Climate Change and Air Pollution Control (CCAPC)eesd.muet.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EESD2018...MEC system is the combine effect of two thermodynamics process, heat transfer

Theme-VI

Climate Change and Air Pollution Control

(CCAPC)

Organized by

5th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2018 (EESD 2018)

Performance Evaluation of Evaporative Cooling and Air

Conditioning Systems for Climatic Conditions of Pakistan

Hafiz M.U. Razaa, Muhammad Sultana,*, Takahiko Miyazakib, Muhammad H.

Mahmooda, Alamgir A. Khanc, Zahid M. Khana

aDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, 60800 Multan, Pakistan bFaculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan

cDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Sui Gas Rd, Rangilpur, Multan

Abstract

Evaporative cooling is well-known technique for cooling purpose. This is low cost, energy efficient and environmental

friendly option for cooling and air-conditioning applications. It is an adiabatic process in which sensible heat of water

is changed into latent heat by which ambient air is cooled isenthalpically. Pakistan has multi climatic conditions

therefore evaporative cooling can be suitable for cooling and air-conditioning application. However, it may not be

suitable in humid areas/conditions, therefore, the present study experimentally investigates the potential of various

evaporative cooling systems for various ambient air conditions. The study focusses on the direct, indirect and

Maisotsenko cycle based evaporative cooling options. In this regard, experimental setups were developed at lab scale

and performance evaluation of the systems have been carried out. In summer climatic conditions, applications of

evaporative cooling are very useful, however, its applicability in humid areas irrespective of summer and winter, is

limited. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of different evaporative cooling base air conditioning

systems. The study also presents the compression of experimental data of developed evaporative cooling systems.

Results showed that one or other evaporative cooling-based air conditioning systems can be applied for most of the

Pakistan’s climatic conditions except humid conditions during monsoon season.

© 2018 Hafiz M.U. Raza, Muhammad Sultan, Takahiko Miyazaki, Muhammad H. Mahmood, Alamgir A. Khan, Zahid M. Khan. Selection and/or

peer-review under responsibility of Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EEERG), Mehran University of Engineering and

Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Keywords: Air-conditioning; Evaporative cooling; Maisotsenko cycle; Pakistan.

1. Introduction

Air-conditioning (AC) is a that process which control humidity and temperature of control environment [1]. In daily life

of modern society, air conditioning is basic need for the purpose of human thermal comfort [1]. Different types of air

conditioning system are used to get the thermal comfort. Vapor compressor-based air conditioning (VCAC) system is

much popular in these systems which consumes large amount of electricity and also cause of environmental pollution

[2]. Evaporative cooling (EC) is an alternative option of VCAC system for different air conditioning applications [3]. It

is low-cost energy effect and environment-friendly technique [4]. According to literature, it classifies into three types

and their names are, Direct EC system, Indirect EC system, and M-cycle EC system. EC systems works on the basis of

induced process of heat transfer and these systems are more efficient at that places where climatic conditions is dry and

hot [5]. It consists of wet and dry channels. Ambient air passes through these channels, and as a result air becomes cool.

Better performance, low cost and easy maintenance are the main characteristics of EC systems.

In DEC system water is direct contact with air. It decrease the temperature of inlet air by means of latent heat of water

evaporation and it changed hot and dry air into cool humid air, but the energy of the system remains same [6]. It can

lower down the temperature closer to wet-bulb temperature, therefore its wet-bulb effectiveness range is 70-95% [1,2].

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .

E-mail address: [email protected]

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In this system, humidity ratio of inlet air and outlet air is changed, however: enthalpy of the air remains same [7]. It

consists of only wet channels. DEC system used as a humidifier in arid regions [8]. Schematic diagram and

psychrometric behavior of the system is shown in Fig. 1. In IEC system, air is not directly contact with water. And

decrease the temperature of inlet air with no addition of humidity [6]. It decrease the temperature up to wet-bulb

temperature and its wet-bulb effectiveness range is 55-65% [2]. In this system, enthalpy of the system is changed,

however: humidity ratio is remains same [7]. It consists of wet and dry channels. It is not sufficient to fulfill the air-

conditioning requirements [9]. Schematic diagram and psychrometric behavior of the system is shown in Fig. 2. MEC

system is the combine effect of two thermodynamics process, heat transfer and evaporative cooling [2]. It is an advanced

form of IEC system [2]. It consists of wet and dry channels. It decrease the temperature of air lower the wet bulb

temperature and closer the dew point temperature [9]. Schematic diagram and psychrometric behavior of the system is

shown in Fig. 3.

2. Material and methods

Evaporative cooling systems are low cost and environment-friendly. The systems are developed in energy and

environment lab of Dept. of Agri. Engg. BZU, Multan. These systems are made by locally easily existing materials. In

DEC system, cooling pad is used as wet medium. Hot ambient air passes through this medium. DEC system consist of

fan, cooling pad, water tank, and water pump. In IEC system, aluminum sheets coated with felt are used to construct

heat exchanger for heat transfer. It consists of dry and wet channels. For wet and dry channels, guides are used which is

made by rubber and easily available in market. DEC and IEC system decrease the temperature up to wet-bulb

temperature, therefore, both system effectiveness is measured in wet-bulb effectiveness with the help of Eq. (1). MEC

system heat exchanger is also constructed by same material. It decreases the temperature closer to dew-point temperature

therefore, system effectiveness is measured in dew-point effectiveness with the help of Eq. (2).

Fig. 1. Schematic and psychrometric behavior of direct evaporative cooling system.

Fig. 2. Schematic and psychrometric behavior of indirect evaporative cooling system.

(1)(2)

wet channel

(1) ambient air

(2) product air

DECH

um

idit

y r

atio

[g/k

g o

f D

A]

Dry bulb temprature [ᵒC]

(1)

(2)

Tdp

Twb

Tin

Tout W2

W1

(2)

(1)(3)

(1)

Inlet

air

Hu

mid

ity r

atio

[g/k

g o

f D

A]


(1)

(3)

Tdp

Twb

TinTout

W2

W1

wet channel

(1) ambient air

(3) product air

(3) exhaust air

(2)

Texhaust

IEC

dry channel

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Fig. 3. Schematic and psychrometric behavior of M-Cycle based evaporative cooling system.

Fig. 4. Monthly basis variation in temperature of DEC, IEC, and, MEC systems for Multan climatic conditions.

Fig. 5. Monthly basis variation in relative humidity of DEC, IEC, and, MEC systems for Multan climatic conditions.

