CLASSIFICATIOCLASSIFICATION N &&

DIVERSITYDIVERSITY

Why we need to identify & Why we need to identify & group organism??group organism??

a)a) Recognition of dissimilar organism Recognition of dissimilar organism easier if we can put them in easier if we can put them in predefined categoriespredefined categories

Lantern bug (never seen before??!!)Lantern bug (never seen before??!!) Insects (through experience)Insects (through experience)

b) Grouping allows us to make b) Grouping allows us to make predictionprediction

•Looks different•But distinguishing features group them together•Mammals: give birth

How to group living How to group living organism??organism??

Not based only on ONE CHARACTER Not based only on ONE CHARACTER alonealone

Eg: animals can fly & cannot flyEg: animals can fly & cannot fly

– InsectsInsects -fish-fish– BirdsBirds -rodents-rodents– BatsBats

So need to look the overall plan of So need to look the overall plan of the organismthe organism

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

Greek: Greek: taxistaxis - 'order' + - 'order' + nomosnomos - 'law' - 'law' or 'science'. or 'science'.

the practice and science of the practice and science of classification

Classification:Classification: placing an object into placing an object into sets of categories based on sets of categories based on properties/characters of the objectproperties/characters of the object

SERIES OF SETSSERIES OF SETS

KINGDOMKINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria, (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctista) Protoctista)

PHYLUMPHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla) (approx. 36 phyla) CLASSCLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida,

Insecta)Insecta) ORDERORDER FAMILYFAMILY (in animals end with ‘-dae’) (in animals end with ‘-dae’) GENUSGENUS SPECIESSPECIES

EG. CLASSIFICATION OF EG. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTSINSECTS

KINGDOM:KINGDOM: ANIMALIAANIMALIA PHYLUM:PHYLUM:ARTHROPODAARTHROPODA CLASS:CLASS: INSECTAINSECTA ORDER:ORDER: DIPTERADIPTERA FAMILY:FAMILY: TEPHRITIDAETEPHRITIDAE GENUS:GENUS: BactroceraBactrocera SPECIES:SPECIES:dorsalisdorsalis

ADDITIONAL SUBSETSADDITIONAL SUBSETS

KINGDOMKINGDOM PHYLUMPHYLUM CLASSCLASS ORDERORDER SuborderSuborder Superfamily – ‘-oidea’Superfamily – ‘-oidea’ FAMILY FAMILY – ‘-dae’– ‘-dae’ Subfamily – ‘-nae’Subfamily – ‘-nae’

Tribe – ‘-inii’Tribe – ‘-inii’ SubtribeSubtribe GENUSGENUS SubgenusSubgenus SPECIESSPECIES SubspeciesSubspecies

KINGDOM:KINGDOM: ANIMALIAANIMALIA PHYLUM:PHYLUM: ARTHROPODAARTHROPODA CLASS:CLASS: INSECTAINSECTA ORDER:ORDER: HYMENOPTERAHYMENOPTERA SUPERFAMILY:SUPERFAMILY: ICHNEUMONICHNEUMONOIDEAOIDEA FAMILY:FAMILY: ICHNEUMONIICHNEUMONIDAEDAE SUBFAMILY:SUBFAMILY: CRYPTICRYPTINAENAE TRIBE:TRIBE: CRYPTCRYPTINIIINII GENUS:GENUS: GoryphusGoryphus SPECIES:SPECIES: mesoxanthusmesoxanthus SUBSPECIES:SUBSPECIES: mesoxanthusmesoxanthus

NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE(TATANAMA)(TATANAMA)

HOW ARE LIVING THINGS HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED??NAMED??

(A) COMMON NAMES(A) COMMON NAMES Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly, Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly,

kumbang badak (rhinocerus beetle), kumbang badak (rhinocerus beetle), kersing/kepinding (true bugs), sorok-kersing/kepinding (true bugs), sorok-sorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip sorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly), riang-riang (cicada), kutu (firefly), riang-riang (cicada), kutu beras (rice weevil)beras (rice weevil)

Problem: Problem:

i)i) Not consistentNot consistent

ii)ii) Doesn’t portray the actual insectsDoesn’t portray the actual insects

(B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES(B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES consistent around the worldconsistent around the world one species with single valid nameone species with single valid name

SPECIESSPECIES

FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

DEF: groups of DEF: groups of natural populationsnatural populations that can that can interbreedinterbreed. They are . They are reproductively isolatedreproductively isolated from all other from all other speciesspecies

SPECIES NAMESPECIES NAME

BinomialBinomial Consists of Consists of GenusGenus and and SpecificSpecific names names Eg.: Eg.: Bactrocera dorsalisBactrocera dorsalis Written in italicWritten in italic Genus: start wih capital letterGenus: start wih capital letter Species: small lettersSpecies: small letters If hand written: underline both names If hand written: underline both names

seperately (seperately (BactroceraBactrocera dorsalis)dorsalis)

