Climate Change Risks and 23 : Birth Rate, Death Rate and Infant Mortality Rate of Uttarakhand districts ..... 79 Figure 24 : Per capita income (current prices) of Uttarakhand districts

Climate Change Risks and Opportunities in Uttarakhand, India Well-defined Socio-economic and Ecological

Assessment of the State

Deliverable#2 Report

October 2015

CONTRACT NO. Technical Assistance - TAAS-0036

Submitted to: CDKN Procurement, 7 More London Riverside, London, SE1 2RT

Prepared by: INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd. in association with IISc, Bangalore and Geo Climate Risk Solutions Private Limited

Geo Climate Risk

Solutions Private Limited

Project: CDKN/2015 © INRM Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India. 2015

November 05, 2015

Document Control

Version Date Author(s) Brief Description of type of changes

1.0 October 31, 2015 Prof. A.K. Gosain Report on Well-defined Socio-economic and Ecological Assessment of the State - Deliverable#2 submission to client for review and approval

Prof. N.H. Ravindranath

Dr. Sandhya Rao

G. Prasad Babu

Dr. Pushkin Phartiyal

Disclaimer

“The data and information used for preparing this report have been sourced from secondary sources including state government departments and officials, published sources of Government of India, and climate change assessment made by the consultants. While due care has been taken to ensure authenticity of the data and other information used, any inadvertent wrong data or information used is regretted. We are not liable to any legal or penal responsibilities arising from this and also from the use of this report by anyone.

i | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

Table of Contents

UTTARAKHAND STATE PROFILE .................................................................................................... 1

PHYSIOGRAPHY – UTTARAKHAND ........................................................................................................ 6 CLIMATE OF UTTARAKHAND ............................................................................................................... 9 NATURAL RESOURCES OF UTTARAKHAND ............................................................................................. 11 WATER RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 11 RIVER BASINS............................................................................................................................................ 12 LAND USE ................................................................................................................................................. 14 FOREST .................................................................................................................................................... 16 BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................................ 18 AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................................................... 19 HORTICULTURE ......................................................................................................................................... 21 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRYING ............................................................................................................ 23 ENERGY ................................................................................................................................................... 25 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 27 INDUSTRY ..................................................................................................................................... 30 TOURISM ..................................................................................................................................... 32 DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 34 ECONOMY .................................................................................................................................... 36 INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................... 37 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................... 37 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................ 40

UTTARAKHAND DISTRICTS PROFILE ............................................................................................ 43

PHYSIOGRAPHY: DISTRICTS OF UTTARAKHAND ...................................................................................... 53 CLIMATE: DISTRCTS OF UTTARAKHAND ................................................................................................ 54 NATURAL RESOURCES OF UTTARAKHAND ............................................................................................. 56 WATER RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 56 RIVER BASINS............................................................................................................................................ 57 LAND USE ................................................................................................................................................. 59 FOREST .................................................................................................................................................... 62 BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................................ 63 AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................................................... 66 HORTICULTURE ......................................................................................................................................... 70 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRYING ............................................................................................................ 71 ENERGY ................................................................................................................................................... 73 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 73 INDUSTRY ..................................................................................................................................... 74 TOURISM ..................................................................................................................................... 74 DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 75 ECONOMY .................................................................................................................................... 79

ii | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................... 82 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................... 82 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................ 86

