CLASSIFICATION AND DISPOSITION OF CRIMINAL …garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Feb2016/6.pdf · The enactment of Republic Act 6975 which is known as the Department of Interior and Local

International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6236 Management and Social Sciences Impact Factor: 6.284

Vol. 5 | No. 2 | February 2016 www.garph.co.uk IJARMSS | 69

CLASSIFICATION AND DISPOSITION OF CRIMINAL CASESFILED AGAINST THE

DETENTION PRISONERS IN TUGUEGARAO CITY DISTRICT JAIL

Dr. Maita Lpajarillo-Guadamor*

Abstract: The enactment of Republic Act 6975 which is known as the Department of Interior

and Local Government Act of 1990 created the tri-bureaus which include the Bureau of Fire

Protection, Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The

DILG exercises supervision and control over all district, city and municipal jails. The Bureau of

Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) shall direct, supervise and control the administration

and operation of all district, city and municipal jails to effect a better system of jail

management nationwide. It is for safekeeping and rehabilitating offenders in preparation for

their reintegration back to society upon release. The obligation of jail authorities is to

confine offenders safely and provide rehabilitation programs that negate criminal tendencies

and restore their positive values to make them productive and law abiding citizens.This study

was limited to the assessment of the disposition of criminal cases filed against the detention

prisoners presently committed in the Tuguegarao City District Jail.Further, a total of 150

detention prisonerswere be used as respondents representing 100% of the total population

of prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail.The researcher made used of sets of survey

questionnaire to gather the data from the respondents. The survey questionnaire was

categorized into five (5) parts. Part I consists of the profile of the respondents. Part II consists

of the classification of the crimes filed against the detention prisoners. Part III consists of the

factors that influenced the commission of the crimes. This part of the questionnaire

determines the reasons or factors why the respondents committed the offense. Part IV

consists of the duration of the disposition of the case and Part V consists the causes of the

delay in the rendition of final judgment.Interview method was conducted to the respondents

especially when their responses on the questionnaire are not clear.Documentary analysis

was likewise utilized to support the gathered data.Based from the findings of the study it can

be concluded that the profile of respondents, the classification of crimes charged against the

, factors that influenced them to commit crimes and the causes to expedite the rendition of

the final judgment of their criminal cases are the most common problems encountered by

most prisoners not only here in the city but also in other jails. These problems must be given

attention by the concerned agencies especially the five pillars of our criminal justice system

in order not to prolong the stay of offenders in jail to avoid the stigma that will be attached

to them in case they will go back to the community.

Keywords: Commitment Order, Complaint, Court, Detainee, Disposition, Inmate, Insular

Prisoner, Mittimus, Penology, Pre-trial Detainee, Rehabilitation, Safekeeping

*Faculty Member, College of Criminology, Cagayan State University, Piat, Cagayan,

Philippines



INTRODUCTION

The enactment of Republic Act 6975 which is known as the Department of Interior and Local

Government Act of 1990 created the tri-bureaus which include the Bureau of Fire

Protection, Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The

DILG exercises supervision and control over all district, city and municipal jails. The Bureau

of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) shall direct, supervise and control the

administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails to effect a better system

of jail management nationwide. It is for safekeeping and rehabilitating offenders in

preparation for their reintegration back to society upon release. The obligation of jail

authorities is to confine offenders safely and provide rehabilitation programs that negate

criminal tendencies and restore their positive values to make them productive and law

abiding citizens.

Our country is confronted with rampant criminality problems of different nature. People of

all walks of life are victims of different crimes, and are forced to commit crimes due to

poverty as seemed to the primary causes of these. There are so many different factors that

may trigger a person to commit crime such as physical appearance/handicap, poverty,

influence of peer groups and the like.

It is imperative that prevention of the commission of crime is everybody’s business.

Everyone should contribute or share common responsibility in order to minimize the

commission of crime in the community. Everyone must be responsible enough on one’s

action. Anybody who will violate any laws of the land must be accountable for his actions. In

order to minimize the commission of crimes, the government thought of a measure in order

to deter the increase of criminality. One is putting a person behind bars for him to suffer the

consequences of his acts. This will also serve as an eye opener for would-be violators that in

every violation committed there is a corresponding punishment.

It must be cleared out that putting a person in jail does not mean punishing him for the

violation he committed but rather to rehabilitate him to become a better person. Prisoners

are psychologically sick people and they need treatment since the purpose of confinement

is not much for restriction but for reformation and rehabilitation.

