Classification of Living Things: Classification Major
Kingdoms
Slide 2
History of Classification Aristotle 384 BC 384 BC Species were
identified as Plants or Animals Species were identified as Plants
or Animals
Slide 3
History of Classification Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 1707-1778
Developed our modern classification system Developed our modern
classification system Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature
(two names) (two names) Ex. Homo sapiensEx. Homo sapiens
CAPITALIZEDlowercase Italicize!!!
Slide 4
Linnaean Classification Organizes organisms into groups and
subgroups based on evolutionary relationships Often revised when
new relationships are discovered (DNA evidence) Example:
Pseudocalanus spp. Example: Pseudocalanus spp.
Slide 5
Classification levels: Kingdom (broad) Phylum Class Order
Family Genus Species (specific)
Slide 6
6 Kingdoms of Life Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology,
4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates and WH Freeman
Prokaryotic Kingdoms The Monera Kingdom split into Kingdom
Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom
Archaebacteria Only kingdoms of prokaryotic organisms Have a cell
wall Lack membrane-bound organelles Lack multicellular forms.
Slide 9
Kingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular Prokayotic Extreme
environments (near volcanic activity) dont need oxygen, light Three
divisions of archaebacteria: Methanogens: methane producing
organisms Methanogens: methane producing organisms Thermophiles:
These can live in extremely hot, acidic environments like sulfur
springs. Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic
environments like sulfur springs. Halophiles: Can only live in
bodies of concentrated salt water, like the Dead Sea. Halophiles:
Can only live in bodies of concentrated salt water, like the Dead
Sea.
Slide 10
Slide 11
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotic Extreme environments
HETEROTROPHS: This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your
body in the form of a parasite. This bacteria lives about anywhere,
including in your body in the form of a parasite. AUTOTROPHS:
Obtain energy through photosynthesis. Obtain energy through
photosynthesis. blue-green bacteria chlorophyll blue-green bacteria
chlorophyll They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist
regions.They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions.
CHEMOTROPHS: Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into
organic matter. Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into
organic matter.
Slide 12
http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html
Slide 13
Kingdom Protista The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom A variety
of eukaryotic body forms: Can be single-celled, colonial, or
multicellular Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular Can
be heterotrophic or autotrophic Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants.
Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants.
Slide 14
Slide 15
Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Usually multicellular
group multinucleated cells enclosed in cells with cell walls Obtain
energy by decomposition and absorption Some fungi Cause disease
(yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), Cause disease (yeast
infections, rusts, and smuts), Others are useful in baking,
brewing, and sources for antibiotics. Others are useful in baking,
brewing, and sources for antibiotics.
Slide 16
http://mycorrhizas. info/ecmf.html
Slide 17
Kingdom Plantae Immobile Multicellular eukaryotes Produce their
food by photosynthesis (autotrophs) Cell wall (cellulose) Important
sources of oxygen, food, and clothing/construction materials, as
well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.
Slide 18
Slide 19
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic eukaryotes Mobile
at some stage during their lives Lack cell walls Animals provide
food, clothing, fats, scents, companionship, and labor.
Slide 20
Slide 21
Cladistics Organisms are defined and grouped based on shared
features (called characters) derived from a common ancestor.
Organisms are defined and grouped based on shared features (called
characters) derived from a common ancestor.
Slide 22
Cladistics U ses branching diagrams called cladograms
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_02
Slide 23
Parts of a Cladogram Feature(s) or Character(s) Node Name of
Group Organism Branches
Slide 24
Reading a Cladogram Each V shows organisms that share a common
ancestor Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B Organism B Organism
A
Slide 25
Reading a Cladogram The smaller the V, the more closely related
the organisms are Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B Organism B
Organism A and the more characters they share
Slide 26
Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B
Organism B Organism A and the more characters they share
Slide 27
Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B
Organism B Organism A All the characters below the V!
Slide 28
Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B and C
Organism B Organism A Organism C
Slide 29
Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B, C and D
Organism B Organism A Organism C Organism D
Slide 30
Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B, C, D and
E Organism B Organism A Organism C Organism D Organism E
Slide 31
Step 1: Make a table NESSNESN64GameCube Wii Remote Directional
Pad Curved Edge Control Stick Wireless Motion Sensitive