iii | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

List of Figures Figure 1 :Uttarakhand Profile ................................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2 : Divisions of Uttarakhand ........................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 3 : Physiographic zones of Uttarakhand ...................................................................................................... 6 Figure 4 : Geographical context of Uttarakhand .................................................................................................... 7 Figure 5 : Altitude zones of Uttarakhand ................................................................................................................ 8 Figure 6 : River basins of Uttarakhand ................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 7 : Landuse of Uttarakhand ....................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 8 : Forest cover of Uttarakhand ................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 9 : Proportion of area, production and yield of hortivulture crops in Uttarakhand .................................. 22 Figure 10 : Tourist arrivals in Uttarakhand ........................................................................................................... 33 Figure 11 : Administrative setup of Uttarakhand ................................................................................................. 34 Figure 12 : Sectorwise share of GSDP of Uttarakhand ......................................................................................... 36 Figure 13 : Climate statistics of Uttarakhand districts .......................................................................................... 55 Figure 14 : Net ground water availability of Uttarakhand districts (2011) ........................................................... 57 Figure 15 : Landuse pattern of Uttarakhand districts ........................................................................................... 61 Figure 16 : Forest area of Uttarakhand districts ................................................................................................... 62 Figure 17 : Productivity of agriculture crops of Uttarakhand districts ................................................................. 69 Figure 18 : Proportion of area, production and yield of horticulture crops in districts of Uttarakhand .............. 71 Figure 19 : Number of livestock and poultry in districts of Uttarakhand ............................................................. 72 Figure 20 : Number of tourist arrivals, 2005-06 ................................................................................................... 75 Figure 21 : Demographic profile of Districts of Uttarakhand (2011) .................................................................... 76 Figure 22 : Workers of Uttarakhand districts ....................................................................................................... 78 Figure 23 : Birth Rate, Death Rate and Infant Mortality Rate of Uttarakhand districts ....................................... 79 Figure 24 : Per capita income (current prices) of Uttarakhand districts .............................................................. 80 Figure 25 : Spatial representation of GDPand Population of Uttarakhand districts ............................................. 81 Figure 26 : Sectoral distribution of regional workers (main and marginal) of Uttarakhand ................................ 81 Figure 27 : Road density of Uttarakhand districts ................................................................................................ 82 Figure 28 : Irrigation scenario of Uttarakhand districts ........................................................................................ 83 Figure 29 : Availability of telephones in Uttarakhand districts............................................................................. 83 Figure 30 : Households with access to safe drinking water, sanitation and electricity in Uttarakhand districts . 84 Figure 31 : Number of schools in Uttarakhand districts ....................................................................................... 86 Figure 32 : Health centres in Uttarakhand districts .............................................................................................. 87

iv | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

List of Tables Table 1: General profile of Uttarakhand State ....................................................................................................... 2 Table 2: Altitudinal distribution of area .................................................................................................................. 7 Table 3: Physiographic zones (ACZs) of Uttarakhand and characteristics .............................................................. 8 Table 4: Meteorological data of Uttarakhand ...................................................................................................... 10 Table 5: Trend in climate variables for Uttarakhand (1951-2010) ....................................................................... 10 Table 6: Groundwater scenario in Uttarakhand ................................................................................................... 11 Table 7: Overview of all Hydropower projects in Uttarakhand ............................................................................ 12 Table 8: Land use pattern of Uttarakhand (2011-12) ........................................................................................... 14 Table 9: Details of Operational Holdings in Uttarakhand (2011) .......................................................................... 15 Table 10: District-wise Forest Cover in Uttarakhand, 2011 .................................................................................. 18 Table 11: Key Agricultural Products ...................................................................................................................... 19 Table 12: Major Agricultural Crops ....................................................................................................................... 20 Table 13: Major Horticulture Crops ...................................................................................................................... 22 Table 14: Area coverage and production under horticulture ............................................................................... 22 Table 15: Year to Year Percentage Change in Area, Production and Yield of Horticultural Crops in Uttarakhand

during 2002-03 to 2010-11 .......................................................................................................................... 23 Table 16: Uttarakhand livestock summary, Lacs .................................................................................................. 24 Table 17: Per Capita Availability ........................................................................................................................... 24 Table 18: Electricity Consumption of Uttarakhand .............................................................................................. 25 Table 19: Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA), 2012-13 .......................................... 26 Table 20: List of various disasters faced by Uttarakhand ..................................................................................... 27 Table 21: Time line of major hazards & disaster .................................................................................................. 28 Table 22: Human losses due to Natural disaster in Uttarakhand ......................................................................... 28 Table 23: Human losses in Uttarakhand due to landslide/flash floods ................................................................ 29 Table 24: Major Earthquake of Uttarakhand ........................................................................................................ 29 Table 25: Industries in Uttarakhand (2012-13) ..................................................................................................... 31 Table 26: Tourist arrivals in Uttarakhand (Fig. in 100,000) .................................................................................. 34 Table 27: Demographic Indicators ........................................................................................................................ 35 Table 28: Economic Profile of Uttarakhand .......................................................................................................... 37 Table 29: Growth Rate of GSDP of Uttarakhand at Constant Prices of 2004-05 .................................................. 37 Table 30: Area under irrigation............................................................................................................................. 38 Table 31: Irrigated Area (%) under Principal Crops during 2010-11 in Uttarakhand ............................................ 39 Table 32: Irrigation Infrastructure of Uttarakhand ............................................................................................... 39 Table 33: Quality of Life Indicators (as percentage of households) ..................................................................... 40 Table 34: Education Infrastructure of Uttarakhand (2009-10) ............................................................................. 41 Table 35: Health Infrastructure of Uttarakhand ................................................................................................... 42 Table 36: General profile of districts of Uttarakhand ........................................................................................... 51 Table 37: Physiography of Uttarakhand districts .................................................................................................. 53 Table 38: Climate statistics of Uttarakhand districts ............................................................................................ 54 Table 39: Groundwater scenario in Uttarakhand districts (2011) ........................................................................ 56 Table 40: Major River basin in Uttarakhand district ............................................................................................. 57 Table 41: Major Dams in Uttarakhand district ..................................................................................................... 58 Table 42: Hydroelectric Power Station in Uttarakhand district ............................................................................ 58 Table 43: Land use pattern of Uttarakhand districts (2011) ................................................................................. 60 Table 44: Agriculture crops of Uttarakhand districts (2011) ................................................................................ 68 Table 45: Area in hectares under principal crops in Uttarakhand districts (2012-13) .......................................... 70 Table 46: Yield in tonnes/hectares under principal crops in Uttarakhand districts (2012-13) ............................. 70

v | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

Table 47: Area, Production and Yield of Horticulture Crops in Uttarakhand (2010-11) ....................................... 71 Table 48: Profile of electricity consumption in the hill districts, 2006-07 ............................................................ 73 Table 49: Number of tourist arrivals, 2005-06 ..................................................................................................... 74 Table 50: Number of schools in Uttarakhand districts, 2012-13 .......................................................................... 86 Table 51: Number of health centres in Uttarakhand districts, 2011 .................................................................... 87

vi | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

Abbreviations Acronym Definition % percent ° Degree °C Degree Centigrade m Meter mm Millimetre sq. km Square Kilometre BCM Billion Cubic Meters BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BL Baseline CC Climate Change DACNET Department of Agriculture and Co-operation Network DES Directorate of Economics and Statistics DMMC Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods GDP Gross Domestic Product GSDP Gross State Domestic Product ha hectare IIDC Indiana Institute on Disability and Community IMD Indian Metrological Department INRM Integrated Natural Resources Management INSA Indian National Science Academy IPCC Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change ITES Information Technology Enabled Service LSD Land Survey Directorate MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MSME Ministry of Micro Small & Medium Enterprises MT Million tonnes NPP National Perspective Plans ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation PHC Primary Health Centre PPP Public-Private-Partnership PWD Public Works Department RCP Representative Concentration Pathways. SIIDCUL State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand

Limited SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SSI Small Scale Industry TRAI Telecom Regulatory Authority of India UREDA Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency VP Van Panchayats WLL Wireless Local Loop

D L 2 , S t a t e P r o f i l e [CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS & OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA]

1 | INRM Consultants, IISc, & GCRS.

Uttarakhand State profile Uttarakhand is one of the most picturesque areas of north India (and beyond). It is a land of considerable natural beauty. Uttarakhand formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Devbhumi (literally "Land of the Gods") due to the many Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for its natural beauty of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai.

Uttarakhand, India’s newest Himalayan state has nine mountains and four plains’ districts.Its inner mountain region is pristine, remote, rich in biodiversity and fragile. The entire state is disaster-prone, but successive state governments have promoted an economic growth model that totally disregards Uttarakhand’s disaster-prone character.

Industrialization in the southern plains has been the engine of economic development after statehood in 2000. It has generated wealth in Uttarakhand, but the development is neither equitable nor sustainable as underlined by the impacts of the June 2013 disaster.

On 9 November 2000, the state of Uttaranchal—the 27th state of India was created from the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh and in January 2007 the new state changed its name to Uttarakhand, meaning “northern region,” which was the traditional name for the area1. It borders China on the north; Nepal on the east; and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the Northwest. Geographically, the State is divided into two divisions- Garhwal (Northwest portion) and Kumaon (Southeast portion), with a total of 13 districts and 95 blocks. The interim capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city in the region, which is a railhead. Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar are predominantly in the plain area, Dehradun and Nainital are partially plain (80% of part belongs to hills), and remaining nine districts of Almora, Pithoragarh, Champawat, Bageshwar, Pauri, Tehri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi are entirely hilly.2

Figure 2

The Kumaon division covers an area of 21035 sq. kms.and inhabits 35.64 lakh people whereas the Garhwal divisionhas an area of 32450 sq.kms.and a population of 49.16 lakh persons.The Uttarakhand divisions are shown in .

