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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Lely Riawati, ST., MT


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LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

LCA will not determine which product or process is the

most cost effective or works the best.

The information developed in an LCA study should be used

as one component of a more comprehensive decision

process assessing the trade-offs with cost and

performance, e.g., Life Cycle Management.


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Life Cycle Management (LCM) is the application of life

cycle thinking to modern business practice, with the aim to

manage the total life cycle of an organization’s product and

services toward more sustainable consumption and

production (Jensen and Remmen 2004).


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• As environmental awareness increases, industries and

businesses are assessing how their activities affect the

environment.

• Many businesses have responded to this awareness by

providing “greener” products and using “greener”

processes

• Many companies have found it advantageous to explore

ways of moving beyond compliance using pollution

prevention strategies and environmental management

systems to improve their environmental performance.

One such tool is LCA ( Life Cycle Assessment )


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A Technique that tries to identify, measure and characterize different potensial environmental impacts associates to each one of the stages of life cycle of a product.

A technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by:

• Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases

• Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified inputs and releases

• Interpreting the results to help decision-makers make a more informed decision.


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It encompasses all processes and environmental releases beginning with the extraction of raw materials and the production of energy used to create the product through the use and final disposition of the product.

When deciding between two or more alternatives, LCA can help decision-makers compare all major environmental impacts caused by products, processes, or services.

“Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system

throughout its life cycle”

This establishes an environmental profile of the system!


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LCA is the scientifically based measurement of a product’s

environmental impacts throughout its life cycle –

from raw materials extraction through manufacture,

shipping, use or reuse.


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• Some products have a dominating environmental load in production, some in use, some in disposal:

Examples:

books, furniture, art etc.

Examples:

cars, television, airco etc.

Examples:

Ni-Cd batteries, household

chemicals, fireworks etc.


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Full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Primary Resources

Emissions & Waste

Extraction & Processing

Production Use Reuse/Re

cycle Disposal


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Life cycle - kapas

Saling Terkait satu sama lain


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PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

R a w M a t e r i a l A c q u i s i t i o n

M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g

M a n u f a c t u r e & A s s e m b l y

U s e & S e r v i c e

R e t i r e m e n t & R e c o v e r y

T r e a t m e n t D i s p o s a l

o p e n - l o o p r e c y c l e

r e u s e

r e m a n u f a c t u r e

c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e

M, E

W W W W W

M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E

W

M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution

W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution


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LCA AIMS

• Understand the flows of matter and energy involved in the product, material, manufacturing process, packaging, etc

• Find out what are the environmentally critical points

• Prevent or remove them using other

materials or systems


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BENEFITS OF LCA

Develop a systematic evaluation of the environmental consequences associated with a given product.

Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific products/processes to help gain stakeholder (state, community, etc.) acceptance for a planned action.

Quantify environmental releases to air, water, and land in relation to each life cycle stage and/or major contributing process.

Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impacts between life cycle stages and environmental media.

Assess the human and ecological effects of material consumption and environmental releases to the local community, region, and world.

Compare the health and ecological impacts between two or more rival products/processes or identify the impacts of a specific product or process.

Identify impacts to one or more specific environmental areas of concern


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WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA?

1. Product or project development and improvement

2. Strategic planning

3. Public policy making

4. Marketing and eco-declarations


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VARIANS OF LCA

Cradle-to-Grave :

Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from

resource extraction ('cradle') to use phase and

disposal phase ('grave').

Cradle-to-Gate :

Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a partial product

lifecycle from resource extraction ( cradle) to the factory

gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer)


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VARIANS OF LCA

Cradle-to-Cradle :

a specific kind of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the

end-of-life disposal step for

the product is a recycling process. It is a method used to

minimize the environmental impact of products by

employing sustainable production, operation, and disposal

practices and aims to incorporate social responsibility into

product development

Gate-to-Gate

a partial LCA looking at onlyone value-added process in

the entire production chain.


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VARIANS OF LCA

Wheel-to-Wheel :

the specific LCA used for transport fuels and vehicles. The

first stage, which incorporates the feed stock or fuel

production and processing and fuel delivery or energy

transmission, and is called the"upstream" stage, while the

stage that deals with vehicle operation itself is sometimes

called the "downstream"stage.

