ClientServer Internet

7/28/2019 ClientServer Internet

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CLIENT SERVER NETWORKS &

INTERNET

By Mrs. Kanchan Patil


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1. Types of Networks

2. Features of Client-Server Networks

3. Introduction to Internet

4. Network

5. What is Internet ?6. Components to get connected on Internet

7. What we can do on internet

8. Internet Naming Conventions and Services

9. Browser

10.Advantages of Internet

11.Disadvantages of internet

12.Security

Table of contents :-


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Peer To Peer NetworksAdvantages Disadvantages

Allow Simple File And PrintSharing

Very Little Security - EachComputer On The Network

Controls It's Own Security

Low Cost - No Need For

Separate Server-ClientSoftware, Or Additional Server

Computers

Heavier Load On Computers -

Resource Sharing Causes

Higher Processor Usage, And

Therefore Slows Down

Computers

Easy Set-up - No Need For A

Network Administrator

No Central Data Storage -

Only Work For Small Networks


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Sever/Client NetworksAdvantages Disadvantages

Very Strong Security Which Is also

less Intrusive than Peer To PeerSecurity

Expensive Dedicated hardware

Central File Storage - Everybody

Works From The Same Data, And

Backups Are Much Easier

Expensive Dedicated Server And

Client Software Licenses

Ability to share equipment such as

Printers, Modems, and Plotters

Dedicated Network Administratorusually required

Faster data sharing and resource

sharing

Easy management of large numbers

of users

Central Organization, which keeps

data from getting lost among

Computers


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Client Server Network

Division of labour client program handles user interface and light

processing chores

server program handles heavy work, like database

retrieval, and accessing centralised resources

Client Machine Server

Client ProgramServer

Program


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Computer 3Computer 4

Computer 2

Server

Network :-

Printer


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INTERNET

Network of Networks.

Wan Connects thousand of networks containing computers and software all

around the world.


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INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET :-

Time taken to distribute information is reduced to seconds


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INTERNET :-

Internet is a global network of different types of

computers and computer networks all over the world,

allowing one to access information over the network and

enabling information exchange.


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Development of internet

Arpanet : Advanced research project agency network

Developed by U.S department of defense to connect allcomputers from research institutes to spread the

defense research.

It provides data transfer even if part of network is

destroyed or malfunctioning.

Tcp/ip : Transmission control protocol internet protocol

Defined the rules for communication between computers

on network.

Html : Hypertext markup language developed to store and

access information seamlessly across the world

independent of O.S and hardware. Information stored in the

form of html web pages on web servers.

Browsers : Software developed to interpret these html

pages.


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To get on the Internet:-

1) Computer

2) Modem

3) Software

1) Operating System

2) Browser.

4) Internet Service Provider


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Internet Service

Provider

Main Server

Modem


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Internet Service

Provider

Main Server

Computer 1 Computer 2 Computer 3 Computer 4 Computer 5

Proxy

server


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Internet Service

Provider

Main Server

Server

Laptop

Wireless

Connection


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What can we do on the Internet:-

1) Communication

2) Document/File transfer

3) Browsing

4)E-Commerce

5) Reading and posting to topic specific bulletin boards


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For most Internet users, the four-octet addressrepresentation, called a dotted decimal, is toocumbersome. Therefore, most users substitute anaming convention called a uniform resource

locator (URL). A URL uses names andabbreviations given to unique piece ofinformation on internet.

Eg. http://www.microsoft.com

Domain names are a hierarchical word-orientedrepresentation of an Internet address.

Internet Naming Conventions
http://www.microsoft.com/http://www.microsoft.com/


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Root Level Domain Names

Commercial enterprise

education, for example, a university

U.S. government

U.S. military

network service

nonprofit organization

Austria

Australia

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

SpainFinland

France

Italy

Japan

United States

Com

edu

gov

mil

net

org

at

au

be

ca

de

esfi

fr

it

jp

us


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Domain Name Hierarchy

AF AU CA CN DE FR JP...US...ZW

COM EDU GOV MIL NET ORG

Countries

Most General

Organizational

ABC Acme BGH.XYZ

grumpy doc sneezy bashful

Companies

Hosts


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Some URL Protocols

hypertext transfer protocol

file transfer protocol

Access a newsgroup or new

article.

Use the Gopher text-oriented

access.

http

ftp

news

Gopher


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Services:-

Email :

allows to send digital messages to anyone with an email

account. Sending email consists of

accessing the Internet,

logging into your email account,

entering the email address of the person

Email can also be sent automatically to a large number

of addresses.