The different established jails in the county are institutions for the confinement of persons

who have been apprehended for the commission of crime. They are confined in jails for



them to wait for the final dispositions of their criminal cases. In case they will be sentenced

by the court, they need to serve their service inside the jails. Persons who are confined in

jails awaiting final judgment or disposition of their cases are called detention prisoners.

When their cases are still pending and they are staying inside the jail, it means that the

detainee is under preventive imprisonment. The days that they spent under preventive

imprisonment will be credited in the service of their full sentence in case court will give its

final judgment.

A detention prisoner who agrees voluntarily in writing to abide by the same disciplinary

rules imposed upon convicted/sentenced prisoners, he must sign a Detention Manifestation

Form under Republic Act 6127, after which he will be required to work and will be treated

like any sentenced prisoner, he shall be credited in the service of his sentence during which

he has undergone preventive imprisonment.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study attempted to assess the classification and disposition of criminal cases filed

against the detention prisoners presently committed in the Tuguegarao City District Jail of

the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). Specifically, it sought to answer the

following.

1. What is the profile of the detention prisoners with regard to:

1.1 age

1.2 sex

1.3 civil status

1.4 highest educational attainment

1.5 religion

2. How are crimes filed against detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail

classified?

2.1 crimes against chastity

2.2 crimes against personal liberty & security

2.3 crimes against persons

2.4 crimes against property

2.5 crimes against public interest/morals/orders

2.6 special laws



3. What are the factors that influenced the commission of crimes?

4. How long has been the detention prisoners stayed in jail since the filing of the

criminal cases filed against them?

5. What is the reason of the long stay of detention prisoners in jail?

6. What are the causes of the delay to expedite the rendition of final judgment of the

criminal cases filed against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District

Jail?

7. Is there a significant relationship between the classification of the offenses filed

against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and the frequency

of occurrence of such offenses when they are grouped according to the following:

7.1 age

7.2 sex

7.3 civil status


7.5 religion

HYPOTHESIS

This study was guided with this lone hypothesis:

There is no significant relationship between the disposition of criminal cases filed against

the detention prisoners presently committed in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and the

frequency of occurrence of such offenses when they are grouped according to the following:

1.1 age

1.2 sex

1.3 civil status


1.5 religion

METHODOLOGY

This study made used of the descriptive correlational design which according to Frankel and

Wallen (1990, p. 113) is a method which describes an existing relationship between

variables and the degree to which two or more quantitative variables are related and it does

so by the use of a correlational coefficient. Further, Sevilla (1991, p. 220) defined it as a



design that help one determines the extent to which different variables are related to each

other in the population of interest.

STATISTICAL TOOLS

The following statistical tools were used in treating and analyzing the gathered data:

For the profile of the respondents, the simple frequency count and percentage was used.

Likewise, the classifications of the offenses filed, factors that influenced the commission of

the offense/s and the status of the criminal cases filed was treated using the simple

frequency and percentage count.

To test any significant relationship between the classification of the crimes filed against the

detention prisoners in Tuguegarao City District Jail and the frequency of occurrence of such

offenses, the chi-square was utilized.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. What is the profile of the respondents?

Table 1.1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Profile According to Age

Age

Frequency

Percentage

20 years old and below 21-30 years old 31-40 years old 41-50 years old 5o years old and above

9 62 43 23 13

6 41.33 28.66 15.33 8.66

Total 150 100

_ X= 33.55 Table 1.1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile

with regard to age from 2001 to 2003. As presented in the table, the highest frequency of 62

or 41.33 percent belongs to the age bracket of 21-30 years old which implies that

commission of criminal offenses occur during the stage where men are very energetic,

enthusiastic and full of vigor whereas the lowest frequency of 9 or 6 percent belongs to 20

years old and below which implies that at young ages men are not prone to commit crime

because of fear of being incarcerated and will eventually destroy their future since at this

stage most of their times are concentrated or spent in school. The mean age of 33.55



implies that majority of the detention prisoners belong to early adulthood, the stage

wherein they are having families, encounter more problems of married life, full of ambitions

and prone to commission of crimes.

Table 1.2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Profile According to Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male Female

140 10

93.33 6.67

Total

150 100

Table 1.2 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile

according to sex. As presented in the table, the male outnumbered the female detention

prisoners having the ratio of 14:1 which implies that men are easily tempted to commit

criminal offenses because by nature they prefer to stay outside the homes most of the time

and mingle with their friends and because of their vices whereas very few females commit

crimes because female are expected to stay at home. But since females now are more

liberated than before, they now commit crimes like illegal recruitment and a few engage in

selling of prohibited drugs as they believe that this could relieve them of their problems.