The High Court of the state is in Nainital. Hindi, Garhwali and Kumaoni along with other hilly dialects and sub-dialects are the main regional languages, whereas Hindi is the most widely spoken language. Uttarakhand is the only state in India with Sanskrit as one of its official languages. English is the medium of education in many of its schools. The state is quite rich in natural resources especially water and forests with many glaciers, rivers, dense forests and snow-clad mountain peaks. It is blessed with a rare bio-diversity, inter-alia, 175 rare species of aromatic & medicinal plants are found in the State. It has almost all major climatic zones, making it amenable to a variety of commercial opportunities in horticulture, floriculture and agriculture. It has a vast tourism potential in adventure, leisure, and eco-tourism.

Uttarakhand has a total geographic area of 53,483 sq. km (only 1.63% of India), of which 93% is mountainous and of the remaining area, 64.81% is covered by forest. The northern part of the state

1 North Zone Cultural Centre, Government of India: http://www.culturenorthindia.com/uttrakhand/ 2 Official website of Government of Uttarakhand: http://ahd.uk.gov.in/pages/display/62-history



of Uttarakhand is shrouded by Himalayan ranges and glaciers, whereas the lower parts of the state are thickly forested.

The unique Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a large number of animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants and rare herbs. Two of the most important rivers in Hinduism originate in the region, the Ganga at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri. These two along with Badrinath and Kedarnath form the Chota Char Dham, a holy pilgrimage for the Hindus. The state hosts the Bengal tiger in Jim Corbett National Park, the oldest national park of the Indian subcontinent. The Valley of Flowers, a Unesco World Heritage Site located in the upper expanses of Bhyundar Ganga near Joshimath in Gharwal region, is known for the variety and rarity of its flowers and plants3 Table 1. gives the details of the general profile of Uttarakhand. Figure 1 compares the 2001 States Profile with that of 2011.4

Table 1: General profile of Uttarakhand State

General Profile State formed on 9 November, 2000 Latitude 28°43' N to 31°27' N Longitude 77°34' E to 81°02' E Total Area 53483 sq. km (i)Hill 46035 sq km (ii)Plain 7448 sq km Total Forest Area 34651 sq. km (65%)

Net sown area 12.7 %

Net irrigated area to net sown area (2010-11) 46.5 % Cropping intensity (2010-11) 161.7 Capital Dehradun

Administrative Structures Divisions 2 Total Districts 13 (i)Hill 9 (ii)Plain 4 Tehsils/ sub district 78 Development Blocks 95 Villages 15620 Nyaya Panchayats 670 Gram Panchayats 7555 Municipal Corporations 06 Nagar Palika Parishads 31 Nagar Panchayats 41 Cantonment Board 09 Census Towns 41 Industrial Townships 02

3 Uttarakhand wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand 4 Census of India: http://censusindia.gov.in/



General Profile High Court Nainital

Others Details Important Rivers Ganga and Yamuna Mountains The Great Himalayas Main Crops Rice, Barley, Maize Poverty (2004-05) 39.60% Main Fruits Apple, Litchi, Plum, Peach, Malta

Main Rivers Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, Mandakini, Pindar, Tons, Yamuna, Kali, Bhilangna,Saryu, Ramganga etc.

Main Tourist and Historic Places Nainital, Mussoorie, Pauri, Almora, Ranikhet, Khirsu

Main Religious Places Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, Yamnotri, Panchakedar, Panchabadari, Panchaprayag, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Hem Kund Sahib etc.