FTP :

A very common method of moving files between two

computers on Internet .Can transfer files between

different O.S .Files stored on Ftp servers

T l t


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Telnet :

Telnet is a protocol for remote computing on the Internet.

Usenet News :

Usenet News, is a large collection of discussion

groups, covering a wide range of topics. These electronic

newsgroups are available internationally.

allows people with common interest to share ideas

Gopher :

text information retrieval system available prior to

web.Does not support multimedia or graphical display.


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Internet relay chat :

IRC allows pair or group of users to

exchange messages in real time .Communication is done by typing

messages.Special software are downloaded

from intrenet.

Internet Phone :Send and receive voice calls across internet

in real time.Users can talk long distance at low

expenses.

Video conferencing :

Creates virtual meetings where all people can

hear & view each other.Video images are

transmitted along with voice at high speed.


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World Wide Web

popular & widespread information

service.Comprises of vast collection of html

pages stored on http servers.

WWW


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Browser:-

A client software program used for

searching and viewing various kinds of

Internet resources such as information

on a web site.

In other words, a program that allows auser to find, view, hear, and interact

with material on the World Wide Web.


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Available Browser:-

1.Netscape Navigator

2.Internet Explorer

3.Opera

4.Mozilla


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Advantages : -

1. Government

2. Student

3. Citizen

4. Employer

5. Non IT Companies

6. IT Companies

7. ITES


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Disadvantages : -

1.Faith

2.Piracy

3.Virus4.Unauthorised Access


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Security : -

1.Authentication

2.Firewall

3.Encryption

4.Digital Certification


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Conclusion : -

Internet is

Networks of computer networks.

Information Highway.

connecting whole world

on 24x7 basis.


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E commerce

Electronic Commerce is the

business environment in which

information for buying, sellingand transportation of goods

and services moveselectronically.


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Benefits of Electronic Commerce

Improved productivity:Time required to create ,transfer and

process a business transaction between

trading partners is reduced.Cost Saving :

Efficient communication ,quicker

turnaround time and closer access to

markets


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Streamlined Business Processes :

Businesses use internet to share

information such as promotional plans,point-of-sale data, and sales forecasts.

Better Customer Service :

Customers can enjoy the convenience

of shopping at any hour, anywhere in the

world.

Opportunities for New Businesses

Business over Internet have a global

customer reach.

Four main areas where


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Four main areas where

companies conduct business

online

Direct marketing and selling.

Online banking and billing.Secure distribution of information.

Value chain trading and corporatepurchasing.


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Eg. Of E-commerce

Airline reservation system.

Stock trading

Order processing Insurance


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Types of Internet access

1) Dialup access

2) Broadband access

Narrowband Internet
http://www.nccw.net/isp-resources/broadband-internet-access/http://www.nccw.net/isp-resources/broadband-internet-access/


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Narrowband InternetConnections

Dial-Up Internet: Connection rates 2,400 bps &56,000 bps, which is incredibly slow Dial-upmodems are attached internally or externally toa given computer, and then connected using astandard telephone cable.

ISDN: ISDN (Integrated Services DigitalNetwork) Internet connections are a type ofdigital telephone connection. Basic RateInterface (BRI) ISDN connections transmit data

right around the broadband cutoff at 100 Kbps.Although a better Internet connection optionthan dial-up, ISDN connections are still more orless outdated.

Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128

Kbps.


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Dialup access

slow connection speed compared to

broadband .

many disconnects or "drops".

dialup is not much cheaper than

comparable broadband access


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Broadband can be classified

1)Cable internet access - very fast accessoffered through your cable televisioncompany2)DSL - Digital Subscriber Line access -

offered through your local telephonecompany3)Fiber Optic access - if available - offeredthrough your telephone company4)Satellite internet access - used primarily in

rural areas where cheaper alternatives arenot available5)Wireless internet access - offered througha PDA or cell phone, a rapidly growing areaof internet service
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Cable

Through the use of a cable modem you canhave a broadband Internet connection that isdesigned to operate over cable TV lines. CableInternet works by using TV channel space for

data transmission, with certain channels used fordownstream transmission, and other channelsfor upstream transmission. Because the coaxialcable used by cable TV provides much greater

bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modemcan be used to achieve extremely fast access.

Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps
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Satellite

Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user toaccess the Internet via a satellite that orbits theearth. A satellite is placed at a static point abovethe earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because

of the enormous distances signals must travelfrom the earth up to the satellite and back again,IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrialconnections over copper or fiber optic cables.

Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds(standard IP services) average around 492 up to512 Kbps.
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Wireless Internet Connections

WiFi is also commonly known as wireless

networking or an 802.11 network

WiFi is short for wireless fidelity


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Wi-Fi

Wireless f idelityand is meant to be used

generically when referring of any type of802.11

network

Wi-Fi product use radio frequency 2.4GHz for802.11b or 11g, 5GHz for 802.11a

Formerly, the term "Wi-Fi" was used only in

place of the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, in the

same way that "Ethernet" is used in place ofIEEE 802.3.
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How Wi fi works

One wireless router can allow multiple devices toconnect to the Internet.

A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cellphones, televisions and radios do.

A computer's wireless adapter translates data into aradio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. Itsends the information to the Internet using a physical,wired Ethernet connection.

The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more

data.
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Wireless adapters can plug into a computer's PCcard slot or USB port.
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Linksys WAP54G 802.11b/g Wireless Access

Point

Cisco Aironet 1242AG (AIR-AP1242AG-

A-K9) (AIRAP1242AGAK9) 802.11a/b/g

Wireless Access Point

B ildi Wi l N t k
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Building a Wireless Network

Most new laptops and many new desktopcomputers come with built-in wirelesstransmitters. If your laptop doesn't, you

can buy a wireless adapterthat plugs intothe PC card slot orUSB port. Desktopcomputers can use USB adapters, or youcan buy an adapter that plugs into the PCI

slot inside the computer's case. Many ofthese adapters can use more than one802.11 standard.
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When you turn your computer on in a

WiFi hotspot, the computer will inform

you that the network exists and askwhether you want to connect to it .

A i l t t t d i l


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A wireless router uses an antenna to send signals

to wireless devices and a wire to send signals to the

internet.

A wireless router allows you to use wireless signals

or Ethernet cables to connect your computers to

one another, to a printerand to the Internet. Most

routers provide coverage for about 100 feet (30.5

meters) in all directions, although walls and doors

can block the signal. If your home is very large, youcan buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters

to increase your router's range.
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How to "Go Wireless"-

In order to set up a computer with a wirelessInternet connection, you need to buy a networkcard (802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g) and install itin your existing desktop or laptop computer

find a hotspot is the access point for wirelessnetworks, which connects the computer to theInternet

Each hotspot can handle from 10 to 100 networkcards at once, depending on the quality of theaccess point.

you can find hotspots in many restaurants,cafs, hotels, airports and libraries


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How Does Wireless Work

An access point (AP) with an antenna is physically connected to

a conventional wired Ethernet network and serves as a bridgeto the wireless network .

In order to indicate its presence to wireless clients in its listening

area, an AP announces itself broadcasting a Service Set

Identifier (SSID) approximately 10 times per second .

The SSID identifies the name of the network. PCs that are

within range and equipped with a wireless network interface

card can receive the SSID, associate with the WLAN and

request an IP address that will allow them to connect to the

local network, surf the Internet, and view network folders.

To keep your network private, you


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p y p , y

can use one of the following

methods:

Wired Equivalency Privacy

(WEP) uses 64-bit or 128-bit encryption.

128-bit encryption is the more secureoption. Anyone who wants to use a WEP-

enabled network has to know the WEP

key, which is usually a numericalpassword


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WiFi Protected Access

(WPA) is a step up from WEP and isnow part of the 802.11i wireless

network security protocol.

As with WEP, WPA security involves

signing on with a password. Mostpublic hotspots are either open or use

WPA or 128-bit WEP technology.


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Media Access Control

(MAC) address filtering is a little different

from WEP or WPA. It doesn't use a password

to authenticate users - it uses a computer's

physical hardware. Each computer has its

own unique MAC address. MAC address

filtering allows only machines with specificMAC addresses to access the network. You

must specify which addresses are allowed

when you set up your router. This method is

very secure, but if you buy a new computer orif visitors to your home want to use your

network, you'll need to add the new

machines' MAC addresses to the list of

approved addresses.


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DSL

What they have in common is that

they are all high-speed connections

and they provide the customer with

always online service.


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A high-speed connection transmitting /

receiving data at a rate of 256 Kbits/s or more

is considered to be a broadband Internetconnection (although most cable and DSL

broadband connections tend to average 512

Kbits/s).