Table 3.3

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Profile According

to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single

Married

Widow/er

47

99

4

31.33

66

2.66

Total 150 100

Table 1.3 describes the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile

with according to civil status. As described by the table above, the highest frequency of 99

or 66 percent are married respondents which implies that majority of the detention

prisoners are already married as their mean age is over and above the marriageable age of

18. Besides, it was revealed that due to family problems they were drove to commit crimes

robbery and possession of illegal drugs. The lowest frequency of 4 or 2.66 percent belongs



to widow/errespondents which implies that offenses are least committed by people who

has lesser problems or burden in life as compared to married persons.

Table 1.4

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Profile According to

Highest Educational Attainment


Frequency

Percentage

No Formal Schooling Elementary Level Elementary Graduate High School Level High School Graduate Tech/Voc’l Graduate College Level College Graduate

7 79 15 25 16 2

10 3

4.66 48 10

16.66 10.66 1.33 6.66

2

Total 150 100

The detention prisoners’ profile with regards to highest educational attainment in the

Tuguegarao City District Jail appears in Table 1.4 in terms of frequency and percentage

distribution. It appears that the highest frequency of 72 or 48 belongs to elementary level

which implies that these persons with the lowest level of education commit more offenses

because of varied reasons; they do not know the law; they are ignorant about the law; they

do not understand the law or they have poor personal values whereas the lowest frequency

of 2 or 1.33 percent belongs to Technology/Vocational Graduate followed by College

graduate with the frequency of 3 or 2 percent which imply that persons with higher

educational level have better understanding about the law and fear of the possible

consequences of committing an offense.

Table 1.5

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Profile According To Religion

Religion Frequency Percentage

Roman Catholic Iglesia Ni Cristo Jehovah’s Witnesses Others (Born Again)

140 5 1 4

93.33 3.33 .66

2.66

Total 150 100

Table 1.5 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the detention prisoners in the

Tuguegarao City District Jail with regards to religion. As shown in the table, the highest



frequency of 140 or 93.33 percent belongs to Roman Catholic religion which implies that

majority of the detention prisoners are Roman Catholics because it is the dominant religion

in terms of population in the province whereas the lowest frequency of 1 or .66 percent

belongs to Jehovah’s Witnesses which implies that very few among the detention prisoners

who were charged of crimes belong to this religion. The data therefore that although Roman

Catholicism is still dominant religion, the detained prisoners still committed crimes because

of the complexities of life.

Table 1.6

Summary of the Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Profile

Age

Frequency

Percentage

20 years old and below 9 6 21-30 years old 62 41.33 31-40 years old 43 28.66 41-50 years old 5o years old and above _ X= 33.55

23 13

15.33 8.66

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male Female

140 10

93.33 6.67

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single Married Widow/er

47 99 4

31.33 66

2.66


Frequency

Percentage

No Formal Schooling Elementary Level Elementary Graduate High School Level High School Graduate Tech/Voc’l Graduate College Level College Graduate

7 79 15 25 16 2

10 3

4.66 48 10

16.66 10.66 1.33 6.66

2

Catholic Frequency Percentage

Roman Catholic Iglesia Ni Cristo Jehovah’s Witnesses Others (Born Again)

140 5 1 4

93.33 3.33 .66

2.66

Table 1.6 summarizes the frequency and percentage of the respondents’ profile with regard

to the different variables. As gleaned from the table, majority of the respondents belong to



the middle adulthood stage which means that at this stage they are prone to commit

crimes, males are expected to be more exposed to temptations, married respondents are

more due to their ages and responsibilities of being a married person, elementary level of

education due to lack of knowledge about laws and majority are Roman Catholic because

this is a dominant religion in the province.

2. How are the Crimes Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City

District Jail Classified?

Table 2.1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on theClassification of Crimes against

ChastityFiled Against the Detention Prisonersin the Tuguegarao City District Jail

Crimes Against Chastity

Frequency

Percentage

Abduction Acts of Lasciviousness Adultery Concubinage Seduction Unjust Vexation

0 1 0 0 0 0

0 .66 0 0 0 0

Total 1 .66

Table 2.1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution on the classification of crimes

filed against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail in terms of Crimes

against Chastity. As seen on the table, there is 1 or .66 percent who was charged on the

commission of acts of lasciviousness. This implies that Crime against Chastity is not rampant

in this province. It is further revealed that no one among the 150 detention prisoners was

charged of abduction, adultery, concubinage, seduction and unjust vexation. This maybe

due to the punishment attached to the crimes when found guilty.