Goryphus jendul Goryphus jendul AzuraAzura Azura: the person who first described Azura: the person who first described

and named the species for science and named the species for science Sometime outhor name in bracketSometime outhor name in bracket The author got the genus wrongThe author got the genus wrong

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INSECTOF AN INSECT

CLASS INSECTACLASS INSECTA

SUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTASUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTA– ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE

STAGESTAGE– NO TRUE METAMORPHOSISNO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS– PRIMITIVEPRIMITIVE– 5 ORDERS5 ORDERS

1) PROTURA1) PROTURA

Prot=First, Ura=TailProt=First, Ura=Tail EyelessEyeless No antennaeNo antennae Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segmentsStyli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments First pair of legs sensory First pair of legs sensory

2) DIPLURA2) DIPLURA

Di=two; ura=tail Di=two; ura=tail Refers to two cerciRefers to two cerci Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or

2-7 B. Two cerci 2-7 B. Two cerci C. Eyeless C. Eyeless D. Antennae presentD. Antennae present

3) 3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL)COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL)

Furcula (4Furcula (4thth abdominal segment abdominal segment ventrally)ventrally)

Eyes small with no more than 8 Eyes small with no more than 8 facets (ommatidia) on each side of facets (ommatidia) on each side of the head.the head.

D. Antennae presentD. Antennae present

4) THYSANURA (silverfish)4) THYSANURA (silverfish)

Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7 Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7 Two cerci and a median caudal filament Two cerci and a median caudal filament Compound eyes small or absent Compound eyes small or absent flattened flattened Antennae presentAntennae present Gegat Gegat (old papers, high humid place)(old papers, high humid place)

5) MICROCORYPHIA 5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS)(BRISTLETAILS)

micro, small; coryphia, head micro, small; coryphia, head Styli on abdominal segments 2-9 Styli on abdominal segments 2-9 Two cerci and a median caudal Two cerci and a median caudal

filament filament Antennae present Antennae present by day hiding in rock crevices or by day hiding in rock crevices or

under bark. They feed at night. under bark. They feed at night.

SUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTASUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTA With wingsWith wings 2 groups: 2 groups: 1) Exopterygota (18)1) Exopterygota (18)

– Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa)Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa)– Develop wings outside of bodyDevelop wings outside of body

2) Endopterygota (9)2) Endopterygota (9)– Complete metamorphosis (with pupa)Complete metamorphosis (with pupa)– Develop wings inside body (visible when Develop wings inside body (visible when

adult)adult)

EXOPTRYGOTAEXOPTRYGOTA 1) BLATTARIA1) BLATTARIA Body flattened and oval Body flattened and oval head concealed from above by head concealed from above by

pronotum pronotum Wings usually present Wings usually present Tarsi five-segmented. Tarsi five-segmented. Antennae long and slender Antennae long and slender CockroachesCockroaches

2)ORTHOPTERA2)ORTHOPTERA Body usually linear in shape Body usually linear in shape Antennae conspicuous Antennae conspicuous Fore wing straight, narrow Fore wing straight, narrow Hind wing broad, membranous Hind wing broad, membranous

and fan-like and fan-like Hindlegs adapted for jumpingHindlegs adapted for jumping Grasshoppers & crickets Grasshoppers & crickets

3)HEMIPTERA3)HEMIPTERA

Subdivided into 2 suborder:Subdivided into 2 suborder:– A) heteropteraA) heteroptera– B) homopteraB) homoptera

3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS)3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS) Mouthparts modified into Mouthparts modified into Forewing hemielitronForewing hemielitron Wings, when at rest, held flat over Wings, when at rest, held flat over

body and overlap each other. body and overlap each other. Some wingless Some wingless C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature

shared with Coleoptera). shared with Coleoptera). D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.

3B)HOMOPTERA3B)HOMOPTERA Mouthparts modified into beak Mouthparts modified into beak Antennae short, bristle-like. Antennae short, bristle-like. Both pairs of wings of uniform Both pairs of wings of uniform

texture and held roof-like over body.texture and held roof-like over body. Considerable variation in body form Considerable variation in body form

(winged, wingless, degenerate legs). (winged, wingless, degenerate legs).

4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA Stick-like or leaf-like Stick-like or leaf-like Legs long and slender and not Legs long and slender and not

enlarged for jumping, diging, or enlarged for jumping, diging, or capturing prey. capturing prey.

