Climate Action Teams Thematic Booklet

0

CATs THEMATIC BOOKLET (1)

The CATs thematic training booklet

is a compilation of several training

resources delivered by CAPSAY and

other training partners.

1

CATs THEMATIC BOOKLET (1)

The CATs thematic training booklet is a compilation of several training resources

delivered by CAPSAY and other training partners, during the training workshop held

in 2012.

Training partners included:

o MINISTRY OF YOUTHS AND SPORTS - MOYAS

o MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE - MOA

o MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT - MOL

o MINISTRY OF FISHERIES - MOF

o KENYA FOREST SERVICE - KFS

o STUDENTS IN FREE ENTERPRISE - SIFE

o THE VILLAGE AFRICA

o GREEN TECHNOLOGY

o ASSOCIATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN KENYA – ALGAK

The materials contained in this booklet are for use by the CAT groups as resource

references. They aim to achieve the following objectives:

1. To introduce the concepts of Climate Change (CC), Climate Change Adaptation

(CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).

2. Take the youths through the Climate Action Awareness Programme (CAAPs) process.

3. To enable youths to understand Green Business innovations with connections to

CCA/DRR.

4. To equip them with skills that will enable them create an impact in their communities

and engage in decision making, governance and policy formation – how to do

advocacy

5. To help them understand basic aspects of leadership and management.

6. To initiate the process of themed 'Changemaker’s University.

7. To help the youths understand how to run their green projects as business.

8. To help the youths grow their green businesses, brand their products and market

them.

Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth

80 Muthithi Road, Westlands

P.O. Box 11349 -00100 Nairobi

Tel: +254 20 2153231, Cell: +254 720 433769

Email: [email protected] c [email protected].

www.capsay.org

mailto:[email protected]


2

Contents Page 1.0 Introduction To Climate Change……………………………………… ………..... 3

1.1 Causes Of Climate Change...................................................................................3

1.2 Effects Of Climate Change....................................................................................4

1.3 What Can We Do? ................................................................................................6

1.4 Green Energy ……………………………………………………………………………..7

2.0 The CATs Project Overview………………………………………………………….. 8

2.1 Project Aims and Objectives……………………………………………………………. 8

2.2 Community connections ………………………………………………………………... 10

3.0 Green Business ……………………………………………………………………….... 12

3.1 Characteristics Of Green Business …………………………………………………….. 12

3.2 Taking Home The Green Business …………………………………………………….. 13

4.0 Business Development ………………………………………………………………. 14

4.1 Business Plans ……………………………………………………………...................... 15

5.0 Green House Farming ………………………………………………………………… 20

5.1 Farmers Kit ……………………………………………………………………………….. 21

6.0 Horticulture farming ………………………………………………………………….. 26

6.1 How to Make natural Pesticide ………………………………………………………… 26

6.2 Gross Income Guidelines For Horticultural Enterprise Crops ……………………. 29

7.0 Urban farming + Agri- Business ……………………………………………………. 31

7.1 Urban Farming Techniques …………………………………………………………….. 32

8.0 How To Make Compost Manure on Your Farm. ……………………………...... 33

9.0 Poultry Production …………………………………………………………………….. 35

9.1 Production Systems ……………………………………………………………………... 37

9.2 Brooding and Chick Quality……………………………………………………………. 38

9.3 Feeds + Feeding ……………………………………………………………………........ 40

9.4 Diseases and Parasites In Poultry …………………………………………………….. 45

10.0 Rabbit Production …………………………………………………………………….. 49

10.1 Breeds …………………………………………………………………………………… 50

10.2 Disease Incidences, Conditions + Treatment in Rabbits …………………………. 53

11.0 Fish Farming ………………………………………………………………………….. 55

12.0 Bee Keeping ………………………………………………………………………...... 57

13.0 Tree Nursery Management …………………………………………………………. 60

14.0 Renewable Energy ……………………………………………………………………. 63

15.0 Simple Technology That Can Adapt To Climate Change ……………………. 64

16.0 Guide To Proposal Writing + Concept Note …………………………………….. 65

17.0 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………….. 72

3

Introduction To Climate Change

A Climate Action Teams project guide to understanding climate change

Source: History of Cliamte Change: encyclopedia Wikipedia.org/wiki/climate change.

Youth Climate Change Handbook; Norwegian Church Aid pgs 9-25.

Introduction

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather

patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It might be a change in

average weather conditions or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions

(i.e. more or fewer extreme weather events).

Causes of Climate Change

You have probably heard about ‘greenhouse gases’ as the main

contributor to climate change. This is because the earth’s

atmosphere acts much like a giant greenhouse. The gases allow

solar radiation (heat) to pass through the atmosphere but, after

it is absorbed and re-radiated by the earth, the gases prevent

this heat from escaping back into space.

Under natural circumstances this is what keeps the earth warm

enough to support life. But current conditions are far from

natural. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, when

humans began burning fossil fuels on an unprecedented scale,

greenhouse gases have steadily been piling up in the

atmosphere. Many of these gases last far longer than a century.

As a result, current carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are

now 35.4% higher than pre-industrial levels and growing

rapidly. They are now far above any level in the past 650,000

years. Likewise, methane (CH4) concentrations have more than

doubled to far above anything seen in the past 650,000 years.

Global emissions of all greenhouse gases have increased by

70% between 1970 and 2004. The consequence of all this is that

more and more heat is being trapped in our atmosphere,

leading to an ‘enhanced greenhouse effect.’

The world is warming incredibly fast. Global temperatures have

risen by 0.76˚C since 1850; with the rate of warming for the past

50 years double that for the past century. Eleven of the past

twelve years rank among the twelve warmest years since records began in 1850.

4

Effects of Climate Change

Effect of climate change in Kenya

An increase in temperature means an

increase in evaporation rate, drying up of

land and water bodies, withering and

eventual drying up of vegetation whose

result is drought. Increased temperature

leads to altered wind currents; this

coupled with increased evaporation

means altered patterns of perception.

Heavy clouds blown to land will definitely

cause heavy rains that lead to flooding.

As always floods will lead to influx of water born

diseases. As the earth becomes warmer, the

masses of water stored in the form of ice at the

North and South poles melt, thereby increasing

the volume of the water in the oceans. The sea

levels rise causing the coastal lands to be

submerged. Some islands may be altogether

submerged into oblivion. Global warming comes

with a myriad of health problems. Some disease

causing parasites are known to flourish in warm

conditions. Diseases such as malaria thrive in

these warm conditions.

Kenya has witnessed an alarming upsurge in the incidence and severity of

extreme weather events. The glaring evidence of climate change in the

country is visible in the changing picture of natural disasters such as

floods, drought, and landslide and lightning. The effects of drought

became more pronounced in the 1991/92, 1995/96 and 1999/00. During

these droughts, hundreds of animals died, millions of Kenyans became

destitute and dependent on relief food, while many cases of malnutrition

among children were reported. This was then followed with flash floods

leading to onset of El Nino especially in the arid and semi arid regions in

the country. These regions are; Makueni, Kitui, Mbeere, Garissa,

Turkana, samburu among many others.

Agriculture and Livestock

The country has in recent years reported successive seasons of

crop failure, greatly affecting food security. Millions of Kenyans

have been forced to rely on relief food for survival, all because

of frequent and prolonged droughts resulting from climate

change that have hit the country in the last two decades. Coastal

agriculture is also at great risk due to the increased rate of sea

level rise. Livestock – a vital source of livelihood for many

communities living in the arid and semi-arid area will suffer a

great from prolonged droughts and diseases such as Rift Valley

Fever, all linked to climate change. For instance the droughts of

the 1990s saw losses in livestock herds of up to 70%.

5

Water and Human health

The country’s water towers have largely been threatened by

deforestation, rivers have dried up as a result and the water

levels in the Lakes have also decided impacting negatively

on aquatic life. In late 2006, experts at NASA detected

weather patterns that forecast an outbreak in East Africa, of

Rift Valley Fever and a host of other maladies and insect-

born diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever. Such

diseases are spread via insects that thrive in warm

temperatures and moisture.

Tourism, Wildlife and Forestry

Climate change has destroyed some of our best-loved tourist’s

attractions, including the snow-caps on Mounts Kenya and Kilimanjaro,

the coastal rainforests, and the fragile marine ecosystems. The Kenya’s

coral reefs are already seeing the impact of the global phenomenon

known as ‘coral bleaching’, which occurs when coral is stressed by

temperature increases, high or low levels of salinity, lower water

quality and an increase in sediments. Climate change has led to loss of

biodiversity hence extinction of some animal and plant species.

Energy

The country’s hydropower potential has been

dramatically reduced over the past 20 years due to

low water levels in the dams, lakes and rivers.

Without major investment in alternative forms of

energy, we can safely assume that blackouts will

become a more regular feature in our lives as we

anticipate longer and more frequent droughts

brought about by global warming. Besides the use

hydroelectric power, we need to find cleaner

sources of energy such as solar and wind that will

help us achieve economic growth without emitting

greenhouse gases.

6

What Can We Do?

Vulnerable

sectors

Reactive adaptation

Anticipatory adaptation

Water -Protection of ground water resources.

-Protect water catchment areas.

-Improve water supply.

-Improve management and maintenance

of the existing water supply scheme.

-Better use of recycled water.

-Water policy reform.

-Development of flood controls and

drought monitoring.

Food -Erosion control.

-Dam construction for irrigation.

-Use of organic and farmyard fertilizers.

-Soil fertility maintenance.

-Introduction of new crops.

-Improved farming methods.

-Educative and outreach programmes.

-Development of tolerant crops.

-Research and development.

-Soil water management.

-Diversification of crop production.

-Development of early warning

systems.

Health -Public health management reforms.

-Improved housing and living

conditions.

-Improved emergency response.

-Improved disease surveillance and

monitoring.

-Improvement of environmental

quality.

-Changes in urban and housing

design.

Energy -Protect water catchment areas.

-Treating the hazardous gasses before

emission into the atmosphere.

-Improved logging system.

-Use of renewable environmental

friendly energy such as wind and solar

-Sustainable use of wood fuel and

resources.

-Water catchment and resource

management.

-Adapting to the use of renewable

energy.

Carbon trading in Kenya

Carbon Trading

Carbon trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide (circulated in tones of

carbon dioxide equivalent) and it currently constitute the bulk of emissions trading. Carbon farming

initiative (CFI) allows farmers and land managers to earn carbon credits by storing carbon or by reducing

greenhouse gas emissions on the land through development of projects such reforestation and agro

forestry. Tree act as carbon sinks by taking atmospheric carbon and storing it in their trunks. Through this

system, the international carbons traders purchase the amount of carbon farmers have helped produce.

These credits can then be sold to people and businesses wishing to offset their emissions. The CFI also help

the environment by encouraging sustainable farming and providing sources of funding for landscape

restoration projects.

7

Green Energy

Mount Kenya

For Consolata Wanjugu, the 55-years old treasurer of a community

water group, planting trees in her small farm is more than a passon.

She recalls when the peak of the mountain was covered with snow

and the run off provided plenty of water for the communities, the

situation now is different. “The mountain forest was thick, the rivers

ran deep with clean water and the climate around here was cooler,

this is no more” Wanjugu laments.

