Classification Unit

KINGDOMSPECIESFisher

Page 51 & 53 in Textbook

Aristotle- one of the 1st scientist to classify living things

Linnaeus- Made important changes to Aristotle’s classification system:

1. He classified plants and animals into more groups

2. He based his system on specific traits

3. He gave organisms names that described their traits.

Living things that are closely related are in many of the same classification groups.

Lets compare a House cat to a Lion

Only difference between the two… in the last two categories

House Cat Lion

Kingdom Animal

Phylum Chordate

Class Mammal

Order Carnivore

Family Felidae

Genus Felis

Species catus

Kingdom Animal

Phylum Chordate

Class Mammal

Order Carnivore

Family Felidae

Genus Panthera

Species leo

What makes up the scientific name?

The genus and species names together make up the scientific name.

Scientific Name: Felis catus Capital, lower case

Kingdom Animal

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammal

Order Carnivore

Family Felidae

Genus Felis

Species catus

Why do we use scientific names?Common Names that you are familiar with:

Robin

Seal

House cat

Hawk- (There are different types of hawks… And each type of hawk would have a different scientific name!)

Issue with using common names, two different living things may have the same common name. But two different living things will NOT have the same scientific name!

Scientific names are unique!

Chapter 3 pages 46-65

Questions:

Page 50 Question 1

Page 55 Questions 7 & 8

Page 62 Questions 11, 12, 13, & 14

Chapter 4: page 72

VirusesShape: Round or rod-shaped

Virus: size: very small Made of a center chromosome surrounded by a protein coat;

DNA enclosed in protein coat. Are not living Can ONLY reproduce if inside a living cell, takes over host cell

** This is why viruses are not grouped into ANY Kingdom** Do NOT grow, Do NOT respond to the environment

Viruses infect a host cell: organism that provides food for the parasite

Parasite: lives in or on another living thing

Life cycle of a bacterial virus Virus comes in contact with host cell, it attaches itself

to the host cell. The chromosome part of the virus enters the host cell. The chromosome part of the virus takes over the host

cell The virus changes the hereditary material in the host

cell so that the host produces more viruses instead of performing it’s usual work

The cell breaks open and releases the new virus, which then invades other cells

Tissue damage and diseases result

The flu virus acts in this way

Other Types of Viruses:

Some viruses can remain hidden in a cell, lie dormant for a while without reproducing. No symptoms will appear.

Cold sores are one of these viruses

As long as the virus does not reproduce, you will not see a cold sore; but the virus still remains in the body. Other viruses cause the host cell to reproduce both

themselves and the viruses. Group of infected cells become lumps called tumors. Some tumors are harmless like warts. Other tumors are harmful like cancer.

Controlling Viruses:There are NO KNOWN drugs that destroy viruses! However, we do have some ways that we protect ourselves

against viruses.

1. Some white blood cells can surround and destroy a virus.

2. Other white blood cells make chemicals called antibodies which help destroy viruses and harmful bacteria by attaching to them.

3. The cells that are attacked by the virus produce interferons. Interferon is a chemical that when released allows the cells nearby the host cell know that a viral infection is taking place.

Vaccines:

Are substances made by weakened or dead viruses. The body reacts to the vaccine by producing antibodies to protect against the disease.

Agenda 10-10-141. IPAD Keystone Flashcards2. Vocab Quiz3. Recap- What have we been discussing? Viruses4. Today-Discuss Bacteria!!!

Objective: identify the differences between bacteria and viruses

Monera Kingdom:(Mon-ear-a) page 80

One celled (but larger then viruses) Lack a nucleus, have a cell well, DNA floats in cytoplasm Include bacteria & blue/green bacteria Shape- round, rod, or spiral Single cells, pairs, or clusters Bacteria, reproduce & grow alive Bacteria reproduce by fission-asexual reproduction- one parent

The circular chromosome of the bacterial cell makes a copy of itself and the cell divides. Fission- Splitting of one thing into two parts

Different diseases caused by bacteria in humans: Strep throat, pneumonia treatable by antibiotics – Bacterial infections are more localized unlike viruses

Controlling Bacteria:

Pasteurization: heating a liquid to kill harmful bacteria

Antibiotics: Chemical substances that kill or slow the growth of bacteria

Benefit: Good Bacteria- In Gut- Regulates DigestionGet ready to collaborate with your lab partner

Agenda: 10-13 -14 Monday

You have until 11am to eat you lunchKeystone vocab cardsReview from Friday- Questions Begin discussing Protist Kingdom

Chapter 4 Questions 10-13-14

Page 78 Question 1,2, 3, & 5

Page 88 Question 6 & Question 9 Look at page 86

Chapter 5 ProtistProtist Kingdom

Uni-cellular microscopic organisms Have a nucleus & other cell parts Examples:

1. Protozoans are consumers (animal like)

Consumer: receives energy by eating other organisms

Parts of the Food Chain

2. Amoebas who reproduce by fission (bacteria like)

3. Algae (plant like) plantlike protist move w/ flagellum; a tail!

4. Mold (fungus like)

Fungus Kingdom page 102 Examples: Mushrooms, molds, yeasts

Consumers & decomposers- They can not make their own food

Most are Saprophytes: organisms that live on dead matter. They break down waste and dead materials for food and return them to the soil.

Multicellular

Bodies of fungus made of a network of threadlike structures called hyphae(hi-fee). The hyphae grow and branch until they cover and digest the food source on which the fungus is growing.