Abdomen long and slender Abdomen long and slender Antennae with 8-80 segmentsAntennae with 8-80 segments Stick insects, leaf insectsStick insects, leaf insects

5)MANTODEA5)MANTODEA Fore legs adapted for grasping prey Fore legs adapted for grasping prey Tarsi five-segmented.Tarsi five-segmented. Antennae shortAntennae short Praying mantisPraying mantis Female ats male after matingFemale ats male after mating

6) ODONATA6) ODONATA DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLYDRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY

7) ISOPTERA7) ISOPTERA Iso= equal; ptera= wingsIso= equal; ptera= wings Anai-anaiAnai-anai Soft bodied Soft bodied No constriction of waistNo constriction of waist Chewing Mouthparts Chewing Mouthparts Monoliform or filiform antenna Monoliform or filiform antenna Fontanelle - secretions from top of head Fontanelle - secretions from top of head

glue soil to gather glue soil to gather

8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING)8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING) Front wings: short, similar to elytra in Front wings: short, similar to elytra in

beetlesbeetles Hind wings: membranous Hind wings: membranous Mouthparts chewing Mouthparts chewing Prominate cerciProminate cerci NocturnalNocturnal Under bark, cracksUnder bark, cracks Scavengers - dead and Scavengers - dead and

decaying plant material decaying plant material

9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES)) Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't

fly that much; hiding in vegetation, fly that much; hiding in vegetation, debrisdebris

Adults feed soft vegetation such as Adults feed soft vegetation such as flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algaeflowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algaeNymphs feed on invertebrates or Nymphs feed on invertebrates or plant detritusplant detritus

10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria,

relating to cockroaches relating to cockroaches Wingless, Compound eyes small or Wingless, Compound eyes small or

absent absent D. Body leathery D. Body leathery E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical F. Antennae 23-40 segmentsF. Antennae 23-40 segments Habitat: high altitudeHabitat: high altitude Food: debris of insects Food: debris of insects

that died on snow that died on snow fields at high altitudes. fields at high altitudes.

11) EPHEMEROPTRA11) EPHEMEROPTRA Two-pair of triangular, Two-pair of triangular,

membranous wings with many veins membranous wings with many veins Ten-segmented abdomen with two to Ten-segmented abdomen with two to

three caudal filaments (cerci) three caudal filaments (cerci) Fragile-lookingFragile-looking Near waterNear water Adults don’t feedAdults don’t feed Immature: algae, plantsImmature: algae, plants bioindicatorbioindicator

12) ZORAPTERA12) ZORAPTERA Winged, wingless (lack eyes)Winged, wingless (lack eyes)

B. 2-Segmented tarsiB. 2-Segmented tarsi C. Chewing mouthpartsC. Chewing mouthparts D. Cerci presentD. Cerci present E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna Feed on fungus and dead insects Feed on fungus and dead insects

13) PSOCOPTERA13) PSOCOPTERA 2- to 3-Segment tarsi2- to 3-Segment tarsi B. Roof-like wing positionB. Roof-like wing position C. No cerciC. No cerci D. Overall appearance - bulbous head, D. Overall appearance - bulbous head,

long antennaelong antennae E. "Gnawing" mouthpartsE. "Gnawing" mouthparts Damp areasDamp areas Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on woodFeed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood

14) THYSANOPTERA14) THYSANOPTERA Very tiny, < 2mmVery tiny, < 2mm Mouthpart: styletMouthpart: stylet Narrowed wings Narrowed wings

with fringeswith fringes Veins greatly Veins greatly

reduced/absentreduced/absent Flowers, under bark, Flowers, under bark,

leaf litterleaf litter

15) EMBIIDINA15) EMBIIDINA embid, lively (run backward quickly embid, lively (run backward quickly

when disturbed) when disturbed) No ocelliNo ocelli Chewing mouthpartsChewing mouthparts Males- winged; Males- winged;

Females - not winged Females - not winged leaf litter, under stones, bark leaf litter, under stones, bark Food:dried plant material, dried Food:dried plant material, dried

grasses grasses

16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU)16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU) Wingless, ectoparasiteWingless, ectoparasite 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw1 Tarsi - modified for a claw Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice, Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice,

mandibles for chewing licemandibles for chewing lice Dorso - ventally flattenedDorso - ventally flattened Eggs glue to hair or featherEggs glue to hair or feather

Host-specificHost-specific Birds and mammals:chewing lice Birds and mammals:chewing lice

(MALLOPHAGA)(MALLOPHAGA) Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA)Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA)

17) MANTOPHASMATODEA17) MANTOPHASMATODEA discovered 2002discovered 2002 South AfricaSouth Africa CarnivorousCarnivorous Related to Phasmatodea, Related to Phasmatodea,

Grylloblattodea and Mantodea Grylloblattodea and Mantodea

1) COLEOPTERA1) COLEOPTERA The largest insect groupThe largest insect group Fore wings thickened (elytra)Fore wings thickened (elytra) usually meeting in a straight line down the usually meeting in a straight line down the

middle of the back and covering the hind middle of the back and covering the hind wings.wings.

Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, folded up under the elytra.folded up under the elytra.

C. Chewing type mouthparts.C. Chewing type mouthparts.

ENDOPTERYGOTAENDOPTERYGOTA

2) DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES2) DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES)) Fore wings membranous Fore wings membranous Hind wings reduced to small knoblike Hind wings reduced to small knoblike

structures called halteres. structures called halteres. Antennae variable, often short and Antennae variable, often short and

inconspicuous. inconspicuous. Mouthparts sucking (sponging).Mouthparts sucking (sponging).

3) LEPIDOPTERA 3) LEPIDOPTERA Head - large compound eyeHead - large compound eye most with proboscis most with proboscis Scaly wingsScaly wings Butterfly vs mothButterfly vs moth

BUTTERFLY VSBUTTERFLY VS MOTHMOTH

ANTENNAEANTENNAE: thin : thin slender slender filamentous filamentous antennae, club antennae, club shaped at the end shaped at the end

FRENULUMFRENULUM: none: none PUPAEPUPAE:. exposed :. exposed

pupa = pupa = chrysalis.. WINGSWINGS: bright : bright

colourscolours

mostly comb-like or mostly comb-like or featheryfeathery

PresentPresent caterpillars spin a spin a

cocoon made of silk made of silk plain brown, grey, plain brown, grey,

white or black white or black

BUTTERFLY VSBUTTERFLY VS MOTHMOTH

BODYBODY: slender and : slender and smoother smoother abdomens. abdomens.

ACTIVITYACTIVITY: diurnal: diurnal RESTING: exposed RESTING: exposed

pupa = pupa = chrysalis.. WINGS:WINGS: fold their fold their

wings above their wings above their backs backs

stout and hairy or stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies furry-looking bodies

Crepuscular, Crepuscular, nocturnalnocturnal

caterpillars spin a spin a cocoon made of silk made of silk

rest with their wings rest with their wings spread out to their spread out to their sides sides

REMARKS: THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS

4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees)4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees) Greek - hymeno, god of marriage; ptera, Greek - hymeno, god of marriage; ptera,

wings wings Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for

the bees where the labium and maxillae form the bees where the labium and maxillae form a tonguelike structure through which liquid a tonguelike structure through which liquid food is taken. food is taken.

Antennae with 10 or more segments. Antennae with 10 or more segments. Ovipositor well developedOvipositor well developed sometimes modified into a sting sometimes modified into a sting

5) STREPSIPTERA5) STREPSIPTERA Latin - strepsi, twisted; ptera, wingsLatin - strepsi, twisted; ptera, wings Relates to the form of the hind wings; Relates to the form of the hind wings;

membranous and appearing twisted and membranous and appearing twisted and wrinkled. wrinkled.

Males - forewings reduced to clublike Males - forewings reduced to clublike structuresstructures

Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike.Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike. Mouthparts vestigialMouthparts vestigial Small insects 0.5-4 mm.Small insects 0.5-4 mm. Females are generally saclike without Females are generally saclike without

appendages or bedbuglike appendages or bedbuglike

6) NEUROPTERA 6) NEUROPTERA (LACEWING)(LACEWING)

Wings membranousWings membranous Fore and hind wings similar in shape and Fore and hind wings similar in shape and

veination. Held rooflike over the veination. Held rooflike over the body at rest. body at rest.

Soft-bodied Soft-bodied Mouthparts mandibulate Mouthparts mandibulate Antennae long Antennae long Predator (mostly)Predator (mostly)

7) MECOPTERA7) MECOPTERA Slender body, head prolonged into a beak Slender body, head prolonged into a beak

or rostrumor rostrum most have four long narrow membranous most have four long narrow membranous

wings which are similar in size and wings which are similar in size and venation. venation.

Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae) Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae) Chewing type mouthparts. Chewing type mouthparts. Antennae threadlike about Antennae threadlike about

one-half the length of one-half the length of the body.the body.

8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS)8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS) Latin - siphon, pipe; aptera, wingless Latin - siphon, pipe; aptera, wingless Small, wingless, < 5mm Small, wingless, < 5mm Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily

sclerotized sclerotized Sucking type mouthparts Sucking type mouthparts Legs relatively long with large coxae. Legs relatively long with large coxae. Usually jumping insects.Usually jumping insects. Parasite of cats, dogs, rodentsParasite of cats, dogs, rodents

9)TRICHOPTERA9)TRICHOPTERA both wings membranous, covered both wings membranous, covered

with short hairswith short hairs wings fold flat but held rooflikewings fold flat but held rooflike tarsi 4 or 5 segmentedtarsi 4 or 5 segmented mandibles greatly reducedmandibles greatly reduced long, many segmented antennae long, many segmented antennae