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Negotiable instrumentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A negotiable instrument is a specialized type of "contract" for the payment of money that isunconditional and capable of transfer by negotiation. As payment of money is promised later,the instrument itself can be used by the holder in due course frequently as money. Commonexamples include cheques , banknotes (paper money), and commercial paper . In the UnitedStates, the Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Codecovers the use of negotiable instrumentsexcept banknotes (money).

Contents

[hide ]

1 Differences from a

contract

2 Classes

2.1 Promissory

note

2.2 Bill of

exchange 3 In the Commonwealth

4 In the United States

4.1 Usage

4.2 Exceptions

4.3 External

links

5 References

[edit]Differences from a contractA negotiable instrument is a contract, albeit not obvious in formation of the required offer, andconsideration. Unlike ordinary contract documents, the right to the performance of a negotiableinstrument is linked to the possession of the document itself (with certain exceptions such as

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loss or theft). The consideration for a negotiable instrument is the value given up to acquire itand the consequent loss of value in the prior holder. The instrument itself is understood as aright for payment and an obligation for payment evidenced by the instrument itself withpossession the touchstone for the right of payment. The rights of a holder in due course of a

negotiable instrument are better than those provided by ordinary contracts as follows:

The rights to payment are not subject to set-off , and do not rely onthe validity of the underlying contract giving rise to the debt (for example if a cheque was drawn for payment for goods deliveredbut defective, the drawer is still liable on the cheque)

No notice needs to be given to any prior party liable on theinstrument for transfer of the rights under the instrument bynegotiation

Transfer free of equitiesthe holder in due course can hold better title than the party he obtains it from

Negotiation enables the transferee to become the party to the contract, and to enforce thecontract in his own name. Negotiation can be effected by endorsement and delivery (order instruments), or by delivery alone (bearer instruments ). In addition, it includes the rule of aderivative title which does not allow a property owner to transfer rights in a piece of propertygreater than his own.

[edit]Classes

Promissory notes and bills of exchange are two primary types of negotiable instruments.

[edit]Promissory note

A promissory note is a written promise by the maker to pay money to the payee . Bank note isfrequently transferred as a promissory note, a promissory note made by a bank and payable tobearer on demand. A maker of a promissory note promises to unconditionally pay the payee(beneficiary) a specific amount on a specified date.

A promissory note is an unconditional promise to pay a specific amount to bearer or to the order of a named person, on demand or on a specified date.

A negotiable promissory note is unconditional promise in writing made by one person toanother, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand, or at fixed or determinable futuretime, sum certainin money, to order or to bearer. (see Sec.194)

A promissory note, briefly stated, is a promise to pay a sum of money.

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Original parties to a promissory note.

There are originally two parties in a promissory note. The one who makes the promise andsigns the instrument is called the "maker" and the party to whom the promise is made or theinstrument is payable is called the "payee"

[edit]Bill of exchange

A bill of exchange or "draft" is a written order by thedrawer to the drawee to pay money tothe payee . A common type of bill of exchange is thecheque (check in American English),defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills of exchange areused primarily in international trade, and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay thebearer a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency, bills of exchangewere a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today.

A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another,signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demandor at fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to order or to bearer. (Sec.126)

It is essentially an order made by one person to another to pay money to a third person.

A bill of exchange requires in its inception three parties--the drawer, the drawee, and the payee.

The person who draws the bill is called the drawer. He gives the order to pay money to thirdparty. The party upon whom the bill is drawn is called the drawee. He is the person to whom thebill is addressed and who is ordered to pay. he becomes an acceptor when he indicates hiswillingness to pay the bill. (Sec.62) The party in whose favor the bill is drawn or is payable iscalled the payee.

The parties need not all be distinct persons. Thus, the drawer may draw on himself payable tohis own order. (see Sec. 8)

A bill of exchange may be endorsed by the payee in favour of a third party, who may in turnendorse it to a fourth, and so on indefinitely. The "holder in due course" may claim the amountof the bill against the drawee and all previous endorsers, regardless of any counterclaims thatmay have disabled the previous payee or endorser from doing so. This is what is meant bysaying that a bill is negotiable.

In some cases a bill is marked "not negotiable". In that case it can still be transferred to a thirdparty, but the third party can have no better right than the transferor.

[edit]In the Commonwealth

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In the commonwealth almost all jurisdictions have codified the law relating to negotiableinstruments in a Bills of Exchange Act, e.g. Bills of Exchange Act 1882in the UK,Bills of Exchange Act 1908 in New Zealand, The Negotiable Instrument Act 1881in India and The Billsof Exchange Act 1914 in Mauritius. The Bills of Exchange Act:

1. defines a bill of exchange as: 'an unconditional order in writing,addressed by one person to another, signed by the persongiving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay ondemand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sumcertain in money to or to the order of a specified person, or tobearer.