Table 2.2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Classification of Crimes against Personal

Liberty and Security Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District

Jail

Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security Frequency Percentage

Grave Coercion Grave Threats Illegal Detention Kidnapping

0 0 0 4

0 0 0

2.66



Total 4 2.66

In Table 2.2, it presents the frequency and percentage distribution on the classification of

crimes against personal liberty and security filed against the detention prisoners of the

Tuguegarao City District Jail. As presented in the table, there are 4 or 2.66 percent who were

charged of committing the crime of kidnapping. According to the detention prisoners

charged of the crime, they did not commit this crime though this is the fastest way to earn

money especially when families of kidnapped victims immediately pay the ransom called

for, for the immediate release of said victims. As further presented, no one among the 150

detention prisoners charged of the commission of the crimes of grave coercion, grave

threats and illegal detention. It is revealed therefore that crimes committed against

personal liberty and chastity is very minimal and insignificant.

Table 2.3

Frequency andPercentage Distribution on the Classification of Crimes against Persons

Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail

Crimes Against Persons Frequency Percentage Rank

Death Caused by Tumultuous Affray Homicide

0 8

0 5.33

4

Physical Injuries Murder Parricide Rape

10 63 1

24

6.66 42 .66 16

3 1 5 2

Total 106 70.65


against persons filed against the detention prisoners of the Tuguegarao City District Jail, the

highest frequency of 63 or 42 percent were charged of murder. As per interview with the

detention prisoners, some of them committed murder due to self-defense. Still others

committed murder to defend their properties from land grabbers. Others also revealed that

they committed murder because they were provoked and they did not think twice or several

times for the consequences of their acts. Some still mentioned that they were not in proper

control of themselves; that they acted brutally despite the possible consequence of

committing murder.

Second in rank is rape with a frequency of 24 or 16 percent. Most elderly men ages 56 to 75

years of age were charged of this crime, although a few were minors. As per interview with



the detention prisoners especially the elderly, they committed the crime because of their

ignorance of the consequence of their acts, besides satisfying their sexual needs. For the

minor who were charged of the crime, they did it for curiosity, or for initiation to join an

organization which they did not like to reveal.The third in rank is physical injuries with a

frequency of 10 or 6.66. Physical injuries took the form of slapping, kicking and fighting. This

was allegedly committed by men in their early adulthood, ages 20-30.Fourth in rank is

homicide with a frequency of 8 or 5.33. This crime was allegedly committed by farmers or

were caused due to grudged.Lowest in rank is parricide with a frequency of 1 or .66

percent. This was allegedly committed due to poverty, aside from jealousy. No one was

charged of death caused by tumultuous affray.

Table 2.4

Frequency, Percentage and Rank Distribution on the Classification of Crimes against

Property Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail

Crimes Against Property Frequency

Percentage

Rank

Malicious Mischief Swindling (estafa) Theft Robbery Destructive Arson

1 0 4 5 0

.66 0

2.67 3.33

0

3

2 1

Total 1 6.66

The frequency and percentage distribution on the classification of crimes against property

filed against the detention prisoners of the Tuguegarao City District Jail is presented in Table

2.4, the highest frequency of 5 or 3.33 percent were allegedly committed the crime against

property on robbery. This implies that because of hardship or difficulty of coping with the

cost of living and due to poverty, people are tempted to steal. Some revealed that they had

to steal since this is the only alternative, because they cannot look for job commensurate to

their educational qualifications. Second in rank with a frequency of 4 or 2.67 percent is

theft. This was committed by males and females especially minors, who just pick-up

anything that appeals to them.Lowest in frequency is 1 or .66 percent was charged of

committing Malicious Mischief which implies that few of the detention prisoners had the

intention of destroying property of others.



Table 2.5

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Classification of Crimes against Public

Interest, Morals and Orders Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City

District Jail

Crimes Against Public Interest, Morals and Orders

Frequency Percentage

Assault False testimony Falsification Grave Scandal Malversation Grave Oral Defamation

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0

.66

Total 1 .66

As presented in Table 2.5, there is 1 or .66 was charged of committing crimes against public

interest, morals and orders which is classified as Grave Oral Defamation. This implies that

good values of most detention prisoners are still intact except one who was charged of

gravely destroying one’s honor. This was committed by a female detention prisoner who

alleged that she was provoked and challenged to defend herself from gossips “tsismis”, etc.