Hu

mid

ity r

atio

[g/k

g o

f D

A]


(2)

(3)

MEC

(1)

(1)

(1)

(3)

Tin

W2

W1(2)

Texhaust

Tdp

Twb

Tout

dry channel

(1) ambient air

(2) product air

(3) exhaust air

wet channel

5

15

25

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tem

pera

ture

[

C]

Months

Yearly analysis

Temp_ambient Temp_IEC Temp_DEC Temp_MEC

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rel

ativ

e hu

mid

ity

[%]

Months

Yearly analysis

RH_ambient RH_IEC RH_DEC RH_MEC

277


Fig. 6. Monthly basis variation in humidity ratio of DEC, IEC, and, MEC systems for Multan climatic conditions.

Fig. 7. Monthly basis variation in enthalpy of DEC, IEC, and, MEC systems for Multan climatic conditions.

Fig. 8. Effectiveness variation of DEC, IEC, and MEC systems.

0

20

40

60

80

Enth

alp

y [

kJ/

kgD

A]

Months

Yearly analysis

Enthalpy_ambient Enthalpy_IEC

Enthalpy_DEC Enthalpy_MEC

0

10

20

30

Hum

idity r

atio

[g/k

gD

A]

Months

Yearly analysis

ambient conditions Output_IEC

Output_DEC Output_MEC

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ɛdp

Ɛwb

Months

Yearly analysis

Ɛwb_IEC Ɛwb_DEC Ɛdp_M-Cycle

278


Ɛwb =

𝑇𝑖𝑛−𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑇𝑖𝑛−𝑇𝑤𝑏 (1)

Ɛ𝐰𝐛 =𝑇𝑖𝑛−𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑇𝑖𝑛−𝑇𝑑𝑝 (2)

3. Results and discussion

In present study evaporative cooling-based air-conditioning systems are developed on lab scale to compare the

performance of the systems. This present study examines the performance of the different type of evaporative cooling

systems on monthly basis data of Multan climatic conditions. Direct, indirect, and M-Cycle based evaporative cooling

system are made by locally available materials to measure the performance of the systems. Performance of the systems

depends on ambient climatic conditions. Performance of the systems investigate in term of wet-bulb and dew point

effectivenesses. Experimental data of the systems is measured with the help of hygrometer sensors.

Fig. 4 shows the variation in temperature of ambient air and developed systems. It is clear that, the performance of DEC,

IEC, and MEC systems is directly affected by ambient air conditions. The beauty of evaporative cooling systems is that,

the performance of systems is increased when temperature of ambient air increased. The sudden change in temperature

of EC systems is due to sudden change in temperature of ambient air. It is noticed that, during the months of April to

September the ambient air temperature is maximum, and systems performance is high. It also shows that the MEC

system perform better because it decreases the temperature closer to dew point temperature and DEC and IEC systems

are decrease the temperature closer to wet-bulb temperature. However, DEC is better than IEC system.

Fig. 5 shows the variation in relative humidity of developed systems. When temperature of ambient air is decreased, the

relative humidity of developed systems is increased but humidity ration is affected according to the type of evaporative

cooling system. Thermodynamics properties of evaporative cooling-based air conditioning systems are also discussed.

Fig. 6 shows that the specific humidity (humidity ratio) of ambient and product air of developed systems. It is noticed

that, the humidity ratio IEC and MEC systems is remain same but in case of DEC system it change [7]. Fig. 7 shows

that enthalpy of developed systems. And it shows that, the enthalpy of ambient air in case of DEC system remain same

while in case of IEC and MEC systems it changes [7]. Fig. 8 shows the wet-bulb effectiveness and de-point effectiveness

of the developed systems. It is also clear that effectiveness of the systems depends on climatic conditions of ambient air

in hot and dry region its performance is very high. The maximum wet-bulb effectiveness range of DEC system is

between 0.8 to 0.95 and in case of IEC system its range is between 0.4 to 0.6. in case of MEC system the maximum dew

point effectiveness range is between 0.65 to 0.8.

Zhao et al. [6] and Zhan et al. [10] evaluate the indirect evaporative cooling system and M-cycle unit for the multiple

applications in dry and hot climatic conditions and also check the feasibility of different sorption materials for the

evaporation purpose. Authors conclude that the systems with advanced sorption materials enhance the effectiveness of

the system up to 10-15% in comparison with the conventional used materials. Moreover, direct evaporative cooling

system shows higher wet bulb effectiveness in hot seasons and climatic conditions than that of indirect evaporative

cooling system [11]. Therefore, the systems used in this study almost show the same results related with the previous

work and effectively can be used for the summer season for climatic conditions of Multan instead of monsoon season

where evaporative cooling systems cannot work efficiently.

4. Conclusions

This study examines the performance of DEC, IEC, and MEC systems for Multan climatic conditions. Results indicates

that the evaporative cooling systems perform better in warm and dry climatic conditions. It also concludes that M-cycle

based evaporative cooling systems has greater performance as compared to DEC and IEC system. DEC, IEC systems

cool the air up to wet-bulb temperature and MEC system cool the air closer to dew-point temperature.

References

[1] M. Sultan, I. I. El-Sharkawy, T. Miyazaki, B. B. Saha, and S. Koyama, “An overview of solid desiccant dehumidification and air

conditioning systems,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 46, pp. 16–29, 2015.

279


[2] M. H. Mahmood, M. Sultan, T. Miyazaki, S. Koyama, and V. S. Maisotsenko, “Overview of the Maisotsenko cycle – A way towards dew

point evaporative cooling,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 66, pp. 537–555, 2016.

[3] B. Riangvilaikul and S. Kumar, “An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system,” Energy Build., vol. 42, no. 5,

pp. 637–644, 2010.

[4] Z. Giabaklou and J. A. Ballinger, “A passive evaporative cooling system by natural ventilation,” Build. Environ., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 503–

507, 1996.

[5] J. R. Camargo, C. D. Ebinuma, and J. L. Silveira, “Experimental performance of a direct evaporative cooler operating during summer in a

Brazilian city,” Int. J. Refrig., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1124–1132, 2005.

[6] X. Zhao, S. Liu, and S. B. Riffat, “Comparative study of heat and mass exchanging materials for indirect evaporative cooling systems,”

Build. Environ., vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1902–1911, 2008.

[7] T. Sultan, M; Miyazaki, “Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioning Systems for Nonhuman Applications,” InTech, 2017.

[8] Y. J. Dai and K. Sumathy, “Theoretical study on a cross-flow direct evaporative cooler using honeycomb paper as packing material,”

Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1417–1430, 2002.