Broadband Internet access allows for a

continuous connection to the Internet without

the hassle of having to log on or sign on to a

carrier. Simply start up your computer andopen the browser to begin surfing the Web

faster than ever before

Important Things to Remember
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po ta t gs to e e beAbout DSL Services

1. DSL Broadband is an Internet connection

that shares the same cable as your

telephone. It still provides you withalways on Internet access without having

to dial-up.


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2. One of the main perks of DSL is that, sinceeach subscriber has high-speed Internet through

their own phone line, they are not sharing

bandwidth with anyone else and therefore, thequality of their Internet connection is not

compromised during peak usage times (5 p.m.

11 p.m.).

3 DSL is distance sensitive, meaning that thefarther away from the central office you are, the

less desirable your connection will be.


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Video on Demand

The best part about Fiber Optics is the

introduction of Video on Demand, which

will allow subscribers to download and

save popular video. Fiber Opticconnections also excel in the area of high-

definition television, so your HDTV will

have plenty of channels to choose from.


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VSAT

Short form verysmallaperture terminal, an

earthbound station used in satellite

communications of data, voice and video

signals. VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiverthat is

placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the

satellite and a device that is placed indoors to

interface the transceiver with the end user'scommunications device, such as a PC
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Typical applications for interactive VSAT networks are:


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Typical applications for interactive VSAT networks are:

computer communications;reservation systems;

database enquiries;

billing systems;

file transfers;

electronic mail;

video conferencing;

point of sale transactions;

credit checks and credit card verification;

stock control and management.


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Bluetooth Operation

Bluetooth networking transmits data

via low-power radio waves. It

communicates on a frequency of 2.45gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz

and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). This

frequency band has been set aside by

international agreement for the use of

industrial, scientific and medical

devices (ISM).


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Bluetooth device to about 10 meters (32 feet), cutting

the chances of interference between your computer

system and your portable telephone or television. Evenwith the low power, Bluetooth doesn't require line of

sight between communicating devices.

Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices

simultaneouslyBluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum

frequency hopping that makes it rare for more than one

device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the

same time. In this technique, a device will use 79individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a

designated range, changing from one to another on a

regular basis.


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IntroductionInt egrated Services Digital Netwo rk (ISDN)is comprised of

digital telephony and data-transport services offered byregional telephone carriers. ISDN involves the digitization

of the telephone network, which permits voice, data, text,

graphics, music, video, and other source material to be

transmitted over existing telephone wires. The emergenceof ISDN represents an effort to standardize subscriber

services, user/network interfaces, and network and

internetwork capabilities. ISDN applications include high-

speed image applications additional telephone lines in

homes to serve the telecommuting industry, high-speedfile transfer, and videoconferencing. Voice service is also

an application for ISDN.


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There are two types of ISDN:

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) -- consists

of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one

D-channel for transmitting control

information.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) --

consists of 23 B-channels and oneD-channel (U.S.) or 30 B-channels

and one D-channel (Europe).
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ISDN BRI Service

The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) service

offers two B channels and one D channel(2B+D). BRI B-channel service operates at 64

kbps and is meant to carry user data; BRI D-

channel service operates at 16 kbps and is

meant to carry control and signalinginformation, although it can support user data

transmission under certain circumstances.


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ISDN PRI Service

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) service

offers 23 B channels and 1 D channel in

North America and Japan, yielding a total bit

rate of 1.544 Mbps (the PRI D channel runs

at 64 kbps). ISDN PRI in Europe, Australia,and other parts of the world provides 30 B

channels plus one 64-kbps D channel and a

total interface rate of 2.048 Mbps.


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ISDN BRI Service

The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) service offers two B

channels and one D channel (2B+D). BRI B-channel service

operates at 64 kbps and is meant to carry user data; BRI D-

channel service operates at 16 kbps and is meant to carry control

and signaling information, although it can support user data

transmission under certain circumstances. The D channel

signaling protocol comprises Layers 1 through 3 of the OSI

reference model. BRI also provides for framing control and otheroverhead, bringing its total bit rate to 192 kbps.

ISDN PRI Service

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) service offers 23 B channels

and 1 D channel in North America and Japan, yielding a total bitrate of 1.544 Mbps (the PRI D channel runs at 64 kbps). ISDN

PRI in Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world provides 30

B channels plus one 64-kbps D channel and a total interface rate

of 2.048 Mbps.

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