When Michael Ntindiri a 60-yearrs old farmer on the Eastern slopes of

Mt. Kenya, was introduced to the carbon trading, he had no ideas to

what it was. He was astonished when field officers from International

Small Group on Tree Planting (TIST), explained that they would pay

him for planting and caring for trees. The idea was to provide

incentive for farmers around Mt. Kenya to increase tree cover. The

NGO could then market carbon emits online, finding buyers in the

developed world to purchase the carbon the Kenya farmers store in

the trees they grow. Like Ntindiri, hundreds of other farmers in the

region have started growing trees for a living at the same time mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Biomass derived from plant materials –purpose

grown or waste- can be burned or fermented,

and used to generate electricity or heat. The CO2

released is the same amount as was removed

from the atmosphere during the plant’s lifetime,

so biomass is considered carbon neutral.

Green energy is the renewable energy that is environmentally friendly and is free from emitting hazardous

gases into the atmosphere. Renewable energy could be the technological key to economically and socially

sustainable societies. Green energy includes; wind, solar, biomass, hydropower and geothermal.

Geothermal electricity is generated from

geothermal energy. Technology in use include

dry steam power plants, flash steam power

plants and binary cycle power plants.

Geothermal power is considered to be

sustainable because the heat extraction is small

compared with the earth’s heat content.

Hydropower systems generate electricity from the

running water which can be harnessed for useful

purposes e.g. operation of various mechanical devices

such as watermills, sawmills, textile mills, dock cranes

lighting and domestic lifts.

Wind turbines of varying sizes are used to generate

electricity, for the national grid or for isolated

communities. Wind does not get depleted hence can

be used continuously.

Solar photovoltaic panels convert the sun’s radiation

into electricity. Thermal panels convert the sun’s

radiation into heat which can then be used for cooking

and lighting.

8

The CATs Project Overview

The Climate Action Teams – or CATs –

project has become the operating name for the project initially proposed as Mobilising

Kenyan Youth for Action on Climate Change (MKYACC). Prior to the official start date on

August 1st 2011, CATs had been in pilot form since January 2010, with formation of the

Nairobi Eco-Gen group, by young people from International Climate Challenge (ICC)

project groups, in Nairobi schools. (ICC founded and run by InterClimate Network (ICN),

UK).

.

This initiative was taken by the ICC project in response to students from the ICC groups

asking if any forum was available for them to continue their commitment to working on

critical environmental issues, after they finished secondary school. The idea was born - to

develop a project that could provide an effective forum for ex-ICC youths which would build

on the work they had begun in their schools.

Thus alongside the concept note and subsequent proposal that was submitted to DFID, pilot

youth groups started, first in Nairobi, then Nanyuki and lastly Naivasha, to begin to test the

theory that was proposed in the written proposal. Each of the groups formed with leaders

and office bearers and each began trial micro-projects to generate income and raise

awareness.

Climate Action Teams (CATs) is a project

under the Climate Action Programme for

Schools and Youth (CAPSAY) that works with

youth to stimulate greater awareness and

more action on climate change for local

communities.

The Climate Action Teams are youth groups

geared towards creating awareness and

promoting action on climate change

adaptation and mitigation.

Climate Action Teams (CATs) is a project under

the Climate Action Programme for Schools and

Youth (CAPSAY) that works with youth to

stimulate greater awareness and more action on

climate change for local communities.

The Climate Action Teams are youth groups

geared towards creating awareness and

promoting action on climate change adaptation

and mitigation.

The CAT project targets out of school youth (ages

between18-24 yrs) to form Climate Action

Teams (CATs) with 25-35 members.

There will be a CAT group in about 20 localities in

Kenya by 2015. These ‘CATs’ operate as ‘green

business’ self help groups, linking directly to the

local community, to promote adaptation and

mitigation mechanisms and impact on local and

national policies.

The main aim of the project is to increase capacity

of Kenyan youth to tackle impacts of Climate

Change through outreach and entrepreneurship,

inspiring community action and influencing LGA

responses and uptake of the ‘National Climate

Change Response Strategy’.

Currently, we have CAT groups based in

Mombasa, Nairobi, Meru, Naivasha, Nakuru,

Kericho, Embu, Thika and Matuu and are still

establishing more across the country.

9

The pilot groups with, minimal

funding and limited guidance,

demonstrated that the youth

involved were serious and

committed to supporting

themselves and to helping bring

greater awareness and positive

change to Kenyan society. Their

micro-project were small, but they

showed the possibilities for much

greater action, should funding

become a reality that enabled

significant support.

The project began in August 2011 first working to the following overall aim and

outcomes:

Project Aims and Objectives

Benefits for young people in CATs

Promotes skills development and empowerment such as entrepreneurship, financial management,

project management, proposal writing, fundraising and communication.

Facilitates leadership development amongst the youth in that the “The CATs” will be youth led and

committees will be formed and led by youth themselves. They will propose and spearhead activities in

the group, select their own leadership and manage their projects.

Builds “Green” careers; through promoting consideration of environmental ethics in application of new

knowledge and management of micro-projects

Promotes shared learning through networking, peer learning, interactions and communications

amongst the youth and across the rest of the community

Facilitates young people to become change makers and catalysts for action at community level

influencing other levels.

Advocates for citizenship and ownership of development processes by the youth at local levels

mobilizing them to support and seek ethical governance in climate change adaptation and mitigation

debate

To increase capacity of Kenyan

youth to tackle impacts of CC

through outreach and

entrepreneurship, inspiring

community action and

influencing LGA responses and

uptake of the ‘National Climate

Change Response Strategy’;

Sustainable profit-

generating green business

micro enterprises

Community outreach to

groups and individuals to

create awareness and

promote action

Influence on local decision

making and impact on policy

Youth coming from schools in 20

localities are mobilised to build their

knowledge and skills to become

valued stakeholders on CCA, DRR

and SD; Youth-led ‘green’ business

enterprises are catalysts for

community action to improve

livelihoods, enhance SD and reduce

poverty; youth and CBOs and

individuals advocate to prioritise

this focus.

AIM

PRIORITY AREAS EXPECTED OUTCOMES

An additional fore-runner to CATs was the Young

Change Makers Action Workshop (YCMAW), which

took place at Elsamere Study Centre, in September

2010, sponsored jointly by ICC and the African Fund for

Endangered Wildlife (AFEW). This brought 50 youth

leaders from ICC schools together and provided

intensive training on a range of relevant issues.

YCMAW thus provided the template for CATs project

training events (the proceedings of which are now

published in booklet and DVD form (‘Young Change

Makers Take Action’, November 2011).

10

Community Connections

How the CAT Connects To The Communitty

Process of creating and managing Community Awareness Action Programmes (CAAPs)

CAT Primary

Schools

Social Committes

Faith groups

Local Authorities

Youth

Groups

Government

ministries

Environmental

Committees

Women

Groups

Secondary

Schools

Targets - Each CAT should be able to outreach to 650 people in their locality through faith-based groups, youth groups,

secondary and primary schools, Local Government Agencies, NGOs women and children groups. In their outreach, they are supposed to create awareness to the group about climate change adaptation and/or mentor them so that they can be able to start their very own green business.

- Out of these groups that the CATs approach, they should be able to mentor at least 3 of such groups to be a CAAP group and track their progress from when they start the group to when they achieve their aim of starting the green business.

- In total, by the 31st of March 2013, we should have 27 CAAPs from 9 CATs in the country and by 31st March 2014 we should have 45 CAAPs from 15 CATs.

Why is it important?

CAAPs is important because;

1. This is one of the most effective ways of making the CATs spread

their impact in the community.

2. Through CAAPs we can ensure sustainability of the CATs project

goals by involving more people than just the members of the

Climate Action Teams.

3. This is one of the most effective ways of making the CATs spread

their impact in the community.

4. Through CAAPs we can ensure sustainability of the CATs project

goals by involving more people than just the members of the

Climate Action Teams.

The Aim

The goal of the Community

Awareness Action Programmes is to

give knowledge and ideas to the

community through different formal

groups on how to adapt to climate

change as well as spread the idea of

creating green businesses as a way of

adapting to climate change and at the

same time securing their livelihoods.

11

How can we do this?

Report on the progress of the project

Following up with the groups and monitor their progress.

Implementation of the plan

Plan on how to approach the project

Understand the local environmental issues in their locality

Understand CC issues and CCA as well as have knowledge on Green Business.

The CAT members who will be doing the outreach need to understand what Climate Change adaptation is and how it can be implemented. They should also be able to train any other person on how they can start and manage a green business.YOU MUST BE RUNNING A GREEN BUSINESS

Talk to other members in the community and find out what are their deepest concerns in regard to environment in their area. Collect this information through conducting surveys and conducting focus group discussions on the same. The aim in this step is to particularly understand how climate change has affected the community.

What are the issues they will address through the programme? What groups to approach to join the programme? They should plan to approach at least 6 groups so that if 3 fall out they shall remain with 3. What is the content of their trainings and what is it that they want to achieve at the end of the training?How often will they do the trainings? Who in the CAT shall be involved in the process? Preferably a team in the CAT. Create a Gantt chart plan of the activities

They shall be under the guidance of the team leader and will get advice from their respective project officer every step of the way.

This will also include constantly supporting them with advice and ensuring that they get all the advice they need through other organizations that are specialists and the respective project officer of the CAT.

Monthly report on the entire process Include names of the participants of the CAAPs and their details as well as photos of the progress. Submit report to the respective project officer

Additional notes:

In each group involved in the CAAPs, there must be a 50/50 gender balance.

Each group should have at least 20 people.

Advocacy is a key catalyst to this programme. The CAT can enter into partnerships with different LGAs

that have knowledge on CAAPs and this can help them be more effective in their work. They also have

contacts of groups that the CAT can approach.

Skills and knowledge needed

Knowledge on how to create partnerships with LGAs.

How to create and mentor CAAPs.

How to structure and conduct a training

Knowledge on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction

Knowledge on business management with a bias on green business

Knowledge on pertinent environmental issues faced in their locality.

Report writing skills.

12

Green Business

“Green Business is the capability of changing a resource into an enterprising opportunity in a

sustainable manner. The main thematic areas for CATs are: Energy, Health, Food and Waste”

Resource Mobilization

PPPM - Product Line, Processing, Packaging and Marketing

Characteristicts Of Green Business

• Eco-Friendly

• Local development

• National /Global Development (MDGs)

• Enterprising ( small and medium )

• Sustainability

• Replication

• Adapting and Mitigating

• Path of success

What is a Resource? Something that improves the physical, Psychological, Emotional and Economical

status of an Individual or a Nation.

Mobilization is action or the process of influencing change by ejecting a new concept or idea.

• Bee keeping

• Tree nursery

• Low cost Green house

• Rabbit keeping

• Organic Farming (value addition)

• Poultry keeping

• Briquette making

Case of Briquette making

Value chain of briquette

machine

• Production

• Packaging

• Marketing

• Consumer education or

utilization

• Monitoring and evaluation

Advantages of Briquettes

Renewable energy source

New product in the market

Easy to make

Ready available resources

Good shape and packaging

• Innovation (complete value

chain of production)

• Technology

• Skills

• Education (theory)

• Approach (Entry and Exit)

• Creating; Market, Demand and

Supply

• Efficiency and Consistency

• Time bound (action plan)

• Means of Verification (statement

of account etc)

• Networking

1. Ethics, as a basic

principle.

2. Integrity.

3. Responsibility.

4. Respect to the laws &

rules of the business.

5. Respect to the rights of

other partners.

6. Work loving.

7. Strive for saving &

investment.