Table 2.6

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Classification of Crimes against Special Laws

Filed Against theDetention Prisoners in the TuguegaraoCity District Jail

Crimes Against Special Laws Frequency Percentage

BP 22 RA 9165 PD 881 PD 532 PD 533 PD 704 PD 705 PD 1602 PD 2018 RA 6539 PD 1866

0 20 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 1

0 13.33

0 1.33 .66 0 0 0

.66 2

.66

Total 28 18.66


against special laws filed against the detention prisoners of the Tuguegarao City District Jail.

As presented in the table the highest frequency of 20 or 13.33 percent against Republic Act



9165. This involves the selling or using of illegal drugs which is still rampant in this province

despite the penalty being imposed and the ill-effects of using it.Second in rank with a

frequency of 3 or 2 percent is Republic Act 6539 known as Anti-Carnapping. This crime was

discussed under the previous tables.Third in rank is the crime against PD 532 which is Anti-

Highway Robbery Law.Lowest in frequency of 1 or .66 percent are Presidential Decrees

533,2018 and 1866 respectively which imply that people are pushed to commit robbery due

to lack of financial resources, committing illegal recruitment as a source of big amount of

money and possession of unlicensed firearms for security without considering the

consequence of possessing one after apprehension. No one was charged of violation of BP

22, PD 881, PD 704, 705 and PD 1602.

Table 2.7

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Classification of Crimes Filed Against

the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail

Classification of Crimes Filed Against the Detention Prisoners


Crimes Against Chastity *Acts of Lasciviousness

1

.66

Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security *Kidnapping

4

2.66

Crimes Against Person *Homicide *Physical Injuries *Murder *Parricide *Rape

106 8 10 63 1 24

70.66

Crimes Against Property *Malicious Mischief *Theft *Robbery

10 1 4 5

6.66

Crimes Against Public Interest/ Morals/Orders *Grave Oral Defamation

1

.66

Special Laws *RA 9165 *PD 532 *PD 533 *PD 1866 *PD 2018 *PD6539

28 20 2 1 1 1 3

18.66

Total 150 100



Table 2.7 presents the summary of frequency and percentage distribution on the

classification of crimes filed against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District

Jail. As seen on the table, there is 1 or .66 percent who was charged on the commission of

acts of lasciviousness. This implies that Crime against Chastity is not rampant in this

province. In crimes against personal liberty and security, there are 4 or 2.66 percent who

were charged of committing the crime of kidnapping. As further presented, no one among

the 150 detention prisoners charged of the commission of the crimes of grave coercion,

grave threats and illegal detention. It is revealed therefore that crimes committed against

personal liberty and chastity is very minimal and insignificant. In Crimes against persons, the

highest frequency of 63 or 42 percent was charged of murder. As per interview with the

detention prisoners, some of them committed murder due to self-defense. Others also

revealed that they committed murder because they were provoked and they did not think

twice or several times for the consequences of their acts. Some still mentioned that they

were not in proper control of themselves; that they acted brutally despite the possible

consequence of committing murder. No one was charged of death caused by tumultuous

affray. In crimes against property filed against the detention prisoners, the highest

frequency of 5 or 3.33 percent were allegedly committed the crime against property on

robbery. This implies that because of hardship or difficulty of coping with the cost of living

and due to poverty, people are tempted to steal. Some revealed that they had to steal since

this is the only alternative, because they cannot look for job commensurate to their

educational qualifications. In crimes against public interest, morals and orders which is

classified as Grave Oral Defamation, there is 1 or .66 percent which implies that good values

of most detention prisoners are still intact. In crimes against special laws filed against the

detention prisoners, the highest frequency of 20 or 13.33 percent against Republic Act 9165

which involves the selling or using of illegal drugs which is still rampant in this province

despite the penalty being imposed and the ill-effects of using it whereas the frequency of 1

or .66 percent are Presidential Decrees 533,2018 and 1866 respectively which imply that

people are pushed to commit robbery due to lack of financial resources, committing illegal

recruitment as a source of big amount of money and possession of unlicensed firearms for

security without considering the consequence of possessing one after apprehension. No one

was charged of violation of BP 22, PD 881, PD 704, 705 and PD 1602.



3. What are Factors That Influenced the Commission of the Different Crimes Filed

Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail?