Forests & National Park Rajaji NP, Jim Corbett NP, Gangotri NP Languages Garhwali, Kumaoni, Hindi, Sanskrit, English Neighbours State Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh State Animal Musk Deer State Bird Himalayan Monal State Tree Rhododendron (Buransh) State Flower Brahm Kamal

Demographic Profile Population density (persons per sq. km) 189 Total population (2011) 10,116,752 Urban Population (%) 30.6% Rural Population (%) 69.4% SC Population (%) 15.17% ST Population (%) 2.56% Decennial Growth Rate (2001-11) 19.17% Male population (2011) 5,154,178 Female population (2011) 4,962,574 Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) (2011) 963 Literacy rate (%) (2011) 79.6

Economic Profile Per Capita Income (2012-13) Rs 90843 Key Industries Auto & Auto-components, Agro & Food-Processing, Paper,

Machinery & Equipment, Pharmaceuticals, FMCG, Tourism, Hydro Power

Key Industrial Areas Haridwar, Pantnagar, Dehradun, Sitarganj Workers

Work participation rate 38.4 % Male 49.7 % Female 26.7 % % of Marginal Workers to Total Workers 25.9 % of Main Workers to Total Workers 74.1



General Profile Health Indicators

Birth Rate 19.7 Death Rate 6.5 Infant Mortality Rate 41

Climate (2013) Average annual rainfall 1631 mm Actual Rainfall 2058 mm Minimum Tempearture (Mukteshwar) -2.6 °C Maximum Tempearture (Dehradun) 40.7 °C Source: INRM consultants

Figure 1 :Uttarakhand Profile

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Figure 1 :Uttarakhand Profile

Figure 2 : Divisions of Uttarakhand

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Physiography – Uttarakhand Topography of Uttarakhand involves the terrain and the landforms existing within its provinces. Set amidst the mighty Himalayas, the topography of Uttarakhand has a distinct range of landforms varying from hills and peaks to cliffs and crests. There are several varieties of rich forests, many glaciers, mountains, rivers and perennial lakes in this state.5

Major peaks: Nanda Devi, Mount Kamet, Abi Gamen, Mukut Parvat, Chaukhamba, Trishul, Kedarnath, Neelkanth, Shivling, Nilgiri and Bandarpoonch

Major Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Bhagirathi, Alakananda, Kosi, Mandakini, Pindar and Saryu

Major Glaciers: Maiktoli Glacier, Kaphini Glacier, Ralam Glacier,, Sunderdhunga Glacier, Chorbani Glacier, Gangotri Glacier, Khatling Glacier and Nandadevi Glacier.

Uttarakhand can be divided into several physiographic zones, all running parallel to each other from northwest to southeast. The Uttarakhand Himalayas are divided into the distinct non-montane and montane physiographic zones6 Figure 3 shown in .

Figure 3 : Physiographic zones of Uttarakhand

Source: http://wmduk.gov.in/Perspective_Plan_2009-2027.pdf

The northern zone, popularly known as the Himadri, contains segments of the Zaskar and the Great Himalaya ranges, with elevations ranging roughly from 10,000 to 25,000 feet (3,000 to 7,600 metres). Most of the major peaks are located in this zone. Adjacent to and south of the Great Himalayas is a zone containing the Lesser Himalayas, known popularly as the Himachal, with elevations between about 6,500 and 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres); the zone has two linear 5 http://www.bharatonline.com/uttarakhand/travel-tips/geography.html 6 Uttarakhand State Action Plan on climate Change, 2012, http://forest.uk.gov.in/files/USAPCC/Uttarakhand_SAPCC.pdf



ranges—the Mussoorie and the Nag Tibba. To the south of the Himachal is a stretch of the Siwalik Range. The entire area containing the Himadri, the Himachal, and the Siwaliks is broadly known as the Kumaun Himalayas. The southern edge of the Siwalik Range merges with a narrow bed of gravel and alluvium known as the Bhabar, which interfaces to the southeast with the marshy terrain known as the Tarai. The combined Siwalik-Bhabar-Tarai area ranges in elevation from 1,000 to 10,000 feet (300 to 3,000 metres). South of the Siwaliks are found flat-floored depressions, known locally as duns, such as the Dehra Dun.

Geographical context of Uttarakhand is shown in Figure 4 and

Table 2 gives the altiduinal distribution of area. Figure 5 shows the altitude zones of Uttarakhand.

Figure 4 : Geographical context of Uttarakhand

Table 2: Altitudinal distribution of area

Altitudinal Zone (meter) Percentage of area (%)

Below 1000 26

1000 – 2000 33

2000 - 3000 13

Above 3000 meter 28



Source: Uttarakhand state Perspective and Strategic Plan 2009-2027, Watershed Management Directorate. Govt. of Uttarakhand

The human habitation is found up to an altitude of 3500 m above mean sea level and the part of the state between 1200-2000 m is densely populated.