8. Will of super action.

9. Punctuality. Meeting

targets and demand

Production line

-Strategic survey of your

product

-Design and Innovation

-Consultation or

mentorship (helps in risk

management)

Processing

-Value addition

-Preservation

Packaging

-Design

-Branding

Marketing

-Market approach

-Demand& supplies

13

Taking Home The Green Business

Start your own ‘Green Business

The activity

The country has various businesses but very few of them have embraced the concept of

‘going green’.

As a CAT group develop a green business based on an opportunity that you can tap into

around local area.

Criteria

It MUST be developed based on a ‘green concept’.

It has to be a very new idea; nothing seen before in Kenya!

It has to be profitable

It has to address a cause/issue affecting the country or population.

It has to be able to reach the community and create awareness on climate change

It has to involve young people between ages(18-35

What you need to do

Develop the green business idea new ( be innovative)

Develop the business proposal for it.(Type and print it out)

Develop the budget for it(type and attach to proposal)-

Develop a brochure for marketing your products/services and show link it to DRR/CCA.

SELL the idea to the community and see the reaction

14

Business Development

“Business Development is about having the right product, in the right place, at the right

time, at the right price”

Did You Know?

A need is a basic requirement that an

individual wishes to satisfy.

Pepole have basic needs for food, shelter,

affection, esteem and self-development.

Many of these needs are created from

human biology and the nature of social

relationships. Customer needs are,

therefore, very broad.

A want is a desire for a specific product or

service to satisfy the underlying need

Aspects

Its more than just selling and

marketing, it’s about being

creative and understanding :-

Your Business organization or

company

Your Products or Services

Market and Customers of your

products and services

The competitors and their

products

Success Factors

Endeavour to solve and satisfy a certain available customer

problems or need

Understand the supply and value chain of your offer (product or

service)

Understand your market

Know your competitors

15

The Business Development Drivers

Business Plans

Types of Plans

Plan Definition Timing

Strategic Plan Long term 5-10 yrs

Annual Plan Medium term 2-3 yrs

Operational plan Short term Monthly/Quarterly

The Components of a good plan The Planning Cycle

1. Planning

2. Implementation

3. Evaluation

Product - Brand, Quality, design Features

Price - Product cost, Price, discounts, margins,

trading terms

Promotion - Advertising, promotions, Public

Relations, exhibitions, internet

Place - Distribution channels, locations, market

coverage

Other support – People, Process and Physical

evidence

What and How

Learn &

Improve

Action

Planning

Evaluation Implementation

16

What are the steps in the planning process?

There are five steps in the planning process:-

Focus On Product and Promotion

Product Promotion

What is a product?

A product is an idea, a good, a service or a

combination of these.

Product Classification

Products are classified according to whether

they are”

Durable Goods: These are the tangibles that

serve many uses

Non durable goods: they are consumed in

one or a few uses

Services: Intangibles, which represent

activities, benefits or satisfaction offered for

sale

Industrial goods: They are used to aid in

producing other new products; they are

used in production (materials. supplies,

capital).

What is product positioning?

This is the act of designing a company or

organizations offering an image to occupy a

distinctive place in the mind of the target market

Its end result is the successful creation of

customer focused value proposition and a

justification on why the target market should buy

your product

How do we position products in the market?

Positioning should be unique and appealing to

the customers better than competing products

Positioning is therefore about differentiation

differentiating our offers from competitors in a

given category

Market positioning

Based on the choice of the market

High end

In the middle

Low end

Requirements for successful positioning

Demonstrating uniqueness/superiority of the

product

Positioning claim must be believable

Develop a single positioning claim

Positioning should focus on a few key benefits

Identifying

resources

Devising strategies

Setting objective

Creating action plans

Identifying the goal

17

More On Promotion

BRANDING-IN-A-BOX

Brand Box

What?

A brand is defined as a name or symbol or trademark

or a logo or a combination of the above features used

by organizations to differentiate their offerings from

those of other compete ting firms.

A brand can therefore be a product, a person,

organization etc.

Why?

Branding creates a competitive advantage and leads

to more sales and profits.

How?

Branding is mainly concerned with creating a unique

difference in a particular target market.

Brand’s position is the benefit that you want the

consumers to think of when they think of your brands

that is different from the benefit of your competitors

can offer.

Why do people use a particular brand?

1. Image 2. Quality 3. Packaging 4. Price 5. Availability

Eight Primary Ways to Differentiate Your Brand/Product

1. Be a specialist 2. Be preferred 3. Own a capability 4. Be the latest 5. Be the first 6. Own an attribute 7. Be number one 8. Have a heritage

SUCCESSFUL GLOBAL BRANDS

1. COCA COLA 2. IBM 3. MICROSOFT 4. DELL COMPUTERS

SUCCESSFUL LOCAL BRANDS

1. KCB 2. KQ 3. OMO 4. BIDCO

5. MUMIAS

18

Art Of Selling

Selling is the act of persuading or influencing a

customer to buy (actually exchange something

of value for) a product or service

It’s all we do

Selling is everything we do - We live by

selling.

Everyone is a sales person.

Selling is an old field/profession.

Selling is not restricted to specific items.

Selling is a learnt skill.

Nothing happens in business until someone

sells something.

An organization that cannot sell enough of its

wares is soon out of business.

Selling is the mainstream of any business-

every business must sell something to

survive.

What does selling involve? Prospecting for new clients

Making sales presentations

Negotiating the deal

Handling objections

Closing the sale

Providing after sale service (Customer service)

Did You Know?

What happens when our customers

perceive a gap between the service

they expect and the service they

receive?

96% of dissatisfied

customers DO NOT

complain directly

90% will not return

1 unhappy customer

will tell 9 others

13% will tell at least

20 other people

Selling is a battle for the customers… only the best will win

19

E-Marketing / Online Marketing or Internet Marketing

Why E-

Marketing

Online

marketing

is equally

powerful

and

effective as

offline

marketing.

Many

companies

have

successfully adopted e-marketing and are running their campaigns the internet.

Online marketing is efficient, direct and very cost effective

E-marketing is supported by Websites,

email, face book, and other online

support media

Strategic Capabilities of E – Marketing

Overcomes geographical barriers

Overcomes time barriers

Overcomes cost barriers

Overcomes structural barriers

Business value of E-marketing

Generates new revenue

Reduces the cost of reaching the

consumers

Enables the development of new

web based products

Increases customer loyalty and

retention

Attracts new customers

Nature of E - Business transactions

Business to Business (B2B) – Business marketing to other businesses

Business to Customer (B2C) – Business marketing directly to individual customers

Mobile Commerce – M- Commerce – Business marketing using available wireless networks. Mpesa

is a good example

E – Learning Online delivery of information for training and education purpose

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT

THE VILLAGE AFRICA

+254 719593900

20

Green House Farming

Greenhouse Farming In-A-Box

Green House

It is a framed structure covered with

transparent or Translucent Material

and large enough to grow crops

under partially or fully controlled

environment to get maximum

productivity and quality produce.

The Green house Concept?

It is also known as greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse is generally covered

with transparent material such as

polythene or glass. Major fraction of

sunlight is absorbed by plants and

other objects. These objects in turn

emit long wave thermal radiations for

which cladding material has low

transparency. With the result solar

energy is trapped and raises the

temperature inside polyhouse. This is

called greenhouse effect. This rise in

temperature is responsible for

growing crops in cold climate.

During summer months, temperature

is brought down by providing

cooling device.

Principle of a Greenhouse

Crop yields are a function of

several factors surrounding

growing.

Crops grow well in a relatively

controlled environment. Factors

that determine successful growing

include:

• Temperatures,

• Humidity,

• Air circulation,

• Sunlight diffusion,

• Elimination of foliage wetting

Growth is consistent and there is

uniform production of all crops.

Crops grow at the same rate, flower

and fruit almost same time.

This helps in market planning

because one knows when his crop

will be exactly ready for sale and

therefore market planning

becomes easy.

Type of greenhouse-Based on cost

of installation

1. Low cost polyhouse/greenhouse

2. -It is also called zero energy

chambers, polythene sheet is of 700

gauge thickness and supported on

bamboo ropes and nails.

Temperature increase inside

greenhouse 6-100C than outside.

Solar radiations entering inside are

30-40% less as reaching outside.

3. Medium cost Greenhouse

4. -It has High cost than low tech

greenhouse. In quonset shaped

polyhouses frame-GI pipes are used.

Thickness of single layered UV

stabilized polythene is 800 gauges.

Exhaust fan- are there which are

thermostatically controlled. Frames

and glazing material has life span of

20 years and 2 years respectively.

5. High Tech Greenhouse

-Frame is made up of Iron or

Aluminum. Designs are dome shaped

or cone shaped. these are Highly

durable, 5-6 times costlier, growing

medium used in these type of

greenhouses are Peat, Perlite,

Solarite, Vermiculite, Rock wool. In

India coco- fiber and rice husk are

used as growing media as these

materials are cheaper. Fertigation

and pesticide are sprayed by

fogging machine.

Process:

The soil of the site is removed up to

18", mixed with sieved F.Y.M. and

small quantity of BHC or Endrex is

added. The soil surface is sterilized,

refilled with mixture, drains are

prepared, erection of green house

structure with LD Polythene sheet is

erected. Seedlings are transplanted;

regular drip irrigation, fogging or

misting and maintaining humidity etc.

are attended.

Advantages of green house

technology:

Protection from adverse

climatic conditions

Increase yield 4-5 times

than traditional

planting

Harvesting time can be

adjusted

Off-season crop produce

may be obtained

Disease free plants may

be obtained

More profit due to

continuous supply of

produce throughout the

year

Water saving as use of

drip/sprinkle system

Barren and uncultivable

land may be brought

under use

Get more foreign

exchange due to export

Useful technology for

hybrid seed production

Employment generating

technology

Field Activities

• Training/ trellising

• Mulching (Plastic/

organic)?

• Weeding.

• Desuckering.

• Harvesting.

• Deflowering.

• Defoliation.

• Thigmogenesis/

• Pollination

• Cleaning.

• Disease & Pest

controls

21

The Farmers Kit

What is the Farmers Kit?

This is tailor made kit composed of unique modern farming techniques.

The Greenhouse

The Greenhouse

consists of the

netted sides,

plastic cover

and steel

structures

• Woven not plain nylon paper.

• Not easily UV degradable (Guarantee of 3years)

• Not easily torn and can be repaired (Needle & thread or patch)

• Diffusion/spread of light uniform.

• Rain and airborne water exclusion from crop. (Rain borne diseases kept out). Season Extension (While others crumble on external pressures

Control of insect pests from accessing the crop – part of Integrated

Pests Management strategy. Keeping off Butterflies, Grasshoppers,

Crickets, Whiteflies, Beetles etc

Air filter into the crops (Dust, environmental wastes) Restriction of unwanted in-out movements.

What’s in a Farmer’s Kit ?

1. Farmers Greenhouse 2. Drip irrigation (500m). 3. Knapsack 4. Seeds 5. Collapsible tank 6. Fertilizers 7. Nursery Set 8. PPE 9. Agrochemicals 10. Training 11. Renewable annual Agro – support

package

22

The netted sides + Plastic Cover

Steel structure

• Very strong and portable steel material.

• Peaked roof to allow for maximum growing space.

• Fast drainage from roof.

Drip Irrigation

Why Irrigation system?

• Easily manageable and accessories provided (e.g. the blind caps, connectors etc)

• The system is suitable for all types of soils, climates and water.

• It’s suitable for use in flat land or slight slopes.

• Water source should be close to the plot.

• Brings water directly to the plant roots. No wastage through off-target applications.

• Plant uses its energy to develop production and not searching for water.