[9] Y. Wan, J. Lin, K. J. Chua, and C. Ren, “Similarity analysis and comparative study on the performance of counter-flow dew point

evaporative coolers with experimental validation,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 169, no. May, pp. 97–110, 2018.

[10] C. Zhan, Z. Duan, X. Zhao, S. Smith, H. Jin, and S. Riffat, “Comparative study of the performance of the M-cycle counter-flow and cross-

flow heat exchangers for indirect evaporative cooling - Paving the path toward sustainable cooling of buildings,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 12,

pp. 6790–6805, 2011.

[11] M. H. Kim and J. W. Jeong, “Cooling performance of a 100% outdoor air system integrated with indirect and direct evaporative coolers,”

Energy, vol. 52, pp. 245–257, 2013.

280


Behavior of Climate and Deterioration of Historical Building

Hellayo G Piraha, Laghari Ra, Brohi M,Afzala, Mushtaque Ali Khooharoa, Bilal sethioa

aMehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract

The heritage Property; especially the open sites like Makli are directly exposed to natural and manmade threats. The manmade threats can be controlled by various means and that is possible, but the natural constraints are very difficult to be managed without proper conservation and preservation strategies. The tomb of Sultan Ibrahim is first class monument situated in Makli, consists of stone and its components. The monument is further enriched with glazed tiles, stone carving, calligraphy and lot of another artwork. Due to dilapidation and ignorance the monument is rapidly degrading especially its rich fabric that carries art work. Besides that, its main structural elements and the platform on which main structure is standing is crumbling. The aim of this research is to analyze the behavior of climatic factors in deterioration of historical buildings. This paper investigates the main causes of decay in structures especially physical environment and climate. This also assess the provision of scientific conservation, procurement of material and training of laborer in dealing with documentation and conservation work, Managerial and administrative consideration and time frame to attain the monuments in the light of climatic seasons. That may help in formulation the works and schedule time frames to coup with urgent and emergency works and longtime strategy. Such strategies are essential other wised we may lose such first-class monument forever from our heritage treasures.

© 2018 Hellayo G Pirah, Laghari R, Brohi M,Afzal, Mushtaque Ali Khooharo, Bilal Sahito. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of

Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EEERG), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Keywords: Natural and manmade threats, Heritage treasures, documentation and conservation work, dilapidation and ignorance of the monument

1. Introduction

World Heritage Sites are the places of great cultural or natural importance to the common humankind. The UNESCO

World Heritage incorporates more than 1000 things of a social, common and mix character. These landmarks and sites

are found in more than 160 countries from which six are found in Pakistan. Around 800 of these landmarks are of the

social heritage character. Pakistan turned part of UNESCO in 14 Sept 1949. The UNESCO world heritage program

was established with the Tradition about the Security of World Social and Common heritage was received by the

General Meeting of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 in Paris [1]. Research as well as practical problem concerning the issue related to the proper maintenance and ensure of safe exploitation of historic building are linked to the process

of their technical state, repair and strengthening methods [2]. Architecture of any monuments is witness of living

pattern of various communities including its socioeconomically and socio-cultural interaction. It also denotes the

material and other factors related to the building structure, construction technology [3]. historical building is made to

consider the climatic effects, but the monuments are open to sky thus are in threat all the time [4]. The makli inclined

landmark and vaults are biggest Muslim necropolises. World Heritage Site spread more than 12 sq. km, Thatta, Sindh,

Pakistan, with a width of around 8 kilometres, Makli Slope is the interment place of approximately 125,000 Sufi holy

people. The tomb of Mir Sultan Ibrahim and His Sibling Amir Muhammad (1556-1592) Fig.1-2, is one of the places

in makli Thatta. Mir Sultan was a leader of Turkhan Administration. This tomb is situated at outskirt of Thatta makli

slopes necropolis. Fig. 3. Shows the deplorable condition of tomb of sultan [5]. The social scene of the Makli site is

remarkable for its extreme changeability. Analysts have characterized and considered its semi-solid typology and,

particularly, the frequencies of certain development equipment sort and keeping in place the honesty of the old design.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .

E-mail address: [email protected]

1.1 Problem Statement

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Total monument at Makli are open to sky and are an enormous threat both manmade and natural. The effects of salt and

disintegration in structures is very common. The monument of the Sultan Ibrahim is in state of serious deterioration

because of the climatic severity and impacts of rains, moisture and sun.

2. Effect of Climate on Monument

2.1 Environmental impact

The environmental impacts of obviously found on the monument; deterioration of the supper structure made with bricks,

cracks on various surfaces dues to movement in overall surroundings and particulars locations, weathering effects on

surfaces and complete erosion of walls and damage to stone platform. specially vaults arches, tiles and rendering is

severely damaged. which can be observe in Fig 3.

2.2 Harmful salt in the structures

The salt is a common issue in whole site; sulphate born salts and alkalis can be found on every monument and reasons

are standing water, growing damp and rains. the salt also put its effects on very recent conservation work present in Fig

4

Fig. 1: Location of Makli Hill: (Source: Islamic Inscriptions in Pakistan Architecture to 1707)

Fig. 2: View of Makli Graveyard

282


Fig .3. (a): Plan of Sultan Ibrahim Tomb at Makli Fig. 3. (b): View of Tomb of Sultan Ibrahim

Fig. 3. (c): Dome Fig. 3. (d): Main Gate

Fig. 3. (e), View of Platform Fig. 3. (f): Present Condition of Tomb

Source: Thatta Islamic Architecture 1989

Fig. 4. (a): Quran Verses Fig. 4. (b): Patterns Internal wall

283


Fig. 4. (c): Internal structure Fig. 4. (d): brick walls

Fig. 4. (e): internal structure Fig. 4. (f): showing interior and its present condition 2.3 Wind action of monument

Makli hill is in range of enormous wind pressure the usual wind pressure 30 km per hours it goes down to 10 km per

hour. Thus, average wind speed is 15 to 18 km per hour. The impact of continuous salty winds admixed with moisture

create a saline nature and that further put impact and structures and develop cracks and fissures.

2.4 Rainwater disposal and organic growth

The monsoon put severe effects on structures and surfaces, but severe storms are also witnessed two or three times in

the year. Therefore, impacts of rain add in miseries and several defects can be recorded in monument in question shown

in Fig. 5

284


2.5 The Thermal Expansion

The temperature at makli goes very high in summers therefore it puts great impacts on the structures. one can witness

very serious effects of thermal that cause stresses development. The inner walls and walls facing north remain cool but

the surfaces facing the south and west are subject to great expansion and cause severe deformation that may include;

cracks, fishers’ erosion of rendering material. The stresses pattern may be found as flows:

• Compressive stresses in mortar. • compression on vaults and arches. • Friction in between heavy block of shingle. • movement in various components adjacent to each other results shown in Fig 6.