2. defines a cheque as: 'a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand'

3. defines a promissory note as: 'an unconditional promise inwriting made by one person to another, signed by the maker,engaging to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinablefuture time, a sum certain in money to or to the order of aspecified person or to bearer.'

Additionally most commonwealth jurisdictions have separate Cheques Acts providing for additional protections for bankers collecting unindorsed or irregularly indorsed cheques,providing that cheques that are crossed and marked 'not negotiable' or similar are nottransferrable, and providing for electronic presentation of cheques in inter-bank cheque clearingsystems.

The 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition has a comprehensive article on the Bill of Exchange, detailing its history and operation, as understood at the time of its publication.

[edit]In the United StatesIn the United States, Article 3 and Article 4 of theUniform Commercial Codegovern theissuance and transfer of negotiable instruments. For a writing to be a negotiable instrument

under Article 3,[1] the following requirements must be met: 1) The promise or order to pay mustbe unconditional; 2) The payment must be a specific sum of money, although interest may beadded to the sum; 3) The payment must be made on demand or at a definite time; 4) Theinstrument must not require the person promising payment to perform any act other than payingthe money specified; 5) The instrument must be payable to bearer or to order.

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The latter requirement is referred to as the "words of negotiability": a writing which does notcontain the words "to the order of" or indicate that it is payable to the person in possession, isnot a negotiable instrument and is not governed by Article 3, even if it has all of the other features of negotiability. The only exception is that if an instrument meets the definition of a

cheque (a bill of exchange payable on demand and drawn on a bank) and is not payable toorder (i.e. if it just reads "pay John Doe") then it is treated as a negotiable instrument.

Persons other than the original obligor and obligee can become parties to a negotiableinstrument. The most common manner in which this is done is by placing one'ssignature on theinstrument: if the person who signs does so with the intention of obtaining payment of theinstrument or acquiring or transferring rights to the instrument, the signature is calledan indorsement . An indorsement which transfers the instrument to a specified person isa special indorsement . An indorsement by the payee or holder which does not contain any

additional notation (thus making the instrument payable to bearer) is a indorsement in blank . Anindorsement which requires that the funds be applied in a certain manner (i.e. "for deposit only","for collection") is arestrictive indorsement .

If a note or draft is negotiated to a person who acquires the instrument i) in good faith ii)for value iii) without notice of anydefenses to payment, the transferee is a holder in duecourse and can enforce the instrument without being subject to defenses which the maker of theinstrument would be able to assert against the original payee, except for certain real defenses which are rarely applicable. These real defenses include forgery of the instrument,

fraud as to the nature of the instrument being signed, alteration of the instrument, incapacity of the signer to contract, infancy of the signer, duress, discharge in bankruptcy, and the running of a statute of limitations on the instrument.

The rule is what makes the free transfer of negotiable instruments feasible in the modernindustrial economy: a person or company who purchases such an instrument in the ordinarycourse of business can reasonably expect that it will be paid when presented to the maker,without involving itself in a dispute between the maker and the person to whom the instrumentwas first issued.

The foregoing is the theory and the law. In reality the issuer of an instrument who feels he hasbeen defrauded or otherwise rawly dealt with by the payee may nonetheless refuse to pay theholder in due course, requiring the latter to resort to litigationto recover on the instrument.

[edit]Usage

While bearer instruments are rarely created as such, a holder of commercial paper with theholder designated as payee can change the instrument to a bearer instrument by an

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endorsement. The proper holder simply signs the back of the instrument and the instrumentbecomes bearer paper, although in recent years, third party checks are not being honored bymost banks unless the original payee has signed a notarized document stating such.

Alternately, an individual or company may write acheck payable to "Cash" or "Bearer" andcreate a bearer instrument. Great care should be taken with the security of the instrument, as itis legally almost as good as cash.

[edit]Exceptions

Under the Code, the following are not negotiable instruments, although the law governingobligations with respect to such items may be similar to or derived from the law applicable tonegotiable instruments:

Letters of credit , which are governed by Article 5 of the Code

Bills of ladingand other documents of title, which are governed byArticle 7 of the Code

Securities, such as stocks and bonds, which are governed byArticle 8 of the Code

Deeds and other documents conveying interests in real estate,although a mortgage may secure a promissory note which isgoverned by Article 3

IOUs[edit]External links

Bill of Exchange FAQ on TheBenche.com[edit]References

Wikisource has the text of

the1911 Encyclopdia

Britannica article Bill of

Exchange .

1. ^ Uniform Commercial Code - Article 3Categories: Securities | Legal documents | Payment systems | Negotiable instrumentlaw | Business law | Economics terminology | Accounting source documents

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8/9/2019 c.law 1

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