• Fertilizers (plant food) can be brought directly to the roots

23

Advantages of drip irrigation?

Even water distribution

throughout the field

Prevention of evaporation from

surface.

No water leaching below root

zone.

No wind effect on water

application.

Good soil aeration

No wetting of foliage

Reduced weed control expenses

Prevention of run-off

Operating a Drip Irrigation System

Points to Note

• To cover 500m2

• Heavy duty lines and high quality drippers

• with wide water passage.

• Simple installation.

• Easily filled and drained.

• Gravity fed – 0.5-0.6lit/hr.

Maintenance

• Keep off fire and hot objects.

• Keep off sharp objects.

• Regularly clean the plastic.

• Avoid leaning, hitting, mishandling.

• Keep entry closed always.

First irrigation (once system is installed)

Clean water tank of all sediments and residues. Fill it

up to the top.

Connect the system and leave distribution pipe and

lateral’s ends open!

24

Flush the filter’s screen with water (from the tank) and return to place.

Open the main valve to flush distribution pipe for 5-10 minutes (until clear water flows out!).

Fold pipe’s end and tie it up.

Flush dirt out of the drip lines for a few minutes then fold drip lines ends, starting with those

closest to the water tank, and then tie them up one after the other as soon as clean water

flows out.

• Clean the filter daily (Demonstrate).

• Flush the drip lines on weekly basis (Demonstrate)

• In case they are clogged in the course of use; treat drips lines with Supalink –

(Available at Amiran).

• Farmer’s Sprayer

• Portable, held pressure sprayer operated by a lever.

• Materials resistant to all treatment products.

• Machine reversible either for right or left handed people

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Starting UpNursery - Coco peat

Open the Nursery Set carton and confirm that you have all the

necessary items i.e. The treated cocopeat.The starter fertilizer,

Seedling trays.

Open the treated coco peat and empty it into a bucket.

Add 20 liters of clean and pure water into the coco peat contained in

the bucket.

Scoop the wet coco peat from the bucket with hands and fill all the

seedling trays

Keep the seedlings under shade and do not apply fertilizer until when

they germinate.

Make sure that the seedlings are well watered and kept wet

throughout. The coco peat should never be left to dry.

After germination of the seedlings, begin fertilizer application i.e.

mix 10grams into 16Liters of water (Knapsack).

This should be drenched at the base of the plants in the coco peat.

Avoid applying on the leaves as it may scotch seedlings leaves.

Reduce the amount of shading materials for the leaves of the

seedlings to begin getting sunlight which is important for production

of food for the plant (Photosynthesis).

Avoid exposing them to hot dry sun/ desiccating them and monitor

moisture in the coco peat closely to avoid the seedlings from drying

up.

Observe safety when

handling pesticides.

Human beings just like

insects and mites have a

central nervous system.

Wear correct PPE

(Personal protectve equipment

25

Nursery – Without Cocopeat

Fumigation (Optional)

Soil borne disease

Could be through Natural sunlight or fumigation chemicals such as Metham Sodium and

Basamid.

This controls Fusarium wilt, Bacterial wilt?, Nematodes, Weeds etc.

Dangerous process and application procedure must be followed

Before planting soil must be cultivated as follows:

– Ploughing

– Rotavating

– Bed shaping

For better water dispersion we recommend to compact the beds.

Transplanting

• Transfer of the plants from the nursery bed into the main filed.

• Done between 21 to 32 days – pencil thickness.

• Hardening off – reduce irrigation intervals gradually before transplanting.

• Spacing in the main field depends on the type of crop.

• Close spacing yields smaller sized fruit compared to wider spacing.

Crop Spacing

Crop Spacing

Tomato 30cm-60cm x 60cm

Onion 8cm -12cm x 20cm

Courgettes 50cm x 50cm

Cucumber 30 - 60cm x 50cm-60cm

In the ratio of 1:1:1 mix a media of Sand,

Red soil and well composited manure.

Irrigate the media well.

Sow the seeds singly in rows on the

nursery.

This could be done on any nursery of

any length but width remains not more

than 1m wide.

After germination, apply Polyfeed

starter fertilizer 10gm in 16lits water

Weekly apply the same feed.

26

Crop Nutrition

PHI Pre- Harvest interval

MRL Maximum Residue level

1. Once spray is done, the harvesting

should not be done until the period that is

shown on the label elapses.

2. Harvesting before the PHI is over is a risk and

can cause food poisoning

1. This is the amount of pesticide traces that

are allowed present in harvested fresh

produce.

2. Above certain levels they may pose

danger to consumers.

Horticulture Farming

Preferable crops for a green house

Botanical pesticides

Neem leaves and

Seeds – spider

Mites and

nematodes.

Melons:Tomatoes: Onions: Passion fruits:

- Sweet Melons,Thorn melons,Seedless melons,Sugar baby melons.

-

The production capacity of the sweet melon is 2-6kg. When growing the sweet

melon, the crops need to have spacing of 1 square meter and needs to be grown in

well drained loam soil. The maturity period is 70-90 days.

How to make natural Pesticide Instructions Liquid soap is a great alternative to toxic chemicals for both indoor and

outdoor plants.

Mix 2 tablespoons of liquid soap or dishwashing liquid with 1

quart water, and pour into a spray bottle. Most indoor

household plants tolerate this natural pesticide well. Spray

leaves, stem and topsoil to deter insects from coming back.

Aphids, mealy bugs, whiteflies and mites are all affected by this

soap remedy.

If you need a stronger soap formula, try this:

4 garlic cloves (segments) finely chopped

1 small onion finely chopped

1 tblsp. cayenne (red) pepper

2 tblsps. liquid soap

1 quart water

Mix well and let set 1 hour. Strain and pour into a spray bottle or other

container. Refrigerated, this natural insecticide will last up to two weeks.

Warning Warning

• Too Much fertilizer

can burn the crop.

• Do not apply

fertilizers close to the

plant stem.

• Incorporate into the

soil

• Too much animal manure can burn

the crop.

• Too Much water can starve the

plants of oxygen. Root airs die and

nutrients uptake strained.

27

Turmeric – diamond black moth and army worms.

Marigold – control of white flies

Garlic - Insectcide and repellant

Tobacc - Thrips and Cartapillar

Chili pepper – control of aphids

Custard apple -

insecticides

Site seeing

• Which are the Predominant constraints in my farm?

• Which crop fit into my actual cropping plan?

• Which appropriate material and tool are available in my farm?

• What to produce for the market? Local export

28

• When to produce and at what price?

• How to form producer and marketing groups

• How much labour and cost?

• Why do farmers grow what they do? And the reasons?

Main exports from Kenya

Fruits Vegetables

Avocado French beans

Mango Snow peas

Passion Runner beans

Pineaplle Okra

Strawberries chillies

melons aubergine

Garden peas

Asian vegetables

Capsicum

Amarathus

Amaranth is low in saturated fats and sodium and does not contain cholesterol. It is a good

source of calcium, iron, magnesium,phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese. It

is a very good

source of high quality protein with well-balanced amino acids and many vitamins in high

levels.

Soil improvement function

Nitrogen

-Increase growth and development

-Improves quality of leafy vegetation

Deficiency

-Stunted growth

-Appear light green to pale yellow

-Reduced flowering

Phosphorus

• Root development

• Seed and fruit development

Deficiency

• Leaves have a dark blue green coloration

• Delayed maturity and fruit development

29

• Stimulate flowering

Gross Income Guideline For Horticultural Enterprise

The flow sheet of site and field

operations in Hortifculture

Farming;

Selection of Site

Soil & Water Analysis

Removal of Surface Soil

Mixing with F.Y.M. + HC.

Refilling soil + F.Y.M. + BHC.

Preparing drains & beds

Extension of Power

Installation of Green House

Plantation of Seedlings

Cover roof with 50% shading

net

Drip Irrigation & Misting

Harvesting

Grading

Packing

Transportation through

cooling chain.

Challenges Of Horticulture

Farming Include;

Current economic

conditions globally

Increased protectionism

Competitive pricing

Quality

Urbanization

GMO’s

Health promotions

TOMATO

VARIETY: CAL J POTENTIAL YIELDS: 200 SEEDLINGS GROSS INCOME: 5 KSH /SEEDLING TECHNOLOGY: RAISED SEED BED

SPINACH VARIETY: GIANT FOLD HOOK POTENTIAL YIELD: 4 KG/PLANT GROSS INCOME: 280 KSH/PLANT TECHNOLOGY: FERTILITY BEDS

ARROW ROOT

VARIETY: LOCAL POTENTIAL YIELDS: 0.5 KG/PLA GROSS INCOME: 50 KSH. /PLANT TECHNOLOGY: MOISTBED

COWPEAS

VARIETY: KENKUNDE POTENTIAL YIELDS: 1.5 KG/PLANT GROSS INCOME: 120 KSH / PLANT

TECHNOLOGY: DRIP IRRIGATION

LEAFY AMARANTHUS VARIETY: DOBIAS POTENTIAL YIELDS: 72 KG/GUNNY BAG GROSS INCOME: 2880 KSH/GUNNY BAG TECHNOLOGY: MULTI-STOREY GARDEN

KALES VARIETY: 1000 HEADS POTENTIAL YIELDS: 3 KG/PLANT GROSS INCOME: 180 KSH /PLANT TECHNOLOGY: ZAI PITS

30

EM COMPOSIT DECOMPOSITION PERIOD: 3 WEEKS GROSS INCOME: KSH. 200/DEBE TECHNOLOGY: FARM REFUSE/

DECOMPOSITION

LIQUID MANURE

DECOMPOSITION PERIOD: 2 WEEKS GROSS INCOME: 50 KSH /LITRE TECHNOLOGY: LIQUID / EXTRACTION

LOCAL VEGETABLES POTENTIAL YIELDS: 20 BUNCHES / GARDEN GROSS INCOME: 20 KSH BUNCH TECHNOLOGY: MICRO GARDEN

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:

THE NEAREST LOCAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICES OR

The Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF)

OR Amiran Kenya Ltd

+254 719 095000/

[email protected]


31

Urbarn Farming And Agri-Bussinness

Characteristics of Urban Communities

• Have limited/no space /land to do farming

• Have limited time to do farming.

• Grow crops and rear animals in small scale

• Have challenges of waste disposal-no mandate over their own health hazards.

• Challenges of water scarcity.

• Get their food from shops.

• Poverty levels – in many cases poverty levels are higher than rural communities

• Contamination/Pollution

• Middlemen issues

• Council by-laws

• Competition for market and space

• Market glut

• Limited market information

• Limited/Lack of water

• High cost of inputs

• Limited land/space

•

Despite the above – It is the right of every person to access food at all times. Also

people have to generate some income to sustain their day today living.

Classification of Urban Farming

Intra-urban-inside urban

Peri-urban

Either on-plot/off plot

Why Urban Farming

Life has become more expensive but wages remain constant

Urban food security issues

Need for fresh food supply

Reduces seasonal gaps

Urban greening

32

Examples of Urban Farming Techniques

Moist Bed

The depth of soil and manure added is approximately 2

feet. There is adequate allowance of the polythene

sheeting above the surface of soil bed to prevent any

spillage of water from the bed when watering. Mulching

is also important to control evaporation of water from the

soil bed. The moist bed is supported by piece of

wood/timber to prevent it from falling off. -suitable for

crops which need a lot of moisture.eg nduma,dania etc

Fertility Bed

Dig a bed of 1 meter by any length by 2 feet deep.