3 Research Objectives

Authors aim is to restore the complete monument of Sultan Ibrahim and to fulfil this aim following objects are proposed

• To develop proposal for the restoration of the Sultan Ibrahim tomb. • To study material and develop art procure of the same part. • To study the needs of perfect provision of infrastructure.

4 Research Analysis

This research results conclude that the Sultan Ibrahim Tomb has lost its original position, their external wall is damaged

brick masonry is robbed out. Rainwater results in increasing the cracks and glaze tiles replaced their original condition.

If the restoration and rehabilitation techniques are not adopted, we will lose our cultural heritage sites forever and have

nothing to show to our next generation.

5 Literature Review

M. Y. Awan (2008), in his research, "Building Stone and Province of Preservation of the construct heritage of Pakistan",

has concentrated on hypothetical research with respect to logical learning of stone and its utilization in the structures,

which is fundamental to be comprehended, as all the protection work rests upon it. It has been discovered that a critical

part, over 60%, of the constructed legacy has a place with stone. In this manner the paper gives all the required essential

data to the Stone preservation.

Savino di Lernia (2006) in his research, “Building landmarks, making character Steers religion as a social reaction to

quick ecological changes in the Holocene Sahara", manages a particular contextual analysis—the rise of a 'cows’ clique'

inside Holocene peaceful social orders in the northern areas of Africa.

A.F. Mohd-Isa (2011),"Built Heritage Maintenance: A Malaysian Points of view", included basic survey of existing

writing and featuring some major standards in protection of notable working in connection to the upkeep needs. It

additionally announced the beginning time of proposed progressing research in Universiti Teknologi MARA which

concentrates on the upkeep routine with regards to Malaysian monitored legacy working at UNESCO's Reality Legacy

Site. Discoveries recommend that support is most significant so as to accommodate with the protection great practice.

P. J. Godwin (2011), "Building Protection and Maintainability in the Assembled Kingdom", this paper tries to inspect the degree to which the standards of supportability are connected in the preservation, rebuilding and adjustment of

significant structures in the Unified Kingdom.

Soheir M. Hegazy (2015), "Conservation of historical buildings – The Omani–French museum as a case study", in

this paper The Omani–French exhibition hall is a valid example and feature some basic issues, for example, the impact

of including an incorporated group of very qualified experts.

Piotr Berkowski (2016), "Construction history as part of historical buildings” In this research author analysis issues

related to the process of maintenances and civil engineering structure of historical buildings.

Shaikh M. Javeria (2013), "Damages, Pathologies and Repair of a Bay of South Facade Villa Zerbi Reggio Calabria

285


Italy ", This research presents the analysis, meaning of pathology and harms and conceivable protection intercession

of a chose part of Genose Manor Zerbi in Reggio Calabria which is been changed over into a gallery. It concentrates

on visual and basic intercession and respectability of the new with old.

S. Gulzar (2016), "Glazed Tile Ornamentation in Mughal Monumental Architecture", this exploration examined the

historical backdrop of advancement of coated tile ornamentation and followed its development from early Mughal

period. The fundamental concentration of the present examination is to record every one of the stages and to investigate

the changes in materials, hues, plans and methods of coated tile decoration among Mughal period through the

landmarks in Lahore in the subcontinent. The exploration portrays the Mughal style of coated tile ornamentation, its

advanced stages and the stature of flawlessness in the Indian subcontinent with reference to Lahore landmarks.

M. M. Bahari, N. F. Zahari (2011)," The Implementation of Restoration Processes in Building Conservation. A Case

Study: Balai Seni Alor Setar, Kedah", the goal of this exploration is to know the strategies for work that are connected

to the minaret structure of Balai and to dissect the preservation hone. Information was gathered from auxiliary

information sources which comprise of data full of book, control, diaries and different wellsprings of data; and essential

information source which comprises of data accumulated from casual meetings with to temporary workers, advisors

and Jabatan Warisan Malaysia.

P. Pattananurot, (2011), " The Old buildings and conservation guidelines developed City area community Chiang

Khan, Loei in Thailand "the motivation behind this paper is to examine neighborhood structures in the present vernacular

and to manage about preservation and improvement of old building, Chiangkhan and to advance social

6 Methodology of research

The information gather for this examination comprises of important and optional property. This preparatory stage

included the assemblage of information and data, which was gather from different sources. Every one of the information

and data at that point are prepared as to decide the relativity of the information with the examination or the investigation.

Information gathered from optional information sources comprise of data taken from books, controls, dairy and different

wellsprings of all together; and essential information source which comprises of data accumulate from reviews,

comprehensive of perception (visual), exchange with the master, examination, effortlessly meets with Authorities,

scientists, specialists and neighbourhood people groups on the Sultan Ibrahim and Amir Muhammad Tomb by utilizing

camera, outline and drawing, measuring tape and soft ware's .Hence this can be listed as, By literature review By

interviews, questionnaires, surveys By mapping, sketching and structural analysis By external parts evaluation.

7 Scope of Research

The Artwork, material and construction techniques at tomb of Sultan Ibrahim are wonderful heritage, thus needs the

consideration from expert to restore and records and arts and crafts manship for future use buildings. Fig. 7 Techniques

& Discussion.

1 Removal of vegetation and any such growth, cleaning of wall with soft water and gently rubbing.

2 Bathing or stone surfaces with mild thiner and with simple water by means of removing dust and any stain.

3 Filling of holes with adhesive that are allowed for this purpose that don't have much stresses in warm season. And use

of any soft material or past for grouting mild mix of mild cement and cement pigments can be used to match with color.

4 Gap filling, replacement and/or retouching of missing parts.

5 Continuous maternal is required to brush and bath the surface after a suitable interval to control chemical and biological

attack.

The significance of the process is that analysis is the only methodology available to reassemble the dislocated parts

which are available on the site This historical archeologically site is proposed to be saved from artwork as well as

material and construction technique at tomb of Sultan Ibrahim. Thus, a proposal is presented which cater to the needs

the consideration from expert to restore and records and arts and craftsmanship. The results show the plan, section of

the tomb, along with tools and techniques for preservation which could be proposed to the concerned

department.

