Classification of organisms

Whittaker’s 5 kingdomsOrganisms Monera

Prokaryotes | Unicellular

ProtistaEukaryotes | Unicellular

FungiEukaryotes | MulticellularWith cell wallDon’t perform photosynthesis

PlantaeEukaryotes | MulticellularWith cell wallPerform photosynthesis

AnimaliaEukaryotes | MulticellularNo cell wall

MONERAProkaryotes | Unicellular

Monera Lactic Acid Bacteria Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), grown on purpose in cucumbers immersed in a salty brine digest the sugars in the cucumbers and metabolize them into lactic acid. Thus they remove a potential food source for harmful bacteria. At the same time, lactic acid produces an acidic medium which functions as a preservative and controls spoilage bacteria. The high salt concentration used is tolerated by the lactic acid bacteria but prevents spoilage bacteria from propagating. The cucumbers thus treated are called pickles or pickled cucumbers.

e.g. Lactobacillus - probiotic bacteria, which are useful for human and animal health

Magnification: x6666 @ 10 cm.

Monera Blue-green Algaea.k.a Nostoc or CynanobacteriaThe name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue).The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth by stimulating biodiversity.Cyanobacteria can be found in almost every conceivable environment, from oceans to fresh water to bare rock to soil.Heterocyst-forming species are specialized for nitrogen fixation and are able to fix nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrites or nitrates which can be absorbed by plants and converted to protein and nucleic acids

Magnification: x250 @ 3.5 cm.

Magnification x1000 @ 10 cm.

PROTISTAEukaryotes | Unicellular

ProtistaProtozoa - ParameciumParamecium is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa. They are about 50 to 350 μm in length. Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion (like a caterpillar).Paramecia are widespread in freshwater environments.Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts.

Magnification unknown.

ProtistaProtozoa - AmoebaAmoeba are single-celled organisms (protozoa) that feed and move using irregular extensions of the cell cytoplasm known as pseudopods.To move the amoeba extends a pseudopod in the direction it "wishes" to go, anchors it and pulls itself forward by contracting it's cell body.Feeding occurs by phagocytosis. A pseudopodium flows out, engulfs a small organism such as an alga and is then reabsorbed into the cell body, where it is digested by enzymes within a digestive vacuole.

Magnification x17000 @ 10 cm.

ProtistaProtozoa - EuglenaThis freshwater single-celled organism can either obtain energy from sunlight, via photosynthesis, or by absorbing chemicals from its surroundings.It is also, like many protozoa, an active swimmer, moving rapidly by beating its long, whip-like flagellum.

Magnification x2200 @ 10 cm.

ProtistaGreen AlgaeChlamydomonas are single-celled organisms are aquatic, living in freshwater habitats.They use their two, tail- like flagella for swimming. These algae are also photosynthetic; they contain two types of the pigment chlorophyll, which they use to capture sunlight energy for the manufacture of sugars.

Magnification x900 @ 10 cm.

ProtistaDiatomsDiatoms are single-celled photosynthetic algae, of which there are about 100,000 species, forming an important part of the plankton at the base of the marine and freshwater food chains.They have mineralized cell walls that contain pure silica coated with a layer of organic material.

Magnification x200 @ 10 cm.

FUNGI

Eukaryotes | Multicellular | With cell wall | Don’t perform photosynthesis

FungiMould - PenicilliumIt produces penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body.

Moulds grow in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.

Since fungi use decaying organic matter to grow fungi are also called as saphrophytes.

Magnification x375 @ 10 cm.

Mould breadPenicillium is a common fungus to infect bread, producing mould of this colour.

FungiMould - AspergillusAspergillus produces toxins that lead to food contamination. This species may also cause aspergillosis, a hypersensitive lung reaction in asthmatics and those with lowered resistance, provoked by repeated inhalation of the spores.Aspergillus grows in household dust, soil, and decaying vegetable matter, including stale food.

Magnification x350 @ 10 cm.

Mould on nectarinesColor of mould depends on the nature of the substrate & on the species of fungus; green for Penicillium, blue, green or yellow for Aspergillus.

Spores about to be released in the air.

Network of vegetative filaments called hyphae.

FungiYeastYeasts are unicellular eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species.Yeast is commonly used in fermenting of alcoholic beverages and baking.have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.

Magnification x3500 @ 10 cm.

FungiMushroomA mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. Like all fungi, mushrooms are not plants and do not undergo photosynthesis.Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions in the English language including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly).

FungiLichenLichens are symbiotic organisms formed of a fungus and an alga that mutually benefit one another.The alga is contained within the hyphae (filaments) of the fungus which protects it from harsh conditions, and in particular from desiccation. The alga supplies the fungus with nutrients that it makes by photosynthesis.

PLANTAEEukaryotes | Multicellular | With cell wall | Perform photosynthesis

Plantae

ThallophytaNon-

differentiated plant body

EmbryophytaDifferentiated

plant body

BryophytaNon-vascular

plants

TracheophytaVascular Plants

PetridophytaDo not produce

seeds

SpermatophytaSeed plants

GymnospermsNaked seeds

AngiospermsSeed inside

fruits

Monocots Dicots

Thallophyta

Spirogyra are filamentous green algae found in freshwater

Common stonewort (Chara vulgaris) Three species of edible seaweedUlva, Palmaria and Laminaria (devil's apron)

Cladophora and Sea Lettuce (Ulva lactuca)

Predominantly aquatic plants | AutotrophicSimple thread like bodies with non-differentiated root, stem and leaves

thallus = green shoot or twig

Bryophyta

Moss on walls Funaria

Marchantia

Bryophyta are amphibians of the plant kingdomThey lack vascular tissues | Have root like structures called rhizoids

MossSmall plants that lack true roots, woody tissue and flowers.Grow in damp places.