Dry grass is filled in the bed and pressed to about ½

ft.

Top soil and manure are mixed ratio 1:1 then put in

the bed. Suitable for all types of vegetables-

spinarch,kales,dania ,mchicha etc

Zai Pits

2ft by 2fit by 2ft dept pits are made-separate the top

soil

Leave a space of about 2 ft then dig the second one

Mix the top soil with manure and put it back to the

bed,

Plant 5bplants of kales or spinach per pit

Apropriate technology for water conservation

Drip Kit Irrigation

Ensures continuous supply of vegetables throughout

the year.

The water storage tank capacity can vary.

Multi-story Garden

Crops are planted on gunny bag/polythen sheet,

Top soil and manure are mixed at ratio 1: 1.

Small stones are arranged at the middle to make a

pillar,the irrigation area of the guny bag

Apropriate for limmited space and it uses less water

No weeding

33

Micro-Gardens

-Appropriate for limited space

-makes use of broken basins, buckets and polythene

bags

Hanging Gardens

The mjcro gardens are made and hanged in the air.

Appropriate for people who have no space to do

farming.

Appropriate for mixed farming

Appropriate for places with problem of gabage

disposal,

Integrated fish and poultry Farming

• Fish and poultry are kept together

How To Make Compost Manure On Your Farm

Composting requires no money and is easy to make. One can use wastes from plants, the

kitchen and from animal waste such as cow dung.

PROCESS

1. Identify a shaded place and dig a pit about 30cm deep

1.5m wide and 2-3 m long.

2. Put a layer of dried plant material at the bottom of the

pit

3. Add a layer of wet green leaves.

4. Cover with cow dung and other kitchen waste and then

sprinkle with ash from jiko.

5. Cover with soil and sprinkle water.

6. Add more layers in this sequence (dry leaves-green

leaves-cow dung-ash- soil water)

7. Continue until heap rises to about 60cm (2ft).

8. The last layer of soil should be about 10cm thick.

9. Finally cover with grass or leafy layer to prevent

moisture loss.

10. To test progress- a stick is put into the compost if it’s hot

and dump then progress is good.

11. The heap should be watered every three days – unless

it’s raining.

12. The pile should be turned after every 3 weeks twice

(putting the bottom layer on top) to allow for quick

decomposing. 13. It should be ready for use in 6 weeks.

34

Benefits of Compost

It supplies plants with important nutrients for fast growth such as nitrogen.

Supplies other plant nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulphur.

It improves soil structure helping it to retain water and moisture.

It reduces soil erosion as increases the amount of water getting into the soil.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT

THE LOCAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OFFICES

OR CLIMATE ACTION PROGRAMME FOR SCHOOLS

AND YOUTH (CAPSAY)

+254 (020)2718870

[email protected]


35

Poultry Production

• Poultry refers to all domesticated /assisted birds

They include; chicken, turkeys, geese, pigeons, quails, Ostrich, ducks

Types Of Poutry

Local poultry/indigenous chicken

-Role-important in the livelihoods of rural house hold

-Farming as backyard rearing, rural, or scavenging systems.

What is Poultry?

Uses of poultry

Food - Source of protein

Manure

Ornamentals –feathers used to make hats, bracelets

Industrial uses- manufacture of cosmetics i.e. shampoo,

lipstick, vaccines

Recreation – cock fighting

36

In order - Indigenous cocks, Frizzled feathered chicken, feathered shank hen, Kuchi game bird, Normal feathered

indigenous chicken

Commercial poultry

-Layers and Broilers

- Layers are often kept in deep litter house, but individual battery cages can be used.

- kept in towns where markets available.

- Broilers- heavy breeds & reared in deep litter floor

- Young chicks are bought from hatcheries as day old.

- Note-slatted floor expose broilers to breast blister & leg problems leading to lower

quality

- Broilers are kept for meat as well as hybrids birds

- Fast growing & use comm. Feeds

- Kept for 6-8 weeks

37

In order- white leghorn, Brown leghorn, Black Minorca, Rhodes Island, New Hampshire, Light Sussex

chicken

Points To Note Before Starting

• Know the market requirements for either layers, broilers or local, markets can be –contract,

processor, leading farmers, retailer (Supermarkets, Restaurants) or local market/farm gate.

• Investment costs

• Running costs

• Expected revenue

• Distance to the market outlets for eggs and broiler meat/ live birds

• Quality feed availability at affordable price ( feed is a major input contributing about

70% of the operation cost)

• Availability of information on basic management practices

• Availability of animal health service providers especially for vaccines and drugs

• Seasonal fluctuation in demands for poultry & poultry products

• Optimum flock sizes so that the farmer can break even

Major Production Systems

- Indigenous chicken -76% of Kenyan Chicken

-Broilers-13.2 %-6-8 wks

-Hybrid Layers-8.6% -1-2yrs production

-Specialized production.-Hybrid cockerels-2.2%

Commercial Poultry-Consider

• Distance to markets for finished products-cost, perishability

• Availability of qty feeds-Accts 70% of production. cost, affordable price

• Info-basic management & animal health services- vaccines & drugs

• Seasonality in demand for poultry-Demand Driven - High in April/Dec., tourist, festive

Seasons.

• Optimum flock sizes to break even. Low flock size high production cost.

NB: Each systems has its risks & Returns

Investment is Rapid than other enterprise

Commercial Production- Utilizes hybrids of broilers &

Layers. Feed is major challenge coupled with low quality feeds & high prices

38

Brooding + Chick Quality

Broody hens can be a law unto

themselves, and they can go broody with

or without fertilised eggs to sit on. If you

have a broody you will probably already

recognize the signs. When broody, hens

are very single minded and will want to sit

on the eggs almost constantly, taking only

brief breaks for food and the toilet

(sometimes they forget to even do that).

She may pull out some of the feathers from

her belly to feather her nest and allow her

to feel the eggs directly on her skin. She

could get aggressive screeching and even

pecking at anyone who gets close. She

will also probably have 'broody poos' (the

not very nice result of keeping everything

held in for hours on end!).

This is all very well if you want her to

hatch chicks, but if you don't (or it's not

possible) long periods of broodiness can

take their toll on her health and so it is

sometimes necessary to take action to stop

her being broody.

Dunk her in a pail of cool (but not really

cold) water which will bring her brooding

temperature down and perhaps make her

indignant enough to give up on being broody altogether.

• It is important to buy sexed chicks so that no males

are bought for layers

• Order chicks well in advance 5 months before

disposal of the old flocks

• Should be uniform size of at least 35g.

• Avoid public transport

• Deliver the chicks to the farm as soon as possible

to reduce stress and dehydration

Caution: Avoid buying Day old chicks from

unknown agents like hawkers and in market

Chick quality:

• Ensure that the day old chicks are vaccinated

against marecks disease

• Check for physical deformity

• The chicks should be active and lively

Before the chicks from the hatchery arrive on the farm,

the farmer must have the following ready:

1. Litter for the floor which should be about 5 cm layer

preferably;

wood shavings

chopped straw

hay can also be used

NB: wire mesh floor litter is not necessary

2. A brooder( confined space by use of hard board

and heat source provided by either paraffin lamps,

electricity lamps, gas , or charcoal jikos)

3. Proper cleaning and disinfection of the house

and the brooding equipment must done

Brooding Capacity

• One paraffin lamp is enough for about 50 chicks

• One charcoal jiko is enough for up to 500 chicks

39

Housing

NB. Use baskets for nights and

days for small chicks (indigenous breeds)

Feeds + Feeding

-use locally available materials to reduce costs -permanent/semi –use slatted, raised floors to ease cleaning -use chicken wire where possible to put off predators -provide perches & nests -provide adequate drainage -ensure adequate ventilation -provide clean water adlib -Layers- either deep litter system or slatted floor.

Ideal house should ;

• provide the birds with a comfortable environment

• Protect them from the extremes of the prevailing weather.

• provide adequate space for the flock to be kept in houses, the ideal stocking rate should

be:

2 square ft per bird – layer

1 square ft per bird – Broiler Proper hygiene should be observed

40

Energy feeds-Cereals-maize, sorghum, wheat,

roots(cassava, sweet potatoes)

Protein feeds-beans, peas, cowpeas, sunflower, fish meal

Minerals-crushed egg shells, bone meal, blood meal

Vitamins-green grasses, vegetables, enough light

Water-fresh & clean

Feed formulation-

Example for Layers

Maize-26.5kgs -------- 45%

Sorghum-6kgs---------- 20%

Green grams-5kgs----- 10%

Cowpeas-10kgs----------20%

Bone meal-2.5kgs------- 5%

Total=50kgs

There 3 types of feeds

used in layers

production namely:

1. Chick feed (chick

mash) - either in form of

mash or pellets

• Recommended

from day old to 8

weeks of age.

• Each chick will

consume 2kg

during this period

(30-40g/day)

2. A growing diet

(growers mash)

• offered from 8

weeks to 20 weeks

of age

• Each grower will

consume about

8kg during this

period (60-

90g/day)

3. Layer feed (layers

mash)

• Offered from 21 to

75 weeks of age

giving 90-120g of

feed per day.

• The bird will have

consumed about

45kg of feed

Feeding practices

• Provide fresh feeds daily and let the

birds feed and drink water adlib

• Avoid abrupt change of feed from one

type to another

• Feeds should be stored in rodent

proof, rain proof and well ventilated

areas.

• Always buy feeds from reputable feed

stockiest or manufacturers. And do

not store for long periods

41

Eggs

Sales depends largely on

farmers/group initiative

Eggs-handled careful. Involves

collection, grading, processing,

transporting, sorting and

merchandising.

Aim at keeping it clean and

preserve the quality.

Keep in sizes-grading, stored

max.14 days under cold storage

10-12 degrees

Meat- live birds are easy to sell

aim at higher prices

Middlemen play a big role here

There two types of feed used in broiler

production namely:

1. A starter diet (broiler starter) - in

form of mash or crumbs

• Recommended from day old to 3

weeks of age.

• Each broiler will consume 1.5 kg

during this period (40-75g/day)

2. A finisher diet (broiler finisher)

• Offered from 3 to 7 weeks of age.

• Each broiler will consume about 3.5

kg during this period (75-150g/day

NOTE

• Feed should be- Palatable,

Digestible and free from toxins.

• It should also meet the

recommended nutritive values for

each growing and production stages

Eggs

Production per bird • A hen will lay her first egg at

18 weeks. • Each hen will lay on average

280 to 300 eggs for a period of 1 year.

Handling Eggs: • Collect eggs 2 to 3 times a

day. • Separate broken and dirty

eggs from whole eggs • Place eggs with the broad

end up in the egg tray. • Store eggs in a cool dry place • Do not stack more than six

trays

Culling Birds

• Flock disposal for all birds is done at the end of the laying period

• All the birds can also be disposed after they have proved uneconomical to keep i.e. laying %

of below 60.

• Cull all sick birds and the non- productive ones; this will help reduce production cost.

• A non layer can be recognized- not more than 1 finger can fit between the pelvic bones, dull

eyes and dull comb, have yellow pigmentation on Vent, legs and beak .

42

Indigenous Poultry Production

Indigenous chicken farming has been described

variously as backyard poultry rearing, rural poultry

production or scavenging.

For our purpose, any flock of chicken that are kept

under free-range management and on which no

selection of breeds or improvement by crossbreeding

has been done is considered as a flock of indigenous

chicken. Indigenous chicken lay between 8 and 15 eggs

per clutch depending on availability of feed. They are

broody and hatch about 80% of the eggs they sit on.