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9 Result and Discussion

Climate changes have huge impact for Sultan Ibrahim tomb and the deterioration effects on construction materials have

been discussed. The Sultan Ibrahim tomb is changing its original condition, external walls are damaged due to erosion

of surfaces, that includes rendering and brick masonry. The cracks are increasing day by day and disintegrating severely.

In the action of conservation, Stone & brick facing, glazed tile has been replaced with new having one’s different pattern

that having no context with original work on monument. Its integrity to original is not maintained. Facades are not

restored according to, set conservation and restoration principles and techniques are not adopted. Survey of site,

Observation and Suggestion required in order to protect monuments are not met according to preservation and restoration

principles. We will lose cultural and structural authenticity of this tomb. If this situation is continued, we will lose our

cultural heritage sites and monuments forever and we will leave nothing to show our next generation regarding our built

heritage.

10 Conclusion

The study of climatic and its impacts on monumental buildings is a big issue especially the features that monuments

carry are: structural and architectural forms, construction material and traditional construction techniques, and climatic

changes. The aggressive climate changes are supposed to be real threat to monuments and heritage. until and unless

appropriate measures are not made safety of monument is in danger. This research aims to assess the issues of the

monument and provide with suitable proposals for the restoration of the Sultan Ibrahim tomb.

Acknowledgment

I am grateful to a number of people who provided me with guidance and suggestions while undertaking this task. I am

especially grateful to the participants of a brainstorming session who helped clarify a lot of issues during intensive

discussions as well as during informal meetings. Asst. Prof Raheel laghai, Dr. Javaria Shaikh, Muhammad Afzal Brohi

(Former Director Moenjodro Conservation Cell). Qasim Ali Qasim (Archeology And Museum). I would also like to

acknowledge the services extended to me by Union International Architects, Engineers and Planning Consultants

without whose help this research would not have been completed. I am grateful to the Cultural, tourism & Antiquities Department Government of Sindh for providing me an opportunity to present my thoughts on a subject which has been

of very great interest to me. My special thanks to my Respectable teacher Asstt: pro Ravender Kumar. whose useful

comments and observations helped finalize the Research.

References

[1]. Berkowski,P. Kosior- Kazberuk, M.(2016).Construction History As a Part Of Assessment Of Heritage Buildings. Procedia Engineering 161,85-90.

[2]. SP Gupta.(2013)Climate change and its impact on monumental and historical buildings eith references to monuments of Chhattisgarh. [3]. Mosoarca ,M. Iasmina keller, A,.Petrus, C. Racolta, A.(2017) Failure analysis of historical buildings due to climate change.

Engineering failure Analysis 82,666-680.

[4]. Anania, L., Badalà, A., Barone, G., Belfiore, C. M., Calabrò, C., La Russa, M. F., ... & Pezzino, A. (2012). The stones in monumental masonry buildings of the “Val di Noto” area: new data on the ++relationships between petrographic characters and physical–mechanical properties.

Construction and Building Materials, 33, 122-132.

[5]. Duraj, M., Marschalko, M., Niemiec, D., & Yilmaz, I. (2016). Monuments of the Czech Republic on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List and their Significance for Geotourism. Procedia Engineering, 161, 2265-2270.

[6]. Aplenc, V. E. (2004). Authentically socialist: Czech heritage management at the former Liechtenstein estate of LedniceValtice. Focaal, 2004(44), 61-71.

[7]. AKBULU, N. T., & KARTOPU, E. K.PHOTOGRAPH SHARING AND VIOLATIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA (CASE OF TURKISH SOCIAL MEDIA). Journal of Media Critiques, 67.

[8]. Shaikh, J. (2013). " Makli Sindhi Islamic Architecture consolidation techniques (anastolysis)". Low Energy House M.Arch UET Lahore

[9]. A Qasim (2014) "Makli hill monuments Thatta History Architecture conservation" JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND neduet.edu.pk

287


Assessment of Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Architectural Design Studio at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology,

Jamshoro

Noor ul Huda, Raheela laghari, Kalsoom Ali, Saifullah Abro

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract

Thermal comfort is a subjective term which is defined by the occupant’s thermal sensation influenced by the

environmental factor. Thermal comfort plays a vital role in any type of building because it effects on human behaviour

physically and psychologically. A four-month study from Jan 2018 to April 2018 was executed in naturally ventilated

studio of department of Architecture in MUET, Jamshoro to find the source of thermal discomfort. The aim of the

research is to study the inside environment of architectural studio 5 to know the effect of outdoor temperature and relative

humidity on the indoor thermal comfort of studio, with the help of environmental instruments. The range of accepted

temperature inside the studio must be between 23oC to 25oC and accepted RH must be between 30% to 70%. The findings

of the research show that outdoor temperature and relative humidity has a massive effect on the inside environment of

studio which results in the thermal discomfort for the students.

© 2018 Noor ul Huda, Raheela laghari, Kalsoom Ali, Saifullah Abro. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EEERG), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Keywords: Assessment; thermal comfort; environmental factors; temperature; relative humidity

1. Introduction

Thermal comfort is defined as “The condition of mind which expresses the satisfaction with the thermal environment

(ASHARE 55-2010) [1]. It is a subjective term which is defined by the occupant’s thermal sensation influenced by the

environmental factor. Thermal comfort plays a vital role in any type of building because it effects on human behavior

physically and psychologically. Every person has a different comfort zone, and it is difficult to satisfy everyone in same

place. Indoor thermal comfort level can be changed due to different types of clothing, interior of the building, number

of people in a room and the indoor environment of the room.

One of the major factors of an intelligent building is, that 80% of the occupants must be satisfied from their thermal

environment of the building (ASHRAE 55-2010). Building should be eco-friendly and energy efficient to the occupants

and the surrounding.

1.1 Factors That Effect Human Thermal Comfort inside the Building

The assessment of thermal comfort of a human body inside the building is related to the environmental factors and

personal factors. All these factors must be considered from most of the occupants to provide thermal comfort; these

factors are given by (ASHRAE 55-2010) [2].

Environmental factors (measurable factors) which affect thermal comfort are:

Air Temperature: To determine how cold or hot the weather is.

Relative humidity: The amount of water vapour present in the air.

Radiant temperature: The amount of temperature consumed by the surroundings of an occupant.

Air velocity: The speed of air movement in each distance over a time. Personal factors which influence thermal comfort are:

Metabolic rate: The activity that has been done by the occupants. It is the amount of energy that a human body generates.

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Clothing insulation: Number of clothing a person is wearing.

The current study was done in the studio of architecture department, and the aim of the research is to collect the data

and find out the effect of climatic factors (temperature, humidity) on the inside environment of architectural design studio

#5.

