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ClassificationClassification
5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa
5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa
Why Classify?Why Classify?
2.5 million species identified so far
Not even close to complete inventory
Need a system to organize species
2.5 million species identified so far
Not even close to complete inventory
Need a system to organize species
What makes a good system?
What makes a good system?
Assign a universally accepted name to each organism so every scientist knows exactly what is being discussed.
Grouping should have good biological reason so that researchers can expect a group to share important characteristics.
Assign a universally accepted name to each organism so every scientist knows exactly what is being discussed.
Grouping should have good biological reason so that researchers can expect a group to share important characteristics.
Biological Classification
Biological Classification
By 18th century needed universal naming system that did away with common names
Solved language issuesMeant that same name was not being used for different organisms
By 18th century needed universal naming system that did away with common names
Solved language issuesMeant that same name was not being used for different organisms
Early Scientific NamesEarly Scientific Names
Described physical characteristics of organism
Could be 20 words longFor example:“Oak with deeply divided leaves with no hairs on the underside, and no teeth around their edges.”
Described physical characteristics of organism
Could be 20 words longFor example:“Oak with deeply divided leaves with no hairs on the underside, and no teeth around their edges.”
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Carolus von Linnaeus Two-word naming system
GenusNoun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized
SpeciesDescriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized
Carolus von Linnaeus Two-word naming system
GenusNoun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized
SpeciesDescriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or ItalicizedCarolus von Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for modern taxonomy
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Example:Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple
-- Acer is the genus name and all maple trees carry this name
-- rubrum means “red” and is the species name
Example:Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple
-- Acer is the genus name and all maple trees carry this name
-- rubrum means “red” and is the species name
"Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the authority.
The authority is not italicized or underlined.
The authority is written as an abbreviation of the last name of the person responsible for naming the organism.
"Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the authority.
The authority is not italicized or underlined.
The authority is written as an abbreviation of the last name of the person responsible for naming the organism.
Authority continuedAuthority continued
Since Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to name many plants, the L. for Linnaeus is very common in plant scientific names.
An example is Quercus alba L.
Since Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to name many plants, the L. for Linnaeus is very common in plant scientific names.
An example is Quercus alba L.
Kingdoms and Domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
The three-domain system
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
Hierarchical ClassificationHierarchical
Classification Taxonomic categories
Kingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass CameOrder OverFamily ForGenus GreatSpecies Spaghetti
Taxonomic categoriesKingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass CameOrder OverFamily ForGenus GreatSpecies Spaghetti
Phylum / DivisionPhylum / Division
Division used in plants, fungi and bacteria kingdoms
Division used in plants, fungi and bacteria kingdoms
Systematics:Evolutionary Classification of
Organisms
Systematics:Evolutionary Classification of
Organisms
Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas. Fossil record Comparative homologies Cladistics Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms
Molecular clocks
Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas. Fossil record Comparative homologies Cladistics Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms
Molecular clocks
HistoryHistory
Aristotle 388-322 BC Plants/Animals
Haeckel (1866)Plants/Animals/Protists
Whittaker (1969)Fungi/Plants/Animals/Protists/Monerans
Woese,Kandler, Wheelis (1990)Domain system(Archea, Bacteria, Eucarya)
Aristotle 388-322 BC Plants/Animals
Haeckel (1866)Plants/Animals/Protists
Whittaker (1969)Fungi/Plants/Animals/Protists/Monerans
Woese,Kandler, Wheelis (1990)Domain system(Archea, Bacteria, Eucarya)
Arisotle’s systemArisotle’s system
Historia AnimaliumPlant classification lostHeirarchy – humans at top but species unchanging not an evolutionary tree
System persisted with little change until 16th century
Historia AnimaliumPlant classification lostHeirarchy – humans at top but species unchanging not an evolutionary tree
System persisted with little change until 16th century
Three KingdomsThree Kingdoms
PlantsAnimalsMinerals
1735 1st edition1758 10th edition
PlantsAnimalsMinerals
1735 1st edition1758 10th edition
Classification of Humans
Classification of Humans