Table 3

Rank Distribution on the Factors That Influenced the Commission of the Different Crimes

Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail

Factors That Influenced the Commission of the Different Crimes

Rank

Poverty Family breakdown Barkada Drunkenness Financial problems Frustration Gambling Jealousy Modeling Prohibited drugs Recklessness Revenge Self-defense Vice others

1 5 7 4 2 3 9

13 14 6

10 11 12 8 -

Table 3 presents the factors that influenced the commission of the different crimes filed

against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail. As presented above

ranked highest is poverty. This means that poverty is the leading cause of why detention

prisoners committed crimes. Some detention prisoners revealed that because they could

not provide the needs of their family they resorted to robbery, theft, kidnapping and selling

of prohibited drugs. Second in rank is on financial problems. Financial problems jibed with

poverty. Due to many mouths to feed and many children to send to school, some detention

prisoners committed many crimes which they believe are the easy way to make both ends

meet, however, they were not lucky to carry such plans.Third in rank is frustration. When

their children are enrolled in school and are not able to finish schooling because of early

marriage, the detention prisoners commit crimes, like murder or physical injuries. Fourth in

rank is drunkenness which leads a person to commit crimes due to uncontrolled behavior

because of the influence of intoxicating liquor.Family breakdown is ranked fifth. When

some members of their family leave them (husbands) because of poverty and financial

problems, detention prisoners committed crimes because they believe that this is a



temporary relief of their problems.Sixth in the rankis prohibited drugs. When a person is

high on drugs, it triggers one to commit crime because of its effects. In fact in one interview,

one revealed that this triggered the commission of other crimes.Seventh in the rank is

influence of barkada. Barkada of the wrong type triggered the crimes of physical injuries,

murder, rape and other malicious acts.Eight in the rank is on the presence of vices. Vices in

the form gambling, drunkenness and using of illegal drugs were mentioned as factors that

triggered the detention prisoners to commit crimes.Ninth in rank is gambling. When a

person cannot able to sustain his urge to gamble, he may resort to robbery, theft or

kidnapping.Tenth in rank is recklessness, when a person is not aware of what he is doing, its

consequence due to his negligence to evade or perform what is expected of him.Eleventh in

rank is revenge. Due to revenge, detention prisoners resorted to commit murder, homicide

and physical injuries.Twelfth in rank is self-defense. As stated earlier many said murder was

committed due to self-defense, hence the above rank.Thirteenth in rank is jealousy. As

revealed by the detention prisoners, some are possessive, so when they see their wives

converse or talk to others, they are insulted hence resort to hurting people who attempt to

talk to their wives.Lowest in rank or the least factor for the commission of crime is

modeling, some of the detention prisoners idolized Robin Padilla, Ace Vergel and others.The

data as a whole reveal that there are many factors why detention prisoners are accused of

various crimes.

4. How long have the detention prisoners stayed in jail since the filing of the criminal cases

filed against them?

Table4.1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Manner Detention Was Made Before

the Filing of the Criminal Case Against the Detention Prisoners in theTuguegarao City

District Jail

Were you Detained Before the Filing of the Criminal Case


Yes No

86 64

57.33 42.66

Total 150 100

Table 4.1 presents the data if the detention was made before filing of the case against the

detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail. As presented in the table, 86 or



57.33 percent where put to jail before a case was filed which implies that after the

commission of the offense the offender was immediately apprehended and subsequently a

case was filed by the aggrieved party whereas 64 or 42.66 percent of the detention

prisoners were committed to jail after the filing of cases before a competent court. This

implies that after the commission of the offense they were not immediately identified of

apprehended by the law enforcement authorities.

Table 4.2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on How Long the Detention Prisoners Stayed in

the Tuguegarao City District Jail Since the Filing of the Criminal Case


Duration of Stay in Jail since the Filing of the Criminal Case

1 day to 6 months 40 26.66 6 months 1 day to 1 year 39 26 1 year 1 day and above 71 47.33

Total 150 100

Table 4.2 presents the duration of stay in jail since the filing of the criminal case against the

detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail is presented in table 11. As gleaned

from the table the highest frequency of 71 or 47.33 percent were already in the Tuguegarao

City District Jail for more than 1yr and 1day which implies that the speedy trial to all filed

cases in court is not being implemented despite the enactment of laws which mandate that

all cases filed in court must be decided w/in 180 days from the day it was filed. This is simply

due to many reasons that delay the rendition of final judgment as identified by the

respondents. The lowest frequency of 39 or 26 percent falls within 6 months 1 day to 1 year.

This implies that detention prisoners still have to wait for a long time before they will

receive judgment of their criminal cases regardless of its nature due to many court backlogs

and others.

Table 4.3 presents the summary on the frequency and percentage distribution on the

duration of the disposition of criminal cases filed against the detention prisoners in the

Tuguegarao City District Jail.