2. Methods and background description

The EXTECH 4 in 1 environmental meter by tough tools was used to collect the data regarding temperature and relative

humidity. The environmental meter has the different ranges for temperature i.e. -50℃ +70℃ (-58 oF+158 oF), and for

relative humidity the range is 10% to 99%. Resolution of temperature in environmental meter is 0.1℃ (0.1oF), and for

relative humidity it is 1% RH. Accuracy for temperature is: ±0.10C (1.80F), and for relative humidity it is 1% RH.

The instrument was placed inside the studio on the north and north-west side of each wall, 3 ft. below from the ceiling.

The data was collected on three different times of working hours of university. The starting time of data collection was

8 am then after every two hours the data was again collected to find the minimum and maximum temperature and

relative humidity of the day.

3. Building selection and background data

The department of architecture in Mehran University of engineering and technology, Jamshoro was built in 1980. There

are total five studios in the architecture department, one is located on the ground floor and remaining four studios are

located on the 1st floor. The age group of students is between 18 - 23 years. Students of architecture spend 3-5 hours in

these studios on planning and designing work for that reason they need a proper thermal environment to concentrate

on their design work. Every student has different comfort level due to variation in age, time and clothing.

4. Climate of Jamshoro

The climate of Jamshoro is hot and dry, and the temperature reaches up to 49 ⁰C in summer season. The wind direction

of Jamshoro is SW-NE.

5. Results and discussion

It is observed that studio #5 is not thermally comfortable. The given data will show that how outdoor temperature has

huge effect on the inside environment of the studio, which results in discomfort for the students. The range of accepted

temperature inside the studio must be between 23oC to 25oC and accepted RH must be between 30% to 70%.

5.1 Outdoor climatic data

The outdoor weather data (temperature and relative humidity) of MUET of four-month was obtained from the

telecommunication department of MUET. The minimum monthly mean outdoor temperature of four-month is 18.54 oC and maximum monthly mean temperature is 38.81 oC. The minimum mean outdoor relative humidity of four-month

is 31.52% and the maximum mean relative humidity is 52.25%.

5.2 Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor weather data

The indoor weather data of studio #5 will show the influence of outdoor weather data on the thermal sensation of the

inside environment of the studio. The graphs will clearly show that architectural design studio #5 is not thermally

comfortable because the indoor temperature and relative humidity are more than the acceptable temperature and relative

humidity

Studio #5

It is located on the first floor, facing the South-east direction with the three operable windows on the south side. The

size of the studio is 19’-9”x30’-0 with 12’ height and the thickness of the wall is 9”. The number of tables that are placed

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in studio is 14. The standard deviation is 5.97 and the correlation of outdoor weather data and indoor weather data is

0.93.

Table: 1. Shows the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature of studio 5

Months Time Av: IND temp: °C Av: outd Temp: °C

JANUARY 8:00 AM 20.09 18.54

11:00 AM 24.53 22.33

2:00 PM 27.48 26.21

FEBRUARY 8:00 AM 22.95 20.97

11:00 AM 27.95 25.51

2:00 PM 32.52 28.87

MARCH 8:00 AM 30.62 27.74

11:00 AM 33.77 32.93

2:00 PM 36.3 36.38

APRIL 8:00 AM 34.31 25.68

11:00 AM 36.75 32.86

2:00 PM 39.15 38.81

Table: 2. Comparison of indoor and outdoor RH of studio 5 to observe the difference

Months Time Av: IND RH% Av: outdoor RH%

JANUARY 8:00 AM 60.68 52.25

11:00 AM 46.75 42.5

2:00 PM 39 36.87

FEBRUARY 8:00 AM 38.84 48.84

11:00 AM 29.68 36.26

2:00 PM 23.68 31.52

MARCH 8:00 AM 30.87 41.57

11:00 AM 22.81 39.26

2:00 PM 16.25 32.31

APRIL 8:00 AM 30.5 51.66

11:00 AM 22.55 39.88

2:00 PM 16.83 34.44

Fig.1.The graph illustrates that indoor temperature of studio # 5 is higher as compared to the outdoor (a). The indoor

and outdoor RH difference of studio through graph (b)

6 Conclusion

The hasty change in the climate of Jamshoro is causing thermal discomfort for the users. The department of architecture

was first designed for 30 to 50 students, but due to evolution of awareness in architecture field the ratio of students is

increasing every year. The recent number of students in the department is approximately 235. The study observed that;

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the studio of Architecture is not thermally comfortable for the students working there for 4 to 5 hours of the day. Some

vital issues are being conferred related to the thermal comfort of the building. It is difficult to satisfy all the occupants

of the building in the single environment but a control over a thermal discomfort can give a result of 60% to 70 % less

thermal discomfort to the students.

From the different studies of thermal comfort, the acceptable temperature for the building ranges between 23 oC to 25 oC in summer and 20 oC to 23.5 oC in winter for Pakistan. The relative humidity for indoor environment ranges between

30% and 70%. The temperature of Jamshoro changes every month due to hot and dry weather type.

The temperature of the studio was beyond 25oC, and it exceeds up to 41oC in the month of April, which is the most

discomfort temperature for the students.

Reference

[1]. De Dear, R. (2011). Recent enhancements to the adaptive comfort standard in ASHRAE 55-2010. In Proceedings of the 45th annual conference of the Architectural Science Association. Sydney, Australia: ANZAScA

[2]. Yates, K. L., Polsenberg, J. J., Kafas, A., & Bradshaw, C. J. (2018). Introduction. In Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning (Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 1-5). ROUTLEDGE in association with GSE Research.

[3]. de Dear, R. (2011). Recent enhancements to the adaptive comfort standard in ASHRAE 55-2010. In Proceedings of the 45th annual conference of the Architectural Science Association. Sydney, Australia: ANZAScA.

[4]. Yao, R., Li, B., & Liu, J. (2009). A theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort–Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV). Building and environment, 44(10), 2089-2096.

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Biology, 26(4-5), 409-414.

[8]. Nikolopoulou, M., Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2001). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Solar energy, 70(3), 227-235.

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[11]. Sullivan, P., & Trujillo, A. (2015). The Importance of Thermal Comfort in the Classroom.

[12]. Irulegi, O., Ruiz-Pardo, A., Serra, A., Salmerón, J. M., & Vega, R. (2017). Retrofit strategies towards net zero energy educational buildings: a case study at the University of the Basque Country. Energy and Buildings, 144, 387-400.