Figure 5 : Altitude zones of Uttarakhand

Table 3 gives the details of the physiographic zones7

Table 3: Physiographic zones (ACZs) of Uttarakhand and characteristics

Altitude ( m) Zone Soil Rainfall (mm/year)

Districts

Up to 1000 Tarai Alluvial 1400 U.S. Nagar, Haridwar Bhabhar Alluvial mixed with

boulders and shingles

1400 Nainital, Dehradun and Pauri Garhwal

Sub Himalaya (600 – 1000 m)

Alluvial sandy soil, rasidu sandy loam

2000 - 2400 Champawat, Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, Dehradun, Tehri Garhwal, Bageshwar

1000 - 1500 Mid hills south aspects

Sandy loam 1200 - 1300 Champawat, Nainital, Almora, Dehradun, Tehri Garhwal, Bageshwar

7http://shm.uk.gov.in/



Altitude ( m) Zone Soil Rainfall (mm/year)

Districts

1500 - 2400 High hills Red to dark 1200 - 2500 Pithoragarh, Almora, Chamoli, Bageshwar

> 2400 m Very high hills Red to dark Black clay

1300 Pithoragarh, Chamoli, Uttarkashi

Source: http://shm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/6-state-profile

Climate of Uttarakhand The climate of Uttarakhand is stridently distinguished in its two diverse divisions: the major hilly terrain and the smaller plains. The climate however also varies within the mountains in accordance with the altitude of the place. The climate of Uttarakhand is temperate, marked by seasonal variations in temperature but also affected by tropical monsoons. January is the coldest month, with daily high temperatures averaging below freezing in the north and near 21 °C in the southeast. In the north, July is the hottest month, with temperatures typically rising from about 7°C to about 21°C daily. In the southeast, May is the warmest month, with daily temperatures normally reaching the low about 38 °C from a low of around 27 °C. Most of the states roughly 60 inches (1,500 mm) of annual precipitation are brought by the southwest monsoon, which blows from July through September. Floods and landslides are problems during the rainy season in the lower stretches of the valleys. In the northern parts of the state, 10 to 15 feet (3 to 5 metres) of snowfall is common between December and March1.

In the southern foothills, the average summer temperatures vary from 300 C to 180 C and winter is also bearable and normal. In the areas of the Middle Himalayas, the summer temperatures are usually around 15 to 180 C; however winters temperature even drop below the freezing point. The higher altitudes of Himalayas (more than 15,000 feet) are cold throughout the year and at times become inaccessible due to heavy snowfall. The eastern edges of the Himalayan ranges are subject to heavy rainfall while the western division is relatively dry. However in Gangetic plains summers are extremely hot and humid with temperature crossing the 400 C mark. Winters here can be relatively quite cold with temperatures dipping below 50 C at times.5

In June 2013 several days of extremely heavy rain caused devastating floods in the region, resulting in more than 5000 people missing and presumed dead. The flooding was referred to in the Indian media as a "Himalayan Tsunami". According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) June 2013 rainfall was over thrice the normal amount between June 1 and 21. The highest figure quoted by IMD was 370 mm a day at Dehradun, which was said to be ‘a record not seen for five decades’. IMD has also said that in the week of 13th to 19th June, the entire state of Uttarakhand received 847% excess rainfall, and that this has no precedent.



The meteorological data for year 2013 is shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Meteorological data of Uttarakhand

Statistics Period Unit Value

Average Rainfall 2013 mm 2058

Temperature

(i) Minimum (Mukteshwar) 2013 ° C -2.6

(ii) Maximum (Dehradun) 2013 ° C 40.7 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Uttarakhand, 2014-15

Uttarakhand annual and seasonal mean rainfall and temperature trends based upon 7 surface meteorological stations for 1951-2010 is shown in Table 5. Increasing (+) and decreasing (-) trends significant at 95% level of significance are shown in bold and marked with ‘*’ sign.8

Uttarakhand annual mean maximum time series has shown significant increasing trends (-0.02°C /year) while minimum temperature has shown significant decreasing trends (-0.03°C /year) as can be seen from

Table 5 during last six decades. However annual rainfall shows no significant trend for the State.

Table 5: Trend in climate variables for Uttarakhand (1951-2010)

Climate Variables Annual Winter Summer Monsoon Post monsoon

Mean Maximum Temperature Trends in °C per year

+0.02* +0.02* No trend 0.01 +0.03*

Mean Minimum Temperature