives for the senaterepresentatives for the senate

2.2. Law codes – Rome’s first code of laws Law codes – Rome’s first code of laws

a. 12 Tables – 450 B.C.E.a. 12 Tables – 450 B.C.E.

--Gave protection to the people…no longer --Gave protection to the people…no longer would justice be administered on a whim. would justice be administered on a whim. Even the upper classes would be subject to Even the upper classes would be subject to the law.the law.

3.3. Class structure of the Roman Republic Class structure of the Roman Republic

a.a. Patricians…wealthy, landowning families from Patricians…wealthy, landowning families from origins of Romeorigins of Rome

b. Plebeians…farmers, soldiers, merchants; could b. Plebeians…farmers, soldiers, merchants; could votevote

--Intermarriage of classes forbidden until fourth --Intermarriage of classes forbidden until fourth century BCEcentury BCE

--Power struggle between Patricians and --Power struggle between Patricians and Plebeians throughout Republic periodPlebeians throughout Republic period

c. Slavesc. Slaves

The seat of Roman government- the Forum

4.4. Punic Wars (264–146 B.C.E.) Punic Wars (264–146 B.C.E.)

--Carthage and Rome wanted to control Western --Carthage and Rome wanted to control Western Mediterranean trade. Mediterranean trade.

a. 1a. 1stst War…Rome wins, takes Sicily from Carthage War…Rome wins, takes Sicily from Carthage

b. 2b. 2ndnd Punic War Punic War

--Roman interferes in --Roman interferes in Carthaginian SpainCarthaginian Spain

--Hannibal…crosses the Alps--Hannibal…crosses the Alps

--Battle of Cannae…horrible --Battle of Cannae…horrible defeat for Romedefeat for Rome

--Battle of Zama…Hannibal --Battle of Zama…Hannibal defeated in defeated in north Africanorth Africa

c. 3c. 3rdrd Punic War Punic War

--Senator Cato --Senator Cato convinced convinced Rome to Rome to destroy destroy CarthageCarthage

The Mediterranean beforethe 2nd Punic War

Second Punic War

Rome’s victory in the Punic Wars gave it firm control over the trade in the Western Mediterranean Sea.

5.5. The First Triumvirate The First Triumvirate

a. Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompeya. Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

b. Crassus killed by Parthians 53 BCEb. Crassus killed by Parthians 53 BCE

c. Senate support of Pompey versus c. Senate support of Pompey versus Caesar Caesar

d. Caesar had been a senator, consul, d. Caesar had been a senator, consul, and general and general

--became rich in Gaul (France)--became rich in Gaul (France)

e. Caesar crosses the Rubicon…leads e. Caesar crosses the Rubicon…leads to civil warto civil war

f. Caesar defeats Pompeyf. Caesar defeats Pompey

g. Caesar made dictator 47 BCEg. Caesar made dictator 47 BCE

h. Caesar initiates reforms…the Senate fears h. Caesar initiates reforms…the Senate fears monarchy…Caesar assassinated 44 BCE monarchy…Caesar assassinated 44 BCE

The assassination of Julius Caesar

5.5. The Second Triumvirate The Second Triumvirate

a. The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, a. The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, LepidusLepidus

b. Rome divided and ruled by Octavian and b. Rome divided and ruled by Octavian and Antony…eventually leads to civil warAntony…eventually leads to civil war

c. Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatrac. Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra

d. The deaths of Antony and d. The deaths of Antony and Cleopatra allow Octavian Cleopatra allow Octavian (later Augustus) to become (later Augustus) to become the first Emperor of Rome.the first Emperor of Rome.

Caesar Augustus (Octavian)

F.F. Empire – Last 500 years Empire – Last 500 years

a. Augustus Caesar (27 B.C.E. – 14 C.E.)a. Augustus Caesar (27 B.C.E. – 14 C.E.)

--First Roman Emperor--First Roman Emperor

b. Romans promoted cultural unity through the b. Romans promoted cultural unity through the Latin language, Roman law, and citizenshipLatin language, Roman law, and citizenship

c. The Five Good Emperors – (96 – 180 C.E.)c. The Five Good Emperors – (96 – 180 C.E.)

--Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and --Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius

d. Marcus Aurelius – Emperor at the end of the “d. Marcus Aurelius – Emperor at the end of the “PaxPax RomanaRomana”… a 200 year period of peace and ”… a 200 year period of peace and prosperityprosperity

e. After Aurelius the empire began a slow, but sure e. After Aurelius the empire began a slow, but sure downfalldownfall

f. Constantinef. Constantine

--Converted to Christianity--Converted to Christianity

V. Roman LifeV. Roman Life

A. A. LawLaw

1. 1. Roman law was based on the Twelve Tables Roman law was based on the Twelve Tables set in 450 BCEset in 450 BCE

2. 2. Law dealt with both citizen and non-citizenLaw dealt with both citizen and non-citizen

3. 3. Standards includedStandards included

a. Innocent until proven guiltya. Innocent until proven guilty

b. Right to a defense before a judgeb. Right to a defense before a judge

c. Responsibility of judge to weigh evidence c. Responsibility of judge to weigh evidence before rendering verdictbefore rendering verdict

B. B. Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

Roman baths were used as meeting places where one could not only bathe but eat, conduct business, and be entertained

Roman aqueducts provided as much fresh water to Roman citizens as is provided today

Water was taken from mountain sources and moved along underground and aboveground channels using the force of gravity

A fountain could be found at the terminus of each aqueduct to release its pressure

Roman Roads

Hadrian’s Wall – Across Britain

C. C. Rich vs. PoorRich vs. Poor

D. D. Social Welfare…“Bread & Circus”Social Welfare…“Bread & Circus”

C.C. Sciences Sciences

1. Ptolemy – Believed in a geocentric, not 1. Ptolemy – Believed in a geocentric, not heliocentric model of the universeheliocentric model of the universe

2. Pythagoras – Early geometric mathematics2. Pythagoras – Early geometric mathematics

D.D. Literature Literature

1. Sophocles – Greek playwright… famous for 1. Sophocles – Greek playwright… famous for his drama, his drama, OedipusOedipus

2. 2. Iliad, OdysseyIliad, Odyssey – Greek epic plays – Greek epic plays

E.E. Arts Arts

1. Phidias – Greek sculptor…realistic versions of the 1. Phidias – Greek sculptor…realistic versions of the human formhuman form

C.C. Society Society

1. Slavery1. Slavery

a. Was common from the time of early Greece in a. Was common from the time of early Greece in the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean

--Domestic work, agriculture, etc.--Domestic work, agriculture, etc.

b. Justified military expansion in the Roman b. Justified military expansion in the Roman EmpireEmpire

c. Eventually helped with the fall of Rome since c. Eventually helped with the fall of Rome since free farmers couldn’t compete with farms that free farmers couldn’t compete with farms that used slave laborused slave labor

2. Family – Patriarchal in both Greece and Rome2. Family – Patriarchal in both Greece and Rome

a. Women treated better than Chinaa. Women treated better than China

VII. The Fall of RomeVII. The Fall of Rome

A.A. Loss in population due to plague, famine, Loss in population due to plague, famine, and decrease in agricultural productionand decrease in agricultural production

B. B. Trade slowed…shrinking revenuesTrade slowed…shrinking revenues

C. C. Military defeats – inroads by Germanic tribesMilitary defeats – inroads by Germanic tribes

D. D. The population grew soft, corrupt, and decadentThe population grew soft, corrupt, and decadent

E.E. The Eastern Roman empire surpassed the The Eastern Roman empire surpassed the Western empire in wealth…this led to a shift in Western empire in wealth…this led to a shift in political powerpolitical power

F. F. Huns and Germanic tribes put increasing Huns and Germanic tribes put increasing pressure on the Western empirepressure on the Western empire

C. C. Emperor Romulus Augustulus deposed 476 CEEmperor Romulus Augustulus deposed 476 CE

D. D. The Western empire disintegrates…the East The Western empire disintegrates…the East survives as the Byzantine Empiresurvives as the Byzantine Empire

The sack of Rome