[13]. Nicol, F., Humphreys, M., & Roaf, S. (2012). Adaptive thermal comfort: principles and practice. Routledge.

[14]. Nicol, J. F., & Humphreys, M. A. (2002). Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and buildings, 34(6), 563-572.

[15]. Olesen, B. W., & Parsons, K. C. (2002). Introduction to thermal comfort standards and to the proposed new version of EN ISO 7730. Energy and buildings, 34(6), 537-548.

[16]. Indraganti, M. (2010). Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated apartments in summer: findings from a field study in Hyderabad, India. Applied Energy, 87(3), 866-883.

[17]. Ye, X. J., Zhou, Z. P., Lian, Z. W., Liu, H. M., Li, C. Z., & Liu, Y. M. (2006). Field study of a thermal environment and adaptive model in Shanghai. Indoor air, 16(4), 320-326.

[18]. Toe, D. H. C., & Kubota, T. (2013). Development of an adaptive thermal comfort equation for naturally ventilated buildings in hot–humid climates using ASHRAE RP-884 database. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2(3), 278-291.

[19]. Höppe, P. (2002). Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy and buildings, 34(6), 661-665. [20]. Feriadi, H., & Wong, N. H. (2004). Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia. Energy and Buildings, 36(7), 614-626. [21]. Katsuno, J., Rijal, H. B., & Kikuchi, S. (2012, April). Investigation of the comfort temperature and adaptive model in Japanese houses in summer.

In Proceedings of 7th Windsor Conference: the changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 12e15 April.

[22]. Ye, X., Chen, F., & Hou, Z. (2015). The Effect of Temperature on Thermal Sensation: A Case Study in Wuhan City, China. Procedia Engineering, 121, 2149-2156.

[23]. Rawal, R., Manu, S., Shukla, Y., Thomas, L. E., & de Dear, R. (2016, January). Clothing insulation as a behavioural adaptation for thermal comfort in Indian office buildings. In Windsor Conference 2016-Making Comfort Relevant. Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings.

[24]. Toe, D. H. C., & Kubota, T. (2013). Development of an adaptive thermal comfort equation for naturally ventilated buildings in hot–humid climates using ASHRAE RP-884 database. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2(3), 278-291.

[25]. Indraganti, M. (2010, April). Thermal Adaption and impediments: Findings from a field study in Hyderabad, India. In Proceedings of Windsor Conference: Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK (pp. 9-11

291


Are Healthcare Green Buildings just a certification? A path way

to transform conventional building into Green Building.

Zeeshan Ullaha; Muhammad Jamaluddin Thaheemb; Abdul Waheedc; Muhammad Sohail Anwar Malikd

and Ahsen Maqsoome

aDept. of Construction Engineering & Management (CE&M), NIT-SCEE, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST),

Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan bDept. of CE&M, NIT-SCEE, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract

Urbanization led to the hastily increase the buildings and constructions. Abundant research has been carried out on

sustainability and sustainable development. This research is covering construction material, building types, different

structural components to the whole of building analysis and many other aspects of construction. Sustainability is the

basic need of positive and most efficient development of our cities and countries. Contrary to this the environment of

glob has been exploited by construction industry by using non-renewable material resources, generation of bulk quantity

of waste, lot of energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). These factors cannot be ignored during

the life cycle analysis of construction projects for the betterment of environment and sustainability. The traditional types

of structures will not be much effective in this perspective. In order to overcome these damages, there is a need to use

modern techniques in the building sectors like green and sustainable buildings, that can reduce the effect building sector

on environment. This paper aims at the healthcare buildings in perspective of sustainability in construction industry. It

presents the evolution of sustainable healthcare guidelines from conventional to green and sustainable buildings. The

difference in conventional, green and sustainable building has been presented in detail. This study includes a concise

review of green building guidelines and rating systems. It also presents a case study of hospital building in Lahore whose

retrofitting plan for conversion of conventional building into green building by achieving LEED credit points has been

presented along with impending cost. At the end, the comparison of cost of proposed certification levels has been

provided.

© 2018 “Zeeshan Ullaha; Dr. Muhammad Jamaluddin Thaheem; Dr. Abdul Waheed; Dr. Muhammad Sohail Anwar Malik and Dr. Ahsen Maqsoom” Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EEERG), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Keywords: Sustainability; Green Building; Conventional Building; Synthesis of conventional and green building guidelines

1 Introduction

All buildings consume resources throughout their life span that disturb the environment and cause lot of problems for the

living beings. In order to reduce the burden on environment, resource consumption in building sector is indispensable. A

building that efficiently use the resources throughout its life span is called green building [1]. A building said to be a

green building if it consumed lesser resource in an efficient way as compare to other buildings. It means green building

is a purely performance-based term not just a certification [2]. The purpose of this study is to find out the potential

difference between the guidelines for the design of conventional building and that of green building.

The bridging of these two guidelines must be done here which help the stakeholder to convert the conventional building

into green building. Conventional buildings refer to the traditional type of buildings that consume more water, energy

and other resources as compare to green building. These buildings follow the traditional guidelines that passes from one

generation to the other generation using the same trends of design and material selection.

Due to environmental issue and global warming the world is moving towards the sustainability and sustainable buildings

instead of conventional building [1]. A building system that uses the resources in an efficient way and produce less harm

to the environment and social life on earth is referred to as sustainable building as it covers all three areas of sustainability

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[3-5]. The indoor air quality of these building is healthy and also have lesser environmental impact. These building use

the modern materials and design methods to improve the efficiency [6-8]. There is no clear distinction in between

conventional architecture and sustainable architecture rather literature doesn’t include any terminology of normal or

conventional architecture instead a term is used “modern architecture” which is interchangeable with green or sustainable

architecture according to the literature exists. There are several rating systems also available worldwide that rate the

environmental performance of these buildings [1, 9, 10].

2 Sustainable Building Guidelines

The purpose is to design an efficient building which means it should be economical in terms of construction and

operational cost and have minimum impact on environment. The only difference exists between green and sustainable

building is life cycle assessment which is not part of architecture and draws a boundary between a common and sustainable

structure. In different phases of sustainable building life cycle costing is considered but other aspects of sustainability are

not considered. The other aspects are social life cycle assessment, life cycle environmental assessment and life cycle cost

analysis [10-13]. The most important facts which are employed to make healthcare building sustainable on top of

considering modern architecture as follows.