Table 4.3

Summary on the Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Duration of the

Disposition of Criminal Cases Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City

District Jail

Duration of the Disposition of Criminal Cases Filed

Were you Detained Before the Filing of the Criminal Case

Frequency

Percentage

Yes No

86 64

57.33 42.66

Total 150 100

Duration of Stay in Jail since the Filing of the Criminal Case

Frequency

Percentage

1 day to 6 months 6 months 1 day to 1 year 1 year 1 day and above

40 39 71

26.66 26

47.33

Total 150 100

As presented in the table, majority of the respondents were apprehended and subsequently

put to jail before a case was filed against them and since the filing of the criminal case

majority were staying in jail for more than one (1) year which implies that the their cases,

were not tried and decided within the prescribed period of one hundred eighty days (180)

since its filing due to varied reasons in the criminal justice system.

5. What is the Reason of the Long Stay of the Detention Prisoners in Jail?

Table 5

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Reasons of the Long Stay of the Detention

Prisoners in theTuguegarao City District Jail

Reasons Frequency Percentage

Unbailable offense Bailbale offense

111 39

74 26

Total 150 100

Table 5 presents the reason for the long stay of detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City

District Jail. As presented in the table, 111 or 74 percent of the criminal cases of the

detention prisoners are unbailable which implies that they are not allowed to post bail for

their temporary release while their case in on trial while 39 or 26 percent of the criminal

cases filed against the detention prisoners are bailable which implies that they are allowed



to temporary freedom but many are still liberty inside the jail due to failure to post bail,

because of poverty or financial problems.

6. What are the Causes of the Delay to Expedite the Rendition of the Final Judgment of the

Criminal Cases Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in The Tuguegarao City District

Jail?

Table 6

Rank Distribution on the Causes of the Delay to Expedite the Rendition of the Final

Judgment of the Criminal Cases Filed Against the Detention Prisoners in The Tuguegarao

City District Jail

Causes of the Delay to Expedite the Rendition of the Final Judgment of the Criminal Cases Filed

Rank

Absence of victim’s lawyer Absence of witnesses Conflicting schedule of lawyers Delaying tactics of defense lawyers Judge not available

6 3 2 1 4

No lawyer Prosecution not available

10 9

Transfer of one case to another venue Transfer of case to another lawyer Lack of presented evidence

8 7 5

Table 6 presents the rank distribution on the causes of the delay to expedite the rendition of

the final judgment of the criminal cases filed against the detention prisoners in The

Tuguegarao City District Jail. As gleaned in the table, “delaying tactics of defense lawyers”

was ranked 1 which implies that in the duration of the case on trial, the lawyer of the

offended party have many reasons not to push through on scheduled hearings just to delay

the rendition of final judgment like postponement of trial, asking from the court, transfer of

venue for security purposes and the like. No lawyer was rank as the last cause of the delay

which implies that few of the detention prisoners were not attended by their defense

lawyers since they cannot afford to pay one at their own choice so the government provide

lawyer for them for free.Other causes of the delay are: absence of witnesses, conflicting

schedule of lawyers, judge not available, lack of presented evidence, absence of victim’s

lawyer, transfer of case to another lawyer, transfer one case to another venue and

prosecution not available.



7. Is There a Significant Realtionship Between the Calassification of the Crimes Filed

Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegaro City District Jail?

Table 7.1

Test of Relationship Between the Classifications of the Offenses Filed Against the

Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and Age

Classification Age 30 and below 31 and above

Total

Person Thing

52 55 19 24

107 43

Total 71 79 150

X2c = 0.095 df = 1 = 0.05 P = 0.7576 Accept HO

The test of relationship between the classifications of the offenses filed against the

detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail and age is shown in table 7.1. The

Chi-Square test yielded a computed value of 0.095 with a probability of 0.7576 at the 0.05

alpha. Since theprobability surpassed alpha than the null hypothesis in this study is

accepted. This means that there is no significant relationship between classifications and

age of the respondents. This implies that age is not a factor to influence classifications of the

offenses filed against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail.

Table 7.2


Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and Sex

Classification

Sex Male Female

Total

Person Thing

102 5 38 5

107 43

Total 140 10 150

X2c = 1.398 df = 1 = 0.05 P = 0.2371 Accept HO

Table 7.2 presents the test of relationship between the classifications of the offenses filed

against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail and sex is shown in table

8.2. The hypothesis test using Chi-Square statistic resulted with a computed value of 1.398

and a probability of 0.2371 at the 0.05 alpha. As shown in the result theprobability is much

greater than the designated alpha hence the researcher accepted the null hypothesis earlier

stated in this study. This means that no significant relationship exist between the



classifications and sex of the respondents. This implies that sex is independent of

classifications of the offenses filed against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City

district jail.