They attain 2-3 clutches in a year.

Supplementary feeding simply means extra feeding of

free range/scavenging poultry. It can increase the

average quantity of eggs laid per brood by up to 100%.

Birds need feeds that give the necessary elements for

body functions, including growth egg and meat

production. This is a requirement that the free-range

production system does not meet adequately. To attain

a balanced diet, it is recommended that in addition to

scavenging, a farmer should include protein

supplements from one of the recommended cheap but

quality sources. This can be provided either as a pre-

mix or given through cafeteria system.

There is a range of feed available in the market for

different chicken (broilers, layers) eg Unga feeds

Separate Birds at Feeding Time

- Chicks below 6 weeks old should be kept away from

other chicken and fed alone

-To avoid competition feed the chicken in this order-

Chicks first followed by Hens and finally Cocks.

This is because cocks are better at scavenging than the

others and if fed together they might overfeed leaving

nothing for rest of the flock.

43

Record Keeping

When and How To Feed

Supplement feeding should be given in

the morning and evening when the

birds come back for the night.

the amount of extra feed should given

should be about 30-50% of the birds

daily needs. Approximately 30-40g for

chicks aged 6weeks.

The amount of supplementary feeding

should be reduced gradually until its

abour 40% of the bird’s daily needs.

How to Reduce Diseases

1. Vaccinate the birds as suggested by the

vet

2. Provide enough clean water and food

especially to young chicks.

3. On regular basis clean the houses and

disinfect the walls and floor

4. Change dry litter more often

5. .Separate chicks from adult hens except

from mother hen

6. Separate and treat sick birds. If medication

is not available kill the sick birds.

7. Burn or burry the killed sick birds (do not

eat sick birds that have been killed

because disease can be passed to people.

People Hygiene

Good hygiene practice by the people

reduces the chances of the chicken

getting sick.

Foot bath – should be placed in the

door way of the chicken house for all

people entering.

Dust coats- dust coats should be

hanged at the doorway for people to

wear when going inside the chicken

houses and should never be removed

from there.

Hand wash – wash your hands before

going into the chicken house using a

hand wash gel.

Water

Clean water should be placed in shaded areas

during the day at all times.

Parasites

Dudu dust is usually used for parasite control on

the chicken. Dusting should be done under the

wings of the chicken (wear protective clothing

when dusting).

Recommended dusts are Sevin powder,

Malathion dust or Actelic dust.

Application should be done every week until

there are no parasites left.

Housing

Protective housing should be used in free-range

poultry farming system to protect chicks from

predators and bad weather. Several housing

structures including the dome-shaped stick

basket popular in western Kenya variably known

as Lisera, Liuli or Osero which is ideal for

daytime housing are found. Other alternatives

include the stick-built Kiduli and standard

poultry houses. A good housing structure should

be spacious, well lit, airy and dry, easy to clean,

have perches for chicken to roost and protected

from predators. (Check pg 39)

Breeding

Avoid inbreeding by introducing one cock for

every 10 hens every 2 years.

Selection of eggs for setting

Improved nutrition can raise the average

number of eggs laid per clutch by

100%.Fertilised eggs are live and successful

hatching depends on how they are taken care of

from laying till setting. The broad end of an egg

has an air sac through which the egg breathes.

Eggs should be stored with the broad end facing

upwards. The egg shell is porous (has little holes

which if blocked may suffocate the embryo

[baby chick]). To prevent rotting, eggs must be

stored in a clean and dry place. Since fertile

eggs grow slowly, eggs that are more than 14

days old should not be used for hatching.

44

Shortening the reproductive cycle

Table 1 compares normal and shortened reproductive cycles.

Hens lay eggs earlier, doubling the number of clutches per hen per year while the improved

management increases survival rates from 2-6.

Normal and Shortened Reproductive Cycle

Normal

Laying Setting Brooding Resting Total

15-20 days 21 days 60 days 0 101

15 eggs 10 eggs 8 chicks 2

growers

Shortened

Cycle

15-20 days 21 days 0 10 61 days

15 eggs 10 eggs 8 chicks 6

growers

Serial hatching

Hens or ducks can be used to sit on eggs

continuously for 2 or more times by removing

chicks every time they hatch and replacing

them with new eggs. If this is coupled with

synchronization, then a farmer could hatch

more chicks without using an incubator. Ducks

can sit on 30-35 eggs and can be used for up to

6 consecutive times.

Synchronized hatching

When hens that started laying within the same

week reach broodiness, the 1st hen to reach this

stage can be delayed by being given one egg to

sit on. This can be repeated for the 2nd and 3rd

hens so that finally all the hens are set on one

day (Fig.

4). On the day of setting, all the dummy eggs

should be destroyed. Chicks that hatch on the

same day fit in well with feeding and vaccination

programmes. The time between the 1st hen and

the last should not be more than one week

45

Diseases And Parasites In Poultry

Differences between healthy and unhealthy birds

Healthy birds Unhealthy birds

Alert and on guard Breaths quietly

Bright eyes and comb Tired and lifeless

Walk, run and scratch continuously Dull eyes and combs

Eat and drinks normally Sit and lie down

Lays eggs normally Lays less egg

Smooth and neat feathers Rough and loose feathers

Soft compact dropping Wet droppings with blood & worms

Breaths quietly Cough, sneeze & breath noisily

Modes of disease transmission in birds

• Live birds- Sick birds spread diseases through air-coughing and breathing, through droppings

and nasal and eye discharges

Management of chicks

To prevent high mortality, chicks must be kept in a

safe, warm and clean environment and must have

easy-to-digest feed at all times. Chicks may be

removed from the hatching hen or duck and kept

separate using the following brooding methods:

In a carton box with ventilation holes

drilled around the upper side with wood

shavings as bedding and warmed by either

a lantern or by covering the top with a

blanket or a clean sisal sack at night.

In ‘Liuli’ on a sisal sack or wood shavings

and warmed as above. Do not use a lantern

under the basket. The basket or Liuli can be

taken out when the sun shines. However,

the birds should be protected from veryhot

sun and rain.

Hens that do not discriminate chicks can be

trained as foster hens. Up to 65 chicks of

different ages can be brooded by such a

hen.

How to tell a sick bird.

46

• Carcasses of birds- dead birds

• Feed and water- Contaminated

• Equipment and houses- Dirty

Man- Man carries disease germs on foot, hands or clothing

Diseases and Parasites

Disease Signs & symptoms Treatment/control

Newcastle disease- Viral

disease affecting all species of

birds characterized by

respiratory,nervous syndromes

and diarrhoea.

- It has an incubation period

of 3-5 days

Dullness coughing, rales, anorexia

and general dullness

- Egg production drops

- Greenish diarrhoea

paralysis of wings and hind limbs

or both and twisting of legs

Kills up to 90-100% of the flock

Regular vaccination (every 2-3 months) besides

observing general disease control techniques

Broilers and layers – vaccinate at 2-3 weeks

of age.

Later at 3 months and at intervals of 6 months

Fowl pox- Viral disease of

all birds transmitted through

air, contaminated water,

equipment and cock fight

wounds

-Raised wart- like lesions on

comb,wattle,beak, eyelids and

other cutaneous areas

-Affected birds are unthrifty,

mild drop in egg production,

eyes closed, wings held on the

body, head drooping

Regular vaccination

Chronic Respiratory

Disease(CRD)

An infectious and

contagious disease

transmitted from bird to

bird, air, contamination and

via the egg (egg-borne)

-Sticky serous exudates from

the nostrils, lacrimation,

swelling of peri -orbital sinuses

and rales,

-Birds are unthrifty, weight loss

mouth breathing and decrease

in egg production

-Mortality is 5-10%

Tylosin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol,

Nitrofurans

Infectious coryza- A

bacterial disease

characterized by catarrhal

infection of the URT mucosa.

-Nasal discharge with typical

rotten egg smell

-Frequent swelling and

oedema of the face

- Sneezing, laboured breathing

Sinuses are swollen

- Eyelids gum together

-Oedema of the wattle and

subcutaneous areas of the face

S-dime

47

Gumboro (Infectious

bursitis) – An acute viral

disease of young chicks

usually 2-3 weeks

characterized by mild

respiratory signs, white

watery droppings, severe

depression followed by

death.

Transmission is direct bird

to bird contact

-Reduced feed and water

consumption

- Chicks are lethargic, sleepy

and depressed, white watery

dropping, birds peck the vent

-On PM, the bursa is swollen,

yellowish with haemorrhage

and prominent striations and

contains calceous yellowish

materials

-Treatment is supportive only

-Control- Hygiene and vaccination

Pullorum/ Fowl typhoid

- Affects all birds and is

caused by bacteria

- Transmission is by egg,

contamination and

mechanical

-High mortality in the second

after hatching

-White diarrhea, depressed,

chirping, wings held together,

looks chilled, gaping, Pasted

vents

Adults-Restless and goes off-

feed, whitish diarrhea with wet

vents and death in 4-5 days

-Chloramphenicol, Nitrfurans, Fuzol

-Control- Dispose infected birds

- Hygiene

- Vaccination

Coccidiosis

A protozoan disease caused

by Almeria sp.

Characterized by diarrhoea

of various nature ranging

from yellowish –red

(bloody) and is foamy

-Transmission is by

ingestion of contaminated

feed, water etc

Birds are dull, lethargic, goes

off-feed, decreased egg

production, folding of wings

and diarrhea (yellow to bloody

Sulphonamides, nitrofurans-coccid,

amodiostat, S-dime, ESB3

Infectious synovitis- A

disease of the upper

respiratory system which

localizes in the joints

Swelling of joints and footpads,

weight loss, slight greenish

diarrhoea and breast blisters

with yellowish creamy exudates

Tylosin, chloramphenicol etc

External Parasites

- Lice, fleas, ticks and

mites

Suck blood and lead to

loss of body condition and

drop in egg production

Use sprays and dusts- Ectomin,

sevin dudu dust, Acaricide etc.

Disinfection of poultry house before new

flock

- Regular spray/dusting

48

Internal parasites

• Mainly worms

Poultry Vaccination

- Methods of vaccine administration

1. Through drinking water- NCD, CRD, IB

2. Through nostrils or eyes- NCD, Gumboro, CRD, IB

3. Injection- Fowl typhoid

4. Spray – Common in hatcheries and large scale commercial production

5. Wing stab- Fowl pox

Suggested Vaccination Regimes

Age Vaccine Method

Within the 1st wk NCD/IB Eye drop/intranasal

Within the 2nd wk Gumboro Drinking water

Week 6-8 Fowl typhoid Injection I/M

Week 10-12 Fowl pox Wing stab

Every 3 months NCD Drinking water

Every year Gumboro, Fowl typhoid and fowl pox As per vaccine

FOR MORE INFORMATION CAONTACT:

NEAREST MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK OFFICES OR

KENCHIC Email: [email protected] OR

UNGA LTD Email: [email protected]


49

Rabbit Production

The Challenges of Rabbits rearing include wrong perceptions and stereotypes surrounding

consumption of rabbit meat and lack of regular markets for upcoming entrepreneurs.

Opportunities that exist as changing human nutritional behaviors and awareness that will see

more people opt for white meat for which rabbit meat is outstanding. He observed that the

rabbit meat market has also not been fully exploited, the production process requires minimal

capital hence easy to start and additionally, other meat sources are becoming scarce and

costly. He added that rabbits are also quick and prolific growers.