2.1 Mandatory Requirements

These are the set of guidelines or requirements that are equally essential for all types of buildings including conventional

and green buildings. These guidelines cover the basic needs of any building including ventilation, air circulation, heating

and cooling requirements. Mandatory requirements include all the necessary environmental protection and economical

aspects of building. Once meeting the mandatory requirements, it needs to go for performance and prescriptive path to

make healthcare building sustainable.

2.2 Performance Requirements

In order to convert the conventional building into green and sustainable building, performance requirements must be

fulfilled during all the phases of building design and analysis. For this purpose, a minimum benchmark and a

comprehensive comparison process will set to get the most suitable green and sustainable building. Through this

performance analysis and from the results of comparison process, the consultants will be able to get the idea of the areas

where building is performing better and where building is lacking in its performance. These findings will then be used to

improve the performance of building and make the building close to the sustainable building.

2.3 Prescriptive Requirements

Once comparison is carried out between the sustainable building and the process building through performance analysis,

then there is a need to improve these results and make the process building close to the sustainable building. For this

purpose, different green building rating systems has been working throughout the work. These building rating systems

have guidelines that help to improve the performance of building. The selection of suitable guidelines and its application

of the under-process building will transfer the building from conventional building to the green and sustainable building.

Furthermore, if all three assessments of building sustainability will carry out by considering credal to grave as system

boundary then this building would be purely sustainable building. The only difference between green building and

sustainable building is application of life cycle sustainability assessment.

2.4 Green Building Rating System (GBRS)

In the development of green buildings, green building rating systems play a vital role by promoting the green buildings

over the traditional or conventional buildings. These green building rating systems have drawn significant attention in

recent year throughout the world from different industries like construction industry an educational. In early stage in 1990

there exist only few rating systems including LEED, BREEAM and BEAM and the other rating systems were launched

in early years of 21st century. These rating systems work on the evaluation criteria to assess the building. These criteria

include energy, indoor air quality, sustainable site, material and resources, water and innovation. The performance of the

building in all these sectors will assess and then certificate will be granted by the green building rating system [12, 14].

In the Table 1, there is a list of 15 famous GBRSs which are most frequently mentioned in literature.

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Table 1: Popular GBRSs and their issuing authorities

No. GBRS Issuer Country

1 EPRS Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council Abu Dhabi

2 GS Green Building Council Australia Australia

3 GG ECD Energy and Environment Canada Canada

4 ASGB Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of People’s Republic of China China

5 BEAM Hong Kong Green Building Council and the BEAM Society Limited Hong Kong

6 CEPAS Buildings Department of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Hong Kong

7 IGBC Indian Green Building Council India

8 CASBEE Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan Japan

9 GBI GBI Innovation Sdn Bhd Malaysia

10 ISBT International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment -

11 GSAS Gulf Organization for Research & Development Qatar

12 GM Building and Construction Authority Singapore

13 BREEAM Building Research Establishment Ltd. UK

14 CSH Department for Communities and Local Government UK

15 LEED US Green Building Council USA

3 Case Study of Hospital Building for LEED Certification

In order to demonstrate the clear difference in all aspect ranging from its performance to the cost between the conventional

building and green building a case study of healthcare building is explained here. All the mandatory requirements were

covered during the different stages but performance and prescriptive aspects were missing. Above explained process was

followed and proposed most suitable solutions to improve the building’s sustainably and performance. By adding a small

percentage of building cost in the initial stage can convert the inefficient building into a green and efficient building that

will give money back to client within few years through its efficient performance.

For this research, a hospital building located in Johar Town Lahore, is selected as case study building. Salient Features of

building are:

• Total Site Area = 68550ft2

• Building Footprint Area = 20330ft2

• Total Floors of Building = 4

• Total Cost = $7.79 million

Fig. 1. shows comparison of total LEED credit points achieved by the hospital building before and after retrofitting

calculation. Building was analyzed by LEED point calculators and without any change in the building, it was able to

achieve 22 credit points out of 110 which is a good number but not enough for certification from LEED. The building

was suggested for further improvement by proposed retrofitting and evaluated for LEED credit points. The target

certification level was Silver which require achievement of minimum 50 credit points. After retrofitting building was

enabled to achieve 55 LEED credit points.

Fig. 1. Comparison of LEED Score Before and After Retrofitting

Fig. 2. shows the detail of percentage points achieved in each category of LEED by the hospital building after retrofitting.

Categories like Location and Transport (LT), Sustainable Sites (SS), Water Efficiency (WE), Innovation (IN) and Reginal

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Priority (RP) have achieved a good percentage of points as compared to Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and

Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ).

Fig. 2. Percentage of Credits Achieved

3.1 Cost Estimation of Proposed Retrofitting

Table 2 shows the cost breakdown for the proposed retrofitting project. Total Estimated Cost which will incur on proposed

retrofitting project is approximately equal to PKR 79,55,000. Silver certification can be achieved with 7.95 million rupees.

Table 2: Cost Breakdown of Proposed Retrofitting

Sr. No Credit Title Cost (PKR) 1 Parking Facilities 260500 2 Green Vehicles 83500 3 Indoor Water Use Reduction 1179750 4 Building-Level Water Metering 8818 5 Water Metering 225950 6 Enhanced Commissioning 5000000 7 LEED Accredited Professional 220000 8 USGBC Charges 253300 9 Sum 7231818 10 Contingency @ 10% 723182 Total Cost 7955000

3.2 Relation between Cost and LEED Credit Points

Fig. 3. shows the relation between LEED Credit Points and Estimated Cost of Retrofitting Project to achieve LEED Silver

Category for the hospital building. Cost difference in silver and certified category is 7.05 million rupees.

Fig. 3. Graph between categories and estimated cost

The feasibility of project can be determined by calculating return on investment for retrofitting which is not included in

the scope of this paper. The advantage of employing green technology is far better than just achieving break event point.

295


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[9] C. McGraw Hill, Green BIM: How Building Information Modeling is Contributing to Green Design and Construction, 2010. [10] P. Verma and A. S. Raghubanshi, "Urban sustainability indicators: Challenges and opportunities," Ecological Indicators, vol. 93, pp. 282-

291, 2018/10/01/ 2018. [11] J. Kono, Y. Ostermeyer, and H. Wallbaum, "Investigation of regional conditions and sustainability indicators for sustainable product

development of building materials," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 196, pp. 1356-1364, 2018/09/20/ 2018. [12] S. G. Al-Ghamdi and M. M. Bilec, "Life-cycle thinking and the LEED rating system: Global perspective on building energy use and

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Climate Change and Air Pollution Control (CCAPC)eesd.muet.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EESD2018...MEC system is the combine effect of two thermodynamics process, heat transfer