Table 7.3


Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and Civil Status

Classification C

Civil Status Single Married/Widow/er

Total

Person Thing

38 69 9 34

107 43

Total 47 103 150

X2c = 2.392 df = 1 = 0.05 P = 0.1219 Accept HO

Table 7.3 shows the test of relationship between the classifications of the offenses filed

against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail and civil status. The Chi-

Square test showed a calculated value of 2.392 with a probability of 0.8878 at the 0.05

alpha. Thisresult showed a probability exceeding the designated alpha, thus the researcher

decided not to reject the null hypothesis earlier stated in this study. Therefore it can now be

inferred that a no significant relationship subsist between the classifications of offenses and

civil status of the respondents. This implies that civil status is independent of classifications

of the offenses filed against the detention prisoners.

Table 7.4


Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and Highest Educational

Attainment

Classification

Highest Educational Attainment NS,EL/EG/HSL/HSG Tech, Cl/CG

Total

Person Thing

102 5 33 10

107 43

Total 135 15 150

X2c = 9.795 df = 1 = 0.05 P = 0.001750 Reject HO


against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail and highest educational

attainment. The hypothesis test using Chi-Square statistic resulted with a computed value



of 9.795 and a probability of 0.001750 at the 0.05 alpha. As shown in the result,

theprobability is not enough to equal or surpassed the designated alpha hence the

researcher rejected the null hypothesis earlier stated in this study. This means that there is a

significant relationship that exists between the classifications of the offenses and highest

educational attainment. This implies that highest educational attainment has a bearing as to

the classifications of offenses filed against the detention prisoners.

Table 7.5


Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and Religion

Classification

Religion Roman Catholic Non Roman Catholic C

Total

Person Thing

102 5 38 5

107 43

Total 140 10 150

X2c = 1.398 df = 1 = 0.05 P = 0.2371 Accept HO


against the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail and religion. The

hypothesis test using Chi-Square statistic resulted with a computed value of 1.398 and a

probability of 0.2371 at the 0.05 alpha. As shown in the result, theprobability is much

greater than the designated alpha hence the researcher accepted the null hypothesis earlier

stated in this study. This means that no significant relationship exist between the

classifications of offenses and religion. This implies that religion of the respondents has

nothing to do with the classifications of offenses filed against these detention prisoners.

Table 7.6

Summary of the Test of Relationship Between the Classifications of the Offenses Filed

Against the Detention Prisoners in the Tuguegarao City District Jail and Personal Profile

Variables

Profile Xc2 df P Decision

Age 0.095 1 0.7576 0.05 Accept HO

Sex 1.398 1 0.2371 0.05 Accept HO

Civil Status 2.392 1 0.1219 0.05 Accept HO

Educational Attainment 9.795 1 0.001750 0.05 Reject HO

Religion 1.398 1 0.2371 0.05 Accept HO



The summary of the test of relationship between the classifications of the offenses filed against

the detention prisoners in the Tuguegarao City district jail and personal profile variables is

presented in table 7.6. The hypothesis test showed that all the variables correlated did not yield

any significant relationship except for highest educational attainment. This implies that both

variables under comparison are independent from each other except for the respondents’

educational attainment.

CONCLUSION

Based from the findings of the study it can be concluded that the profile of respondents, the

classification of crimes charged against them, factors that influenced tem to commit crimes

and the causes to expedite the rendition of the final judgment of their criminal cases are the

most common problems encountered by most prisoners not only here in the city but also in

other jails. These problems must be given attention by the concerned agencies especially

the five pillars of our criminal justice system in order not to prolong the stay of offenders in

jail to avoid the stigma that will be attached to them in case they will go back to the

community.

RECOMMENDATION

In the light of the foregoing findings, the researcher has the following recommendations to

offer:

1. Speedy trial must be effected in order to free the innocent and incarcerate the

guilty.

2. Dedicated employees of the five pillars of the criminal justice system must be

employed in order to help offenders achieve justice.

3. The government must give appropriate attention into the welfare of prisoners

especially their basic needs.

4. The notion of people on “justice delayed is justice denied” must be erased in the

minds of the people.

5. Providing job opportunities to all rehabilitated offenders must be provided in order

to minimize the possibility of committing the same offense after incarceration.

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Documents

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