Naivasha CAT Rabbit project

The different breeds were identified and their characteristic given as follows

Newzealand White

Chincilla

Carlifornian white

French Earl lopped

Kenya white

Flemish Giant

Dutch

The quick facts provided about Rabbit meat as

follows:

Low cholesterol levels

Low fat percentage

Unsaturated fatty acids

Highest in protein levels

795 calories per pound, as compared to

chicken’s 810, Turkey’s 1190, Lamp 1420, Beef

1440 and Pork 2050

Its white meat.

Raised off the ground hence cleanest.

Suitable for special diets e.g. heart diseases,

diets for the age etc.

Rabbits will play a more increasing role in the

supply of food with the increasing population.

50

Breed Characteristics

New Zealand white

White in color

Pink eye

Big in size, 5kg

2 colors-grayish and brownish

Big-approximately 5-6kgs

Dark prominent eyes, white ring

White-Black mark on the nose

Approximately 5Kgs

Good “motherly” ability

Grayish and white or brownish

and white

Dropping ears

A big head

Between 5-6 kgs

Kenya White

The smallest in size

White in color

Black eyes

Carlifornian White

Chinchilla

French Ear lopped

http://www.google.co.ke/imgres?hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=nr7naY7NNHfCbM:&imgrefurl=http://kerayicch.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-californian-rabbits-are-so-popular.html&docid=uGbnQYpb__UriM&imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kQ9RvqoonA0/T8cLRiq6dvI/AAAAAAAAAGs/Pgb0LjvLAXU/s1600/untitled.bmp&w=262&h=192&ei=SYesULGXL9Cb1AXgq4DoDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=215&vpy=187&dur=4223&hovh=153&hovw=209&tx=133&ty=88&sig=117298416893296468773&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=203&start=18&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:121

51

Between 3-4 kgs

Resistance to diseases

Flemish giant

Big in size

Brown in color/Some are

grayish

Approximately 6kgs

Disadvantage: Doesn’t give birth

to many kindling’s (6-8 births)

High growth rate

Dutch

Black/gray

Prominent eyes

52

The biggest challenge for rabbit keeping is the inability for entrepreneurs to meet demand, but

the market is available.

NB. During mating, one takes the female to the

male and not the other way round.

S basic facts during breeding:

Gestation period lasts 30-32 days

Heat signs-Restless, nervous during mating

period

Need to avoid in-breeding for bucks

A doe produces 4-5 litters/year

Does and bucks should be kept for 3-4 years

then replaced

In terms of Housing Management of young

rabbits, it is advisable that :

Brooding-Provide heat if place is cold

Housing-At least 30 inches above ground

o -Doe-2 by 3 by 3 ft

o -Buck 3 by 3 by 3 ft

Use locally available materials

Size 12cm*60*60cms

For Feeding best practices,:

Use locally available feeds-Vegetables, Sweet

potatoes

Commercial-Pellets, Bram and Pollard-Should

be dry

Hung/Use feed troughs/Small containers

Forage should be available throughout

Avoid wet bedding

May also feed grains

Feeding concentrates

o -On 16th week after weaning-65-100g/day

o -Pregnant doe-225g/day

o -Active Buck-90-100g/day

Market prices Estimates for the different rabbit:

• Mature doe-4000-5000 shillings

• Mature buck-3500-4000 shillings

• Young one female-2500 shillings

A small group can start with 20 does and 5

bucks

53

Disease incidences and conditions in Rabbits

Disease Cause Symptoms Prevention Treatment

Snuffles(Pasteurell

osis)

Bacteria-Pasteurella

multocida

Sneezing and

coloured discharge

from the nose and

eyes with matting of

front paws

Proper

ventilation

Strict

sanitation

Use good

antibiotic

Coccidiosis

-Protozoan parasite

-Affect young rabbits

-Lack of appetite

-Rough coat

-Loss of weight

-Pot belly

-Diarrhoea

Avoid faecal

contamination

of feed or

water

Sulfaquinoxyline

in drinking water

for 5 days on, 5

days off then 5

days on again

Ear Canker

Ear mite -Scabs or crust at

the base of inner

ear

-Rabbit shake its

head & try to

scratch ears

-Do not let

unaffected

rabbits in

contact with

rabbits that

have ear

canker

Apply mineral

oil to visible

crust

Diarrhoea Bacteria-Salmonella

spp

Diarrhoea, Loss of

weight,

conjunctivitis and

rapid breathing

-Cleanliness

-Quarantine

new rabbits

Tetracycline in

feed

Skin mange Mite infestation Loss of hair. scaly

skin intense

-Quarantine

infected

Dust with

insecticide(Rep

• Sudden death Pneumonia

• Bloat Diarrhoea

• Mange Oral and Paw ulcerations

• Ear canker Unthriftness

• Hind limb paralysis Dullness

• Other conditions

• Eye discharges Coccidiosis Helminths Red urine Coughing and sneezing Discharges from

eyes or nose or ears, panting

54

itching and

scratching

rabbits and

treat

-Disinfect the

premise

eat treatment in

7 days

Pneumonia Bacteria or virus

-stress factors-Damp,

draffy unsanitary

hutches/cages and

-Elevated

temperature, -

Laboured breathing

, -Nasal

discharge

-Loss of appetite

Bluish lips, tongue

and ears

Prevent heat

stress

Eliminate

drafts and wet

conditions

Broad spectrum

antibiotics

Heat stress Hot weather Wet around the

face

Breathing hard

Dip the rabbit

in a bucket of

cold water

Red urine Too much protein in

diet

Rancid or orange

discoloured urine

that does not

contain clots

Feed quality

pellet. Do not

feed hay too

much to rabbit

with red urine

Maintenance

Hutch burn Associated with wet

and dirty hutches.

Urine faecal

material cause the

skin to become

irritated and

infected

Brownish crust

covers the infected

area & a bleeding

exudates may be

seen

Do not allow

faecal

material to

accumulate

in the

hutch/cage

Clean affected

skin and keep

area clean


NEAREST MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK OFFICES

OR

RABKA (RABBIT KEEPERS ASSOCIATION OF KENYA

55

Fish Farming

Fish farming is a slowly becoming a popular agribusiness in Kenya. This is after the

Ministry of Fisheries ran a project to install fish ponds in various institutions in Kenya.

What to consider when starting a fish farm

-

- The market for the fish

- -The venue for the fish pond. It should

be in a place that is not hilly and the soil

in the area shall preferably be clay soil

or can import soil from another place.

- -Accessibility of fish fingerlings

- -Temperature of the area

- -Vegetation around the fish pond

There are two types of warm water fish;

- -Tilapia

- -Cat fish

56

Steps in creating a fish pond

1. Survey of the area where the fish

pond shall be put. It should not be

surrounded by roots of trees.

2. Topography of the area. The area

where the pond is should be flat.

3. Restoration of water. There should

be a constant supply of fresh water

somewhere close to the pond.

Most hotels and regular customers

require that fish should mature for

12 months for it to be sold and

should be at least 3.5kg.


NEAREST MINISTRY OF FISHERIES

OR MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK

57

Bee Keeping

Importance of bee keeping and methods

1. To get honey, this is a source of food.

2. Bee stings are used as medicinal injections

By products of honey include:

- Pollen

- Royal jelly

- Bee venom

- Bees wax

There are various types of bees within a colony

1. The Queen Bee

2. The Drones

3.The Workers

Types Of Hives

Kenya Top Bar hive

The deficiencies are:

(i) Its corrugated iron roof is not insulated,

causing excessive heat, which disturbs the

bees so that they easily abscond;

(ii) Its general management is difficult as the

floor cannot be detached and can therefore

not be cleaned;

(iii) The queen excluder is not very effective,

resulting in honeycombs containing brood1

and pollen, thus lowering the quality of the

honey;

(iv) The combs are not evenly made on the

bars, causing Difficulties in harvesting when

combs break and the bees become

excessively aggressive;

(v) As the combs are broken and extracted,

the bees have to start comb formation all over

again, meaning they cannot put this energy

into honey production.

58

Longstroth hive

Like most common designs of hives, the Langstroth

hive uses frames. These frames are often filled with

some form of foundation to give the bees a proper

starting position and template for building comb.

These frames are then installed in hive bodies. The

Langstroth hive is known to impose artificial

segregation of the colony by physically dividing

honey from brood by use of the brood chambers, for

brood development and bee residence, and the

honey supers, for excess honey collection. These

separate chambers are stacked onto a bottom board

and capped off with some form of cover, most often a

inner cover and an outside fitting telescopic

cover.Other parts, such as feeders, entrance

reducers, hive stands, queen excluders, or similar

items may also be used in conjunction with

Langstroth style hives

Advantages

Interchangeable parts: Langstroth hives use

standard sized hive parts to allow for

interchangeability with other hives. This feature

of non-unique hive parts allows for mass

production, and therefore cheaper prices.

Availability: Langstroth hives are the most

common design of retailed hives. Because of

this, it is relatively easy to acquire the proper

parts to fit them.

Increased Honey Harvesting: Because honey is

often extracted from reusable comb only small

amounts of wax is lost during honey production.

This means that the same comb, when properly

stored, may be used season after season, not

needing to be replaced by the bees, and is

therefore more efficient.

Expansion and Contraction: Because of their

modular design, Langstroth hives are perfect for

expansion and contraction of particular hives.

Hives can be made larger to fit more bees, or

smaller to fit fewer depending on seasonal

population

Disadvantages

Complext Design: Langstroth hives require exact

measurements and must conform to rather precise

standards. These standards ensure that parts are actually

interchangeable between hives. Attention must also be

taken to consider bee space. If bee space is not properly

observed it is not uncommon to have parts glued together

with propolis or connected with burr comb.

Decreased Wax Harvesting: Though wax may be

harvested from Langstroth hives, especially in the form of

old comb, generally the only wax collected is that in the

from of wax capping during honey harvesting and that of

burr comb. Most beekeepers prefer to preserve their wax

comb so that it may be reused for as many seasons as

possible. If wax production is desired a top bar hive may

better suited than a Langstroth hive.

Heavy Lifting: Langstroth hives are known for heavy lifting

when it comes time to harvest honey especially when filled

with ripe honey.

Difficult management: Langstroth hives may be more

difficult to manage compared to other hive designs, such as

the top bar hive, as the entire hive must be opened in order

to do even minor management. This difficulty of

management is most easily expressed with having to

remove the cover, and alerting the entire hive by way of a

suddenly well-lit hive where it was once quite dark.

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Frames&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Foundation

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Hive_Bodies

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Brood_Chamber&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Honey_Super&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Bottom_Board

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Inner_Cover

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Telescopic_Cover&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Telescopic_Cover&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Feeders&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Entrance_Reducers&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Entrance_Reducers&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Hive_Stand&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Queen_Excluders&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Honey

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Beekeeping/Propolis&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Top_Bar_Hive

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beekeeping/Top_Bar_Hive

59

Why venture into bee keeping? the demand for honey and

honey products is too high while the supply is low.

Conclusion

There is a huge demand for good quality honey in Kenya but

unfortunately, we do not have the capacity to satisfy our market.

Right now, 80 per cent of the honey sold in Kenya comes from

Tanzanian and even Sudanese log hives, from which it is extracted

using antiquated methods.

This results in low quality that is disguised by using additives. Some

of the honey is even falsely labeled to dupe Kenyans that it is

produced in the country.

Examples can be found in the major supermarket chains in the

country. However, even in Tanzania, the same environmental

problems are on the rise, and the same solutions apply.