Ecology-based :

a methodology that quantitatively takes into account

regulating and supporting services during the life cycle of

economic goods and products.It was designed to provide a

guide to wise management of human activities by

understanding the direct and indirect impacts on ecological

resources and surrounding ecosystems


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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME


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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME

Dalam suatu sistem industri terdapat input (material-material yang diambil dari lingkungan ) dan output (akan dibuang ke lingkungan kembali) akan memberikan dampak ke lingkungan

INPUT : Pengambilan material yang berlebihan akan menyebabkan semakin berkurangnya persediaan material

OUTPUT : hasil keluaran dari sistem industri yang bisa berupa limbah (padat, cair, udara) akan banyak memberi dampak negatif ke lingkungan

LCA berusaha untuk melakukan evaluasi untuk minimumkan pengambilan material dari lingkungan dan juga meminimumkan limbah industri.

LCA adalah untuk membandingkan semua kemungkinan kerusakan lingkungan yang dapat diakibatkan dari suatu produk maupun proses, agar dapat dipilih produk maupun proses yang mempunyai dampak paling minimum.


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SCHEMA ISO 14000


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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040

The LCA methodology is standardised by a series of ISO standards and includes the following phases

– 1. Goal and scope definition (ISO 14041)

– 2. Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041)

– 3. Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)

– 4. Interpretation (ISO 14043)


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The LCA process


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The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping

1. Goal Definition and Scoping

Pada tahap ini mencakup deskripsi dari metode yang diaplikasikan untuk memperkirakan potensi dampak lingkungan dan dampak mana yang akan diperhitungkan Menentukan ruang lingkup dan batasan dari pembahasan.

Penentuan fungsional unit sangat penting bila life-cycle assessment ditujukan untuk membandingkan produk ( ada asumsi ekivalensi dari kedua produk)

Pada tahap ini dijelaskan mengenai hal-hal sbb

a. Alasan untuk melaksanakan LCA

b. Penentuan produk, proses, maupun pelayanan dari obyek yang diamati

c. Pemilihan unit fungsional dari produk

d. Penentuan pilihan tentang batasan sistem, termasuk batasan ruang maupun waktu.Batasan sistem menentukan unit proses mana yang tercakup dalam pembahasan LCAdan batasan tersebut harus mencerminkan tujuan dari pembahasan.


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LCA of Lamps helps us make SMART decisions

Using LCA, the greatest environmental impact by far, is the

energy efficiency of the lamp, which supplants coal fired

power (largest source of climate change pollution).

CONCLUSION

The best environmental choice

is the lowest mercury, most

efficient, & longest life lamp.


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1. Goal Definition and Scoping - contoh

Permasalahan pemilihan antara lampu pijar dengan fluorescent bulb dalam penerangan rumah tangga penghematan energi. Permasalahan lain yang muncul adalah fluorescent bulb tidak sepenuhnya ramah lingkungan (penggunaan raksa pada bohlam yang akan dilepas ke lingkungan ketika sudah tidak terpakai)

Pembakaran batubara merupakan penyumbang terbesar dalam lepasnya raksa ke atmosfer (lampu pijar memerlukan energi yang lebih besar penggunaan lampu pijar mengakibatkan lepasnya raksa yang lebih banyak ke udara daripada penggunaan fluorescent bulb ).

Banyaknya raksa terlepas tergantung pada batasan sistem yang dipilih

Sistem (pembahasan) yang lebih sempit memerlukan sedikit data dan analisis yang singkat, tetapi mungkin mengabaikan hal sebenarnya penting dalam sistem tersebut.



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Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.

Scope: Wooden Pencil (T = Transportation)

Process Flow Diagram

Lumber Forest

Lumber Mill

Manufacture Retailer Use End of

Life

Sharpening

(Electricity)

(Landfill) Rubber

Graphite

Packaging

Brass

T

T

T

T

T

T

T T T

Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil


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Scope: Mechanical Pencil

Oil PE / PP Manufacture Retailer Use End of

Life

(Landfill) Rubber

Graphite

Packaging

Spring

T

T

T

T

T

T

T T T

PE = Polyethylene

PP = Polypropylene

Both materials are plastic polymers (large molecules) used to make many products.

www.germes-online.com

T = Transportation


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Function & Functional Unit

Function

Service provided by a

system

What it does!

Functional Unit

Gives the function a number

value

Allows comparison between

products

Reference point

Example

Wooden Pencil vs.

Mechanical Pencil

Function = “Writing”

Functional Unit = “1 meter of

writing”


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FUNCTIONAL UNIT • Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural

aspects

Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.

Functional unit is basis for comparison


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The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

2. Inventory Analysis

Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (misal : produk, produk samping, limbah,dan emisi, yang terjadi dan digunakan sepanjang daur hidupnya.

Langkah ini membutuhkan porsi waktu dan data paling banyak di antara langkah-langkah yang lain.

Satu set data dan perhitungan aliran bahan dan energi yang mengkuantifikasikan input dan output dari life cycle suatu produk kuantitas yang objektif dengan menggunakan neraca massa dan neraca energi

Kadang terdapat penilaian subjektif terkait asumsi yang diambil.


