Classification of Living Organisms

Objective 3b

Discussion!

How is a grocery organized? What would happen if you had a list of groceries

you needed & the store had no method to arranging the products?

What can you tell me about a Kasz? How would you describe it if I told you it was

classified as a fish?

What does it mean to classify? Classification is a system used to organize organism

into groups based on similar characteristics

Why would it be important to classify living things? It is estimated that there are 5 to 30 million different

species, which is only 5% of all organisms throughout Earth’s history Close to 2 million have been identified & described

New species are being discovered every year Allows biologist to study organisms easier Biologist are better able to determine how closely

related organisms are

History of Classification Aristotle was a Greek philosopher from the

year 384BC – 322BC He was the 1st known to classify living things

scientifically Divided organisms into the plant or animal

group

History of Classification

Although Aristotle’s system was ingenious for its time it had flaws Ex. Worms & Elephants were in the same

category 2000 years later a new system was created

by Carolus Linnaeus that became the basis for the system we use today

Carl Linnaeus

Known as the Father of Taxonomy Wrote The classification of living things, “Systema Naturae”,

published in 1758 Developed the 1st modern classification hierarchy Divided living things into 2 major groups called kingdoms

Plants Animals

Grouped plants & animals based on similarities of both internal & external structures Ex. Backbone or no backbone

Tools & technology allow us to study organisms more closely today causing scientist to now recognize the need for more kingdoms

Taxonomy The Science of naming & classifying organisms

based on their similarities & differences Linnaues’ system include 7 taxonomical levels of

hierarchy Kingdom is the highest, contains the most amount of

organisms, & is the most general Species is the lowest, contains the least amount of organism,

& is the most specific

At each level, organisms within a group are more like each other than organisms in other groups

- Classifying OrganismsLevels of Classification

As you move down the levels of classification, the number of organisms decreases. The organisms at lower levels share more characteristics with each other.

Human Classification

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Homininae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

Naming Organisms Linnaeus use two Latin names to describe an organisms

genus & species What do you notice about the genus & species names

from the chart? Genus is capitalized & italicized species is lowercase & italicized

This method of naming organisms is called binomial nomenclature means "two-word naming system.“ Makes it easier for scientist to communicate about an organism

According to the charts what is the scientific name for polar bears? Humans?

GroupingPolar Bear

Classification Characteristics Example Animals

Kingdom Animalia Multi-cellularjellyfish, shark, aardvark, tiger, panda, grizzly,

polar bear

Phylum Chordata vertebrateshark, aardvark, tiger, panda, grizzly, polar

bear

Class Mammalia hair, produces milk aardvark, tiger, panda, grizzly, polar bear

Order Carnivoraeats meat, pointed

teeth tiger, panda, grizzly, polar bear

Family Ursidaeshort tail, five toes

each foot panda, grizzly, polar bear

Genus Ursus “true bears” grizzly, polar bear

Species maritimus arctic habitat polar bear

The table shows that the polar bear and the aardvark are in the same class (Mammalia) but not the same order (Carnivora). What characteristic does the

polar bear have that the aardvark does not?

Today’s SystemFor hundreds of years, all organisms were classified as

either plants or animals. However, as more organisms were discovered, scientists found some organisms that did not fit well into these two kingdoms. Ex. Mushrooms have characteristics of both

plants and animals Scientists started adding new kingdoms to include new

discoveries. Eventually, they found that organisms in some kingdoms

were closely related to those in other kingdoms. Today, scientists group kingdoms into 3 domains

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Domain Bacteria Bacteria can be found in air, soil, water, and even on and

inside the human body Most bacteria is good & helpful

Makes yogurt Breaks down food in the digestive tract & produces vitamin K

Some bacteria causes diseases & are harmful

Strep throat Pneumonia

Domain Archaea Made up of made up of prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are one celled organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

Live in extreme environments where other organisms could not survive Extremely salty water Deep-sea vents in the ocean with extremely high temperatures

Domain Eukarya Organisms whose cells have membrane-bound

organelles and a nucleus are called eukaryotes Divided into 4 kingdoms

Animals Plants Fungi Protists

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Made of complex, multi-cellular organisms Their cells do not have cell walls All are heterotrophs because they can not make

their own food. Able to move from place to place Have sense organs that help them react quickly to

their environment 2 categories:

Vertebrates: Animals that have a backbone Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a backbone

Ani

mal

Cla

ssifi

catio

n

Animals

Vertebrates

Mammals

Fish

Reptiles

AmphibiansBirds

Invertebrates

Flatworms

True wormsMolluscs

Echinoderms

Cnidarians

Arthropods

KINGDOM PLANTAE Have cell walls Autotrophs because they can make their own

food. Make food by photosynthesis

KINGDOM FUNGI Most are multi-cellular eukaryotes

Ex.Molds and mushrooms Some fungi (singular, fungus) are unicellular

Ex. Yeast Have a cell wall like plants but do not perform

photosynthesis due to a lack of chlorophyll Heterotrophs like animals but do not eat food as

animals do Get energy by breaking down materials from dead

or decaying organism in the environment Reproduce by spores

KINGDOM PROTISTA(common name: Protist)

Unicellular or simple multi-cellular Eukaryotic organisms

Includes 3 types: Animal-like, Plant-like, & Fungus-like

Animal-like Protist Protozoa are protists that resemble animals cells

They are heterotrophs Able to move from place to place to obtain food They are unicellular

Examples Ameobas are psudopods (false-foot) that live in either

water or soil and feed on bacteria and smaller protists Paramecium are ciliates (hair-like projections) that live

mostly in fresh water and feed on bacteria and smaller protists.

Giardia are flagella (whiplike projections for movement) that live in the intestines of termites

Plasmodium are parasitic organisms that cause malaria

Plant-like Protist Plantlike protists are called algae. Most are autotrophs & can perform

photosynthesis Play a significant role in helping sustain

many environments Most are Unicellular

Ex. phytoplankton Some algae are multi-cellular

Ex. Kelp (brown algae)

Fungus-like Protist

Have a cell wall Heterotrophs Use spores to reproduce Include 3 types

Slime molds Water molds Downey mildew

Review

Compare & Contrast

Domain or Kingdom Cell Type and Number Able to Make Food?

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya:Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Prokaryotes; unicellular Some are able to make food

Some are able to make food

Some are able to make food

Yes

No

Prokaryotes; unicellular

Eukaryotes; unicellular or multicellular

Eukaryotes; unicellular or multicellular

Eukaryotes; multicellular

Eukaryotes; multicellular

No

Group time Review

Why is a two-kingdom classification system no longer used b y scientists?

Use a double bubble to compare & contrast Prokaryotic organisms with Eukaryotic organisms.

Use a double bubble to compare members of the Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Fungi

The Classification Game!!The Classification Game!!

In the following few slides, you will find14 different In the following few slides, you will find14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a letter. organisms, each of them labeled with a letter.

In your groups, write down two main classification In your groups, write down two main classification Then place the corresponding letters under the correct Then place the corresponding letters under the correct

classification.classification.

I

B

H

L M

A D

F

C

N

G

E

K

J

One Possible Solution

PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

????????

Any other solutions??

You might have done color, shape, size, You might have done color, shape, size, number of legsnumber of legs

Did you encountered one or two that really Did you encountered one or two that really did not fit into either of your two did not fit into either of your two classificationsclassifications

What should you do when this happens? What should you do when this happens? Make a new classification of course!Make a new classification of course!