World market prices of bulk honey are usually US$ 1 per

kilogramme,which is lower than the local offer(US$ 2 per kilogram),

meaning that: Exporting Kenyan honey does not make economic

sense at the moment;

Beekeeping can be a very lucrative business; cheap imports of

honey will find their way into the Kenyan market, diminishing the

market share of local producers

FOR MORE INFORMATION

CONTACT:

NEAREST MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK

OFFICES

http://www.google.co.ke/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=ZjrL6OeeRPUPuM:&imgrefurl=http://www.instructables.com/id/Building-a-Honey-Extractor-using-an-antique-was/&docid=UPE78YrOi5VrWM&imgurl=http://cdn.instructables.com/FSZ/L3Y4/FP9CSIC8/FSZL3Y4FP9CSIC8.LARGE.jpg&w=560&h=420&ei=bHSsUNC7NKu00QXM4oCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=322&vpy=2&dur=749&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=170&ty=72&sig=117298416893296468773&page=2&tbnh=158&tbnw=208&start=18&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:0,i:122

60

Tree Nursery Management

1. Trees are important for various reasons;

2. Provide shade against the sun

3. The pull rain that is necessary for farming and other purposes

4. Some trees are medicinal hence provide us with remedies

5. They act as wind breakers; they reduce the force of the wind and hence

avoid soil erosion.

6. Factors to consider when starting a tree nursery;

7. Market. Is there a ready market for the trees you are about to grow?

8. Nursery site as well as finding the history of the land and the soil of the

site.

9. The source and quality of water

10. Nursery design and space requirements

11. Labour requirements

12. Capital requirements

Equipment requirements - The basic

requirements for a nursery operation include:

-Irrigation equipment

-Field equipment such as tractors, trailers and

cropping equipment

-Sprayers for control of weeds, insects and

diseases

Office equipment

Production systems –

Nurseries use field production or container

production systems. In a field production

system, plants may be dug, have the soil

removed from their roots and marketed as a

bare root product. An alternative is to dig the

plants with a soil ball around the roots, which

can be either wrapped in burlap (known as

balled and bur lapped or b&b) or potted for

sale as potted stock.

Container grown nursery stock is grown

entirely in containers. Container nursery stock

is widely accepted by nursery growers as it

allows more plants to be grown in a given area

and provides a higher percentage of

marketable plants than field culture.

Container grown or potted stock can be

planted over a longer season, thus

providing the operator with a longer

sales season and greater sales volumes.

Consumers generally have fewer losses

and better results with containerized

stock, as compared to other types. A

trend today is to grow the majority of

ornamental plants in containers. It is

estimated that over 80 per cent of plant

stock is container grown.

The main limitations to container grown

stock are that containers limit the size of

the nursery stock that can be produced.

Plants may also become root bound in

the container. Unsold stock at the end of

the growing/sales season requires

significant protection from winter injury.

61

Kericho CAT tree nursery

Crop selection –

The decision as to which crop

to grow is based on market

research and production

capabilities. The specific

market being targeted

determines what crops to

produce and crop

specifications such as caliper

or container stock.

Each nursery crop requires

specific growing practices to

improve the quality of the

plant. These practices include

pruning, as well as control of

weeds, insects and diseases.

Nursery operators can either

produce their own plants from

seed and vegetative

propagation, or purchase

seedlings and cuttings from

other growers. Purchasing

nursery stock allows operators

to produce saleable plants

more quickly. However,

nursery operators who

produce their own stock are

assured of a reliable supply.

Key production requirements

in producing nursery crops

from seed include the

following:

A good source of seed from a

hardy location

Proper storage conditions for

each crop species to maintain

seed viability (key

requirements are moisture

content, storage temperature

and relative humidity). Seed

treatments to break the

dormancy of the seeds.

62

CATs field training

Germination requirements

Vegetative propagation refers to

reproduction through the regeneration

of tissues and plant parts. There are

different methods of vegetative

propagation that can be used,

depending on the specific plant

species.

Irrigation –

These practices have an effect on plant

growth and timing. Plants require an

adequate supply of water at all stages

of growth. Factors such as type of crop

(container or field crop), stage of

development, temperature, sunlight,

air movement, soil or media, and

drainage all influence the water

requirements for nursery crops.

Growers need to determine the best

irrigation system and irrigation

practices for their particular situation.

Fertilization –

This is a critical element in nursery

crop production. For each crop,

growers must determine the desired

growth rate and how fertilizer rates and

formulation will be adjusted to each

stage of development.

The critical production management

issues for nursery crop producers are:

Knowing the growing requirements for

the nursery crops being produced

Developing an effective production

process for each nursery crop

Continually seeking out research

information and production practices

that contributes to improved yields and

quality

Effectively managing labor

requirements

FOR MORE

INFORMATION

CONTACT; THE NEAREST

KENYA FOREST SERVICE

OFFICES

63

Renewable Energy

What is renewable energy?

Naivasha CAT Briquetteproject

Renewable energy is

energy which comes from

natural resources such as

sunlight, wind, rain, tides,

and geothermal heat, which

are naturally replenished).

About 16% of global final

energy consumption comes

from renewable, with 10%

coming from traditional

biomass, which is mainly

used for heating, and 3.4%

from hydroelectricity.

Examples of renewable

energy

Wind

Solar

Hydro power

Geothermal

Biomass

Others – tidal power

Non – renewable energy

• Non-renewable

energy is energy that

comes from the

ground and is not

replaced in a

relatively short

amount of time.

• Fossil fuels are the

main category of

non-renewable

energy. include;

coal, oil and natural

gas.


SOLAR AID KENYA +254 717379632

OR CAPSAY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

64

Simple Technology That Can Adopt To Climate Change

Simple solar drier Grinder

Banana ripener Water Coolant

65

Guide To Proposal Writing+ Concept Note.

Guidelines To Proposal Writing

.

General Information

Name of Organisation

Project Title

Project Location

Contact Person

Contact Information: Physical Address, Postal Address, Phone Number and Email Address

Project Timeline – duration of project could be 1yr, 2yrs, 3 yrs Amount Requested – total amount

Executive Summary:

Provide a brief overview and summary of the project. It should provide a credible statement that describes your organization and establish the significance of the project

Problem Statement:

State the challenges identified, the rationale/need to address these challenges and the conditions to be changed by the project

Project Objectives:

The objectives should describe the intended outcome of the project and should be SMART (Simple, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic and Time Bound) Indicate how the objectives will contribute to the achievement of the project, what difference the

project will make and the time frame during which this will happen

Project Implementation and Management Plan:

Describe the project activities indicating how the objectives will be accomplished, what will be done, who will do it, who are the implementers, partners and beneficiaries and when it will be done. Describe how the project will be sustainable after the funding period.

Project Monitoring and Evaluation:

Describe how you are going to monitor and evaluate the project so as to assess progress during implementation and improve the project efficiency as the project moves along.

66

Some Tips on Proposal Writing

Understand the Problem

Define specific activities

Helps define activities

needed to solve the

cause of the problem

Make sure it is a

problem the donor

wants to solve

Eg. Organize for a training of

the local advocates in

advocacy techniques

Documentation and Sharing Results:

Describe how you are going to document the progress of your project during and after Implementation. State how you will document and share your results and let others know of your purpose, methods and achievements.

Project Budget:

Indicate the total cost of the project and also provide a detailed budget for these costs.

Any Additional Information:

Provide any additional information in support of this proposal application

67

Keep it short and simple - KISS

Build a good budget

Let others read the proposal document before submitting

Concept Note

What is a Concept Note?

A Concept Note is perhaps the shortest expression your project idea given on paper to a

potential donor/ funder. It is usually requested by the donor in situations where no proposals

have been solicited.Most of the donor agencies prefer to understand the project through a

Concept Note rather than a full-fledged proposal.

.

Simple language, understandable

and friendly to read

Follow donor requirements

Be cost effective but don’t be

cheap

Use proper currency

Mention other funding

What should be the size of the Concept Note?

This actually depends upon the donor

requesting the Concept Note. However, we need

to remember that it is the shortest possible text

for our project idea. So, the shorter the better.

Most donor agencies request a minimum of one

page to a maximum of three pages

Is the Concept Note useful for the Applicant as

well?

Concept Note has many advantages for

applicants seeking funds. It practically

gives a framework for ideas when they are

organized on paper. It is also the first

expression of the project and gives the

flexibility for the applicant to work and re-

work on idea before presenting it to the

donor.

Is there a specific format for writing the Concept

Note?

Usually donors do not have a format for a

Concept Note as they have for a full proposal.

But, there are some agencies, which issue

solicitation for Concept Notes based upon a

basic format given in the guidelines.

http://www.fundsforngos.org/category/donor-updates/

http://www.fundsforngos.org/how-to-write-a-proposal/introduction-to-proposal-writing/

http://www.fundsforngos.org/how-to-write-a-proposal/introduction-to-proposal-writing/

http://www.fundsforngos.org/

68

What are the contents of the Concept Note?

While there is no standard format for a Concept Note, generally the following information is given:

1. Name of the Organization

2. Title of the Proposed Project

3. Potential Donor –

4. Context (not more than 300 words)

5. Rationale for the Proposed Project

6. Project Goals and Objectives

7. Project Strategy/ Listing of Project Activities

8. Expected Results

9. Innovation: How different it is from other projects?

10. Organizational Background, including the expertise and experience.

12. Budget Estimate

13. Complete Contact Information of the applicant along with the name of the Contact Person

69

CATS ACTION PROJECTS

CAT group KEY PROJECT ACTIVITIES

THIKA

Poultry and Rabbit

Solar lamps,

Video production

YATTA

Fruit Tree nursery

Solar lamps, Landscaping

EMBU

Garden farming

Recycled ornaments & mats

Solar lamps, Green House

NAIROBI

Ornaments & basketry Urban

frming/ gardening

Landscaping

MOMBASA

Solar lamps

Green house (planned)

70

Advocacy

NAIVASHA

Rabbit keeping

Lamp shades, Briquettes

Plastic brooms

NAKURU

Mats and basketry

Recycled ornements

Juice parlour

KERICHO

Tree nursery Solar lamps Vegetable garden

c

y

71

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

o Training partners and Resources from: Ministry Of Youths And Sports (MOYAS),Ministry Of Agriculture

(MOA), Ministry Of Livestock Development (MOL),Ministry Of Fisheries, Kenya Forest Service (KFS),

Students In Free Enterprise SIFE), The Village Africa,Green Technology,Association Of Local

Government Authorities In Kenya ( ALGAK)

o CAPSAY Management and staff with special contributions from Habil Olembo,Greig Whitehead, Kevin

Ochieng, Willis Okwacho, Ann Kirori and Beth Njoki.

o Production costs; design, printing and publication of the final document is facilitated by ERMIS Africa and

funded by DFID through InterClimate Network Ltd (ICN).

All rights reserved. Dissemination and re-use of the content is encouraged, but please do also give credit to CATs

Project.

Comments and questions related to this booklet can be forwarded to:

Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth 80 Muthithi Road, Westlands P.O. Box 11349 -00100 Nairobi Tel: +254 20 2153231, Cell: +254 720 433769 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] www.capsay.org

Cover Design by Snapcode.

Compiled and edited by Habil Olembo Jesse assisted by Kevin Ochieng

Printed in Nairobi, Kenya.

Copyright Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth (CAPSAY).

First Printed in 2013.


72

Partners

MOA, MOL, MOYAS, KFS,

http://www.dfid.gov.uk/

Documents

Climate Action Teams Thematic Booklet