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Inputs

Functional Outputs

Emissions/Wastes

Environment

System

Subsystems


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Inputs

What is needed to make the substance!

1. Energy

2. Materials

3. Labor

Outputs

What comes out of the system!

1. Products (electricity, materials, goods, services)

2. Waste

3. Emissions

4. Co-products


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Environmental burdens are then quantified for each subsystem according to the formula

– Where bcj,i is burden j from activity i and xi is a mass or energy flow associated with that activity

i

i

iijj xbcB1

,


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The system in this example has one functional output and each activity i from extraction of raw materials to final disposal generates a certain amount of CO2 and CH4.

Extraction

Production Use Disposal

CO2 = 0.2 kg/t

CH4 = 0.1 kg/t

x1 = 2t/tFU

CO2 = 0.3 kg/t

CH4 = 0.1 kg/t

x2 = 1.5t/tFU

CO2 = 0.1kg/t

CH4 = 0.1kg/t

x3 = 1t/tFU

CO2 = 0.1kg/t

CH4 = 0.3kg/t

x4 = 0.5 t/tFU

x1 x2 x3 x4

FU

Example :


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Using the Environmental Burdens equation the total environmental burdens per functional unit related to the emissions of CO2 and CH4 are therefore

BCO2 = ∑bcCO2 . xi = (0.2)2+(0.3)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.1)0.5 →BCO2 = 1.0 kg/tFU

BCH4 = ∑bcCH4 . xi = (0.1)2+(0.1)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.3)0.5 →BCH4 = 0.6 kg/tFU


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The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis 2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen - contoh

Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (


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The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis 2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen

Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (


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The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment

3. Impact Assessment

Kumpulan bahan/material yang terkandung dari setiap bahan yang digunakan atau yang dikeluarkan.

Mengubah tiap elemen dalam inventarisasi kualitatif terhadap kondisi lingkungan memperkirakan dampak lingkungan yang merupakan akibat dari emisi dan bahan yang digunakan

Memperkirakan dampak lingkungan dari semua input dan output dari tahap sebelumnya


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The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment

The environmental burdens quantified in “Inventory Analysis” are translated into the related environmental impacts. This is carried out within the following steps

– Classification

– Characterisation

– Normalisation

– Valuation


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Classification

– Involves the aggregation of environmental burdens into a smaller number of environmental impact categories to indicate their potential impacts on human and ecological health and the extent of resource depletion. The aggregation is done on the basis of the potential impacts of the burdens so that one burden can be associated with a number of impacts; eg Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) contribute to both global warming and ozone depletion. The approach used most widely for classification of the impacts is known as ‘problem oriented’, whereby the burdens are aggregated according to their relative contributions to the environmental effects they may have


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The impacts most commonly considered in LCA are

– Non-renewable resource depletion

– Global warming

– Ozone depletion

– Acidification

– Eutrophication

– Photochemical oxidant formation

– Human toxicity

– Aquatic toxicity


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Characterisation

– Involves the quantification of the impact of interest relative to a reference substance. In the example we examined we look at the Global Warming Potential of the Products life cycle relative to CO2 emissions. Takes place using the formula

j

j

jjkk BecE1

,

eck,j represents the relative contribution of burden Bj to

impact Ek


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Normalisation

– The impacts can be normalised with respect to the total emissions or extractions in a certain area over a given period of time. This can help to asses the extent to which an activity contributes to the regional or global environmental impacts. Should be interpreted with care due to lack of reliable data.


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Valuation

– Each impact is assigned a weight which

indicates its relative importance. As a result

the environmental impacts are aggregated

into a single environmental impact function EI

k

k

k EwEI1

Where wk is the relative importance

of impact Ek


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Valuation

– A number of problems at philosophical and practical level in the realisation of this and there is no consensus on the best way to aggregate the environmental impacts into a single EI figure.

– Some people argue that valuation should not be carried out at all as it obscures information and that considering the impact in a disaggregated form enhances the transparency of the decision making based on LCA results


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The LCA process – 4. Interpretation

4. Interpretation

Mengkaji hasil dari tahap-tahap sebelumnya untuk menentukan dampak utama.

Menganalisis beberapa alternatif proses untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan

Pertimbangkan desain proses yang berwawasan lingkungan dan mendekatikonsep ekologi industry.

Interpretasikan dari langkah sebelumnya (bisa disertakan saran untuk langkah perbaikan)

Bila untuk membandingkan produk rekomendasi produk yang paling ramah terhadap lingkungan.

Jika analisis satu produk saran untuk memodifikasi produk


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Documents

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