A large amount of waste and dead material is deposited on Earth everyday, decomposers like mushrooms help so that this material does not build up on Earth.

Yeasts reproduce by budding: a small part of the parent grows into a new organism-asexual reproduction- offspring are identical to the parent.

Helpful and Harmful Fungi

Helpful Harmful

Yeasts- make bread and alcohol Athlete's foot

Penicillium is a fungus that makes a antibiotic- it also makes blue cheese

Ringworm

Fungus who live a mutual live style There is some fungi that live neither as parasites nor as

saprophytes. They get food from other organisms without causing harm. In turn, they may give support or protection. A living arrangement in which BOTH organisms benefit is called mutualism.

Example: a lichen

A lichen is a fungus and a organism with chlorophyll that live

together. The organism with chlorophyll provides the food

(the red part) and the fungus (green stem)provides support,

holds water and minerals for the alga. If the green

organism dies the fungus also does. They need

each other to survive!

Chapter 5 Questions

Page 100 Question 4Page 108 Question 9 Read page 80

& page 106Page 110 Questions 1-4 & 6

Agenda: October 15th Wednesday Begin with our Keystone Packets- Vocab on the IPAD

Short Recap/Review:

What have we been discussing? The 5 Kingdoms

Which Kingdom have we not discussed in detail as of yet?

Plant

After we get through discussing this kingdom we will review and have our first test on our Classification system.

Then we will move onto the second section of Animal Classification in your textbook; where the Animal Kingdom is broken down into it’s various phyla's.

Simple animals complex animals

Recap of what we have learned thus far:

DISCUSSING THE 5 KINGDOMS: ANIMAL, PLANT, FUNGI, PROTIST MONERA

• WHAT WE WILL BE DOING NEXT: DISCUSSING THE LAST KINGDOM PLANT KINGDOM ( STARTING ON WED PG 114)

• TEST

• BREAK DOWN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM INTO IT’S PHYLUMS AND DISCUSS MOST SIMPLE TO COMPLEX ANIMALS

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

Plants page 114 There are over 350,000 different kinds of plants , scientists have grouped plants

based on their traits Vascular vs. nonvascular plants

Vascular Plants: Plants that have tube like cells in their roots, stems, and leaves that carry food & water

Have tube like cells; Xylem joined end to end, allowing water & minerals to move up and down the plant

A separate set of tubes, phoem carry food to other parts of the plant.

Roots: Anchor plants to the ground

Stems: Carry water to all parts of the plant & hold leaves up to sunlight

Leaves: main organ for food making, chloroplasts in the leaves

Nonvascular Plants:

Grow close to the ground, in moist areas

Do not have roots

Take up water through osmosis- passage of H20 through a semi-permeable member

Nonvascular Plants page 117 Most nonvascular plants live near water

Grow close to the groundbenefit; allowing the plant to take up water

Example: moss & liverworts grow on rocks near streams; have stems & leaves but no roots! (Moss, has hair like cells that attach it to the ground and take up water.)

Mosses use: Holds soil in place; keeps it from washing away & is a food source for snails

Life Cycle of Moss:

Sperm & Egg of mosses form at the tip of leafy stems.

In order for fertilization to occur the sperm needs to swim to the egg, the sperm have

1hr until they are all dead.

The joining of the egg and sperm is called fertilization.

Once fertilization has occurred , an embryo grows from fertilized egg.

Brown capsules form inside the tip called spores

Wind blows the spores away from the parent moss, where they land new leaf plants grow!

Nonvascular plants: Moss

Moss- non vascular plants

Vascular Plants page 121 Most plants are vascular plants; there are two types of vascular plants

spore producing or seed producing

Spore Producing

Have tube like cells: Xylem & Phloem

Example: Fern- reproduces with spores

Ferns are similar to nonvascular plants in that they reproduce with spores

The spores of ferns are found on the under side of the leaves

Life Cycle of a Fern

-spore case opens

-Wind & water carry spores

-Spores land & grow

-Sperm cells swim to egg cells on other side of plant

-Egg cell is fertilized

-Fertilized egg develops into a new Fern

Vascular Plants – seed producing There are two types of plants that are vascular which are seed producing:

Conifers and Flowering Plants

Conifers

Seed: is the part of a plant that contains a new, young plant/embryo and stored food.

Embryo: an organism in it’s earliest stage of growth

A seed has a hard outer covering called a seed coat. This protects the embryo. The food supply & the seed coat help the embryo survive.

Conifer: is a plant that produces seeds in cones.

Conifers keep their leaves throughout the year. Most conifers are evergreen trees. Conifers can live in many different environments.

Conifers leaves are needle like

Vascular Plants- Seed Producing Flowering Plants

Pollen: the tiny grains of seed plants in which sperm develop

A flowering plant is a vascular plant that produces seeds

inside a flower.

Flower: Reproductive part of the plant

Sperm cell is produced in a pollen grain and is carried

to egg cells by wind, insects, or other animals.

A flower is the reproductive part of a flowering plant

The female flower parts develop into a fruit that protects

the seeds.

Pistil: entire female reproductive structure

Stigma: Tip of pistil that receives pollen

Stamen: entire male reproductive organ

Anther: pollen bearing structure

Ovary: develops into fruit after pollination

Compare nonvascular to vascular plants….

Collaborate… Work on Chart with your lab partners!

SAMENonvascular Vascular

Spore Seed

Conifer Flower