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Section 1: Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Section 2: Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Section 3: Chromosomes and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Recessive Genetic Disorders
A recessive trait is expressed when the individual is homozygous recessive for the trait.
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Cystic Fibrosis
Affects the mucus-producing glands, digestive enzymes, and sweat glands
Chloride ions are not absorbed into the cells of a person with cystic fibrosis but are excreted in the sweat.
Without sufficient chloride ions in the cells, a thick mucus is secreted.
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Albinism
Caused by altered genes, resulting in the absence of the skin pigment melanin in hair and eyes
White hair
Very pale skin
Pink pupils
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Tay-Sachs Disease
Caused by the absence of the enzymes responsible for breaking down fatty acids called gangliosides
Gangliosides accumulate in the brain, inflating brain nerve cells and causing mental deterioration.
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Galactosemia
Recessive genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the body to digest galactose.
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Dominant Genetic Disorders
Huntington’s disease affects the nervous system.
Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that causes small body size and limbs that are comparatively short.
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Pedigrees
A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Inferring Genotypes
Knowing physical traits can determine what genes an individual is most likely to have.
Predicting Disorders
Record keeping helps scientists use pedigree analysis to study inheritance patterns, determine phenotypes, and ascertain genotypes.
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Chapter 11
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition.
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Sickle-cell Disease
Changes in hemoglobin cause red blood cells to change to a sickle shape.
People who are heterozygous for the trait have both normal and sickle-shaped cells. Sickle cell
Normal red blood cell
7766x
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Multiple Alleles
Blood groups in humans
ABO blood groups have three forms of alleles.
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Coat Color of Rabbits
Multiple alleles can demonstrate a hierarchy of dominance.
In rabbits, four alleles code for coat color: C, cch, ch, and c.
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Coat Color of Rabbits
Light gray
Dark gray Himalayan
Albino
Chinchilla
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Epistasis
Variety is the result of one allele hiding the effects of another allele.
No dark pigment present in fur Dark pigment present in fur
eebbeeB_ E_bb E_B_
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Sex Determination
Sex chromosomes determine an individual’s gender.
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Dosage Compensation
The X chromosome carries a variety of genes that are necessary for the development of both females and males.
The Y chromosome mainly has genes that relate to the development of male characteristics.
Chromosome inactivation
Barr bodies
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Sex-Linked Traits
Genes located on the X chromosome
Red-green color blindness
Hemophilia
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Sex-Linked Traits
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Polygenic Traits
Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes.
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Environmental Influences
Environmental factors
Diet and exercise
Sunlight and water
Temperature
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Twin Studies
Helps scientists separate genetic contributions from environmental contributions
Traits that appear frequently in identical twins are at least partially controlled by heredity.
Traits expressed differently in identical twins are strongly influenced by environment.
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11
Karyotype—micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size.
11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Karyotype Studies
Images of chromosomes stained during metaphase
Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size to produce a micrograph.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Telomeres
Telomere caps consist of DNA associated with proteins.
Serves a protective function for the structure of the chromosome
11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Nondisjunction
Cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly
Down syndrome
11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity
Chapter 11
Visualizing Nondisjunction
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
AnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.
Chapter 11
A. albinism
B. cystic fibrosis
C. galactosemia
D. Tay-Sachs
Identify the disease characterized by the absence of melanin.
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. excessive mucus production
B. an enlarged liver
C. a cherry-red spot on the back of the eye
D. vision problems
An individual with Tay-Sachs disease would be identified by which symptom?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Under what circumstances will a recessive trait be expressed?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. A recessive allele is passed on by bothparents.
B. One parent passes on the recessive allele.
C. The individual is heterozygous for the trait.
D. There is a mutation in the dominant gene.
A. It appears at birth and runs in families.
Which of Dr. Garrod’s observations about alkaptonuria was most critical to his determination that it is a genetic disorder?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.1 Formative Questions
B. It is linked to an enzyme deficiency.
C. It continues throughout a patient’s life, affecting bones and joints.
D. It is caused by acid excretion and resultsin black urine.
A. DD
B. Dd
C. dd
D. dE
Which is the genotype of a person who is a carrier for a recessive genetic disorder?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.1 Formative Questions
A. at least one parent is a carrier
B. both parents are carriers
C. both parents are homozygous recessive
D. at least one parent is homozygous dominant
Albinism is a recessive condition. If an albino squirrel is born to parents that both have normal fur color, what can you conclude about the genotype of the parents?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.1 Formative Questions
A. dosage compensation
B. incomplete dominance
C. multiple alleles
D. sex-linked
When a homozygous male animal with black fur is crossed with a homozygous female with white fur, they have offspring with gray fur. What type of inheritance does this represent?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.2 Formative Questions
A. autosomes
B. Barr bodies
C. monosomes
D. sex chromosomes
Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells, one pair is the _______.
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.2 Formative Questions
A. blood type
B. color blindness
C. hemophilia
D. skin color
Which is an example of a polygenic trait?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.2 Formative Questions
A. The blood type of an individual.
B. The locations of genes on a chromosome.
C. The cell’s chromosomes arranged in order.
D. The phenotype of individuals in a pedigree.
What does a karyotype show?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.3 Formative Questions
A. multiple alleles
B. nondisjunction
C. nonsynapsis
D. trisomy
What is occurring in this diagram?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.3 Formative Questions
A. Down syndrome
B. Klinefelter’s syndrome
C. Tay-Sachs syndrome
D. Turner’s syndrome
What condition occurs when a person’s cells have an extra copy of chromosome 21?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
11.3 Formative Questions
A. 1 and 2 are siblings
B. 1 and 2 are parents
C. 1 and 2 are offspring
D. 1 and 2 are carriers
Use the figure to describe what the top horizontal line between numbers 1 and 2 indicates.
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Chapter Assessment Questions
A. IA
B. IO
C. IB
D. i
Which is not an allele in the ABO blood group?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Chapter Assessment Questions
A. one less chromosome on pair 12
B. one extra chromosome on pair 21
C. one less chromosome on pair 21
D. one extra chromosome on pair 12
Down Syndrome results from what change in chromosomes?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Chapter Assessment Questions
A. heterozygous
B. homozygous dominant
C. homozygous recessive
If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, what is the genotype of those who do not have the disorder?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Standardized Test Practice
A. RR
B. Rr
C. rr
Analyze this pedigree showing the inheritance of a dominant genetic disorder. Which would be the genotype of the first generation father?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Standardized Test Practice
A. codominance
B. dosage compensation
C. epistasis
D. sex-linked
Shorthorn cattle have an allele for both red and white hair. When a red-haired cow is crossed with a white-haired bull, their calf has both red and white hairs scattered over its body. What type of inheritance does this represent?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Standardized Test Practice
A. Males have only one X chromosome.
B. Males have two X chromosomes.
C. Males have only one Y chromosome.
Why are males affected by recessive sex-linked traits more often than are females?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Standardized Test Practice
D. The traits are located on the Ychromosomes.
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
A carrier of hemophilia and her husband, who is unaffected by the condition, are expecting a son. What is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Standardized Test Practice
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Image Bank
carrier
pedigree
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Vocabulary
Section 1
incomplete
dominance
codominance
multiple alleles
epistasis
sex chromosome
autosome
sex-linked trait
polygenic trait
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Vocabulary
Section 2
karyotype
telomere
nondisjunction
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Vocabulary
Section 3
Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11
Animation
Visualizing Nondisjunction