RicciaLiverwort

bryon = moss in Latin

Pteridophyta

Multicellular | Have vascular tissuesReproduce asexually by spores and sexually by forming gametes

pteri = fern in Greek

Marsilea

Lycopodiumground pine

Fern

Gymnosperms

Pine

Deodar Spruce

Cycas

Perennial | Evergreen | Woody

gymno = naked | sperm = seed

Angiospermsangio = covered| sperm = seed

The flowering plants are the most diverse group of land plants.

ANIMALIAEukaryotes | Multicellular | No cell wall | Hetertropic

Anim

alia Parazoa Porifera

Eumetazoa

Radiata Coelenterata

Bilateria

PlatyhelminthesNo coelom

NematodaPseudocoelom

Coelomate

Protostome

MolluscaNo segmentation

AnnelidaSegmentation

ArthropodaJoint legs

Deutrostome

EchinodermataNo notochord

ProtochordataRudimentary notochord

VertebrataHave vertebral column

Pisces

Amphibia

Reptilla

Aves

Mammalia

Besides the animals

Well after animals

Body symmetry

coelom = cavity within the body

notochord = flexible, rod-shaped supporting structure

Porifera

Spongilla Sycon

Non-motile, attached to a solid supportHave pores all over the body which helps in circulating water to bring food and oxygen

Very minimal differentiation and division in to tissues

Ostia = PoresOsculum = Large opening at free end

Spicules = Tiny spike like structure

porifera = pore bearer in Latin

Coelenterata

Hydra

Jelly fish

They have radial symmetrySimple tissue organization

Body is made of two layers of cells – diploblastic

koilos = full bellied

Sea anemone

Corals

Stay in colonies

Platyhelminthes

Tape worm Planaria

They have bilateral symmetry and flat body structureThey have three layers of cells – triploblastic

No true body cavity (coelom)

platy = flat in Greek

Livefluke

Liver flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bile duct of various mammals. They cause a disease known as fasciolosis and can cause great economic losses in the sheep and cattle industry.

Tapeworms have no specialized digestive system but feed on the half- digested food in the intestines by direct absorption through their entire skin surface. Tapeworms can cause diarrhoea, weight loss and abdominal discomfort.

Non-parasitic flat worm that lives in lakes, streams, ponds, and other freshwater bodies.

Nematoda

Ascaris (Roundworm) Pinworm / Threadworm

They have bilateral symmetry and round body structureThey have three layers of cells – triploblastic

They have a pseudocoelomGenerally parasitic disease causing worms

Hookworm

These parasites infect mammals, including humans, pigs, dogs and rats. Infection follows the consumption of raw or undercooked meat.

The hookworm is a parasitic nematode that lives in the small intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human.

The pinworm also known as threadworm is a common human intestinal parasite, especially in children.

Annelida

Leech Neresis (Sandworm)

They have bilateral symmetry and segmented body structureReproduce sexually but sexes are not separate – hermaphrodite

They have three layers of cells – triploblasticHave true coelom

Earthworm

Leech is a parasite has two suckers, one at each end of its body, that it uses to attach itself to the skin of its victim whilst it drinks their blood.

The earthworms diet mainly consists of organic substances in the soil, and its movement helps to break up the soil and improve its aeration.

Sandworms are marine annelid worms that burrow in wet sand and mud using parapodia (un-joint limb-like outgrowths) and setae (bristles) for locomotion.

anellus = little ring in Latin

Arthropoda

Probably the largest group of animalsThey have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic

Body is externally segmented and protected with chitinous exoskeletonSexes are separate

Coelom is filled with blood

árthron = joint and podós = foot

Mollusca

Snail Mussels

They have bilateral symmetry and soft body that is generally covered with a shellOpen circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion

Octopus

molluscus = soft in Greek

Echinodermata

Starfish Sea cucumber

They are free living marine animalsThey have tough spiny exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate

They show radial symmetry

Sea urchin

skin like hedgehog in Greek

Protochordata

Marine or burrowing animals with soft, unsegmented, triploblastic body They posses notochord only in embryonic stage

Balanoglossus

VertebrataPisces (Fish)• Aquatic animals• Exoskeleton of scales | Endoskeleton of bone /cartilage• Breathe through gills

Amphibia• Gills in larvae and lungs in most adults with slimy skin• Lay their eggs in water (oviparous)• Have three chambered heart

Reptilia• Exoskeleton of scales• Lay eggs outside water (oviparous)• Cold blooded mostly terrestrial animals

Aves (Bird)• Exoskeleton of feathers | Lay eggs outside water (oviparous)• Two forelimbs are modified for flight• Have four chambered heart

Mammalia• Exoskeleton of hair• External ears• Give birth to live young babies (Mostly viviparous)