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Climate and Ocean Currents. Surface Current: Wind driven Sub-surface current (deep ocean current): Density driven. Currents equalize global temperatures Currents control climate Currents provide nutrients to marine organisms. Open-Ocean Wind driven Surface Current. Ekman Effect. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Climate and Ocean Currents
• Surface Current: Wind driven• Sub-surface current (deep ocean current): Density
driven
•Currents equalize global temperatures•Currents control climate•Currents provide nutrients to marine organisms
Open-Ocean Wind driven Surface Current
Ekman Effect
Ekman transport
Ekman layer
Ekman layer
The integrated water mass transport is at the right angle, 90 degree, to the wind direction, known as Ekman transport.
Ekman Spiral
Ocean Gyres
Geostrophic Currents
Equatorial Upwelling
Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling
Gulf Stream
Arctic Ocean
Westward intensification
Harald Sverdrup
Henry Stommel
Barents Sea
Arctic Ocean
Westward intensification
Oceanic eddies
+
_
Land
Warm- and Cold-Core Rings
Ocean Circulation
OceanCurrentsAnd Climate August
February
Deep ocean circulation
Upper surface water increases its density either directly by cooling or indirectly when ice freezes out to eject salt, and thus, increasing the density of the remaining water.
heating
cooling
Greenland Sea
Labrador Sea
Wedell SeaRoss Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Norwegian Sea
Deep water formationa. North Atlantic Deep Water
(NADW) Source: Norwegian sea,
Greenland Sea Labrador Sea
b. Mediterranean Deep Water (MIW) Source: Mediterranean Sea
c. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) Sources: Margins of Antarctic continent, Wedell Sea, Ross Sea
d. Pacific Intermediate Water (PIW) Sources: Bering Sea
Schematic diagram of the global ocean circulation pathway known as ‘conveyer’ belt due to its northward transport at the ocean surface, and southward return flow in the abyss in the Atlantic. The ocean circulation system is a slow, 3-D pattern of flow involving the surface and deep oceans around the world.
NADW
AADW
Global Oceanic Conveyor Belt
Ocean Circulation