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Small (grasses)
Medium (shrubs)
Large (trees)
Air Land Sea
350 B.C.
1750
• Grouped living things by their PHYSICAL TRAITS
• Grouped things into KINGDOMS
• Gave all living things a two-part name…
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two Name Naming System_____ _________ ___________ _____________
Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.
Kingdom Country
Phylum State
Class County
Order Town
Family Neighborhood
Genus Street
Species House Number
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Multi-cellular consumers
backbone
Milk-producing hairy
Opposable digits, Bipedal
Stereoscopic vision
Bigger brain, tool making,
“wise man”
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animal Chordate Mammal Primate Pongida Pan troglodytes
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animal Chordate Mammal carnivore Felidae Pantera leo
Sunflower Wolf African Elephant
Bullfrog Dog Mushroom
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binomial Nomenclature
Common name: Human
Common name: Dog
Common name: Tiger
Common name: Elephant
A two-part naming system
Since the Linnaean system focuses on physical similarities alone…molecular studies (genetic sequences) are not considered.
Genetic similarities between two species are more likely than physical similarities to show ___________________________________COMMON ANCESTORY
Carl Woese
Revealed genetic differences in the DNA sequences of organisms
Classified organisms into 3 DOMAINS
•BACTERIA
•ARCHAEA
•EUKARYA
The THREE domains1. Bacteria
Single-celled prokaryotes
One of the largest groups of organisms on Earth
Can be classified by their traits such as:
* Shape
* Their Need for Oxygen
* Whether they cause disease
E. coli Clostridium botulinum
Salmonella typhus Neisseria gonorrhea
The THREE domains
Single-celled prokaryotes, (without a nucleus)
Able to live in extreme environments, (due to the chemical make up of their cell walls
2. Archaea
Haloquadratum walsbyi
Acid Mine Drainage
The THREE domains3. Eukarya
Made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells
(Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
Includes 4 Kingdoms:
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Plant Kingdom
• made of cellulose
* Eukaryotic
Fungus Kingdom
• Except for YEAST which is unicellular
• Decomposer
• made of chitin
* Eukaryotic
1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2
b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3
2. a. Body is round shape……
b. Body is elongated……
Lady bug
Grasshopper
3. a. Wings point toward the back………
b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4
Housefly
4. a. Wings are large and broad…….
b. Wings are long and thin…...
Butterfly
Dragonfly
A tool used to determine the identity of an organism
QuestionsWhat traits were used by Aristotle to classify animals?
Why is this considered a poor method by today’s standards?
Name the major classification groups, from largest to smallest?
What is binomial nomenclature?
Why is it used (i.e. why use Latin names?)
What are the five kingdoms?
Are humans more closely related to a mouse or a chicken? Explain.
List two ways how plants and animals are different and similar.
What characteristic is exclusive to bacteria?
If you discovered an organism with a cell wall, which kingdom would you know it does NOT belong to?
If you discovered animal that closely resembled a human, what Class and Order would it likely belong?
Which is the largest group? Order, Genus, or Family.
Cladogram• An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be
related
• Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.
Derived Characters• Derived characters are traits that are shared by
some species but not by others• The more closely related species are, the more
derived characters they will share• Derived characters
are shown as
hash marks
Nodes• Each place where a branch splits is called
a node.
• Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.
Molecular Clocks• Molecular clocks use mutations to
estimate evolutionary time
• Mutations happen regularly over evolutionary time. With more time, more mutations build up.
Molecular Clocks