Classifying

State

s of

Matter

Solid• Definite shape

and volume• Particles tightly

packed together• Expands when

heated• Incompressible

(not compressible)

Liquid• Fluid in shape• Takes the shape

of the bottom of a container

• Incompressible(not

compressible)

• Expands when heated

Gas• Particles can

move freely in all directions

• Diffuse to fill container

• Take the shape of the container

• Particles are far apart

• Easily compressed

Gas vs Vapor

Gas• Substance in the gaseous

state at room temperature• Example: Oxygen

Vapor• Gaseous state of a

substance that is solid or liquid at room temperature

• Example: water vapor

Classification of Matter

Substance• Matter that

has a constant composition and distinct properties

Element• Substance that

cannot be separated into simpler substances

• Most occur naturally on Earth (118 to date)

• Ex: Gold, Carbon, Hydrogen

Atomic number

Chemical symbol

Atomic massChemical Name

**The first letter in ALL chemical symbols is ALWAYS capitalized, the second letter is ALWAYS lowercaseEx. Ca for Calcium and Fe for Iron

Compound• Two or more elements chemically combined• Has properties different than its components• Can be separated only by chemical means (electricity &

heat)• Subscripts denote number of atoms• Mg3N2

• __Mg, __N

• Mg3(PO4)2

• __Mg, __P,__O

• Numbers outside of the parentheses get multiplied in

Mixture• Combination of

two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual identities

• Do not have fixed proportions

• Can be created or separated by physical means

Homogeneous• Composition of

the mixture is the same throughout

• Also called a solution

• Mixed at the molecular level and has a single phase

Heterogeneous• Does not have uniform composition and the individual substances

remain distinct• Does not have fixed proportions (Air samples differ depending

on aspects of location, altitude, population, etc or seawater samples differ upon location)

• Can be created or separated by physical means

Matter

Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Pure Substance

Compound Element

Separate Physically

Separate Chemically

(Page 3 of NTs)

Separation Techniques

Physical vs Chemical

Dissolving• Homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures where the liquid

phase is retained

Distillation• Separates homogeneous

liquid-liquid mixtures using differences in boiling points

Chromatography

• Separates homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures based on differences in solubility and tendency to travel across the surface of another material

Evaporation

• Allowing a solution (solid dissolved in a liquid) to “dry”

• Typically the liquid evaporates into the air

Crystallization• Separates

homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures

• Results in a pure solid substance

Filtration• Separates

heterogeneous solid-liquid mixtures

Decant• To pour a liquid, from

one container to another, gently to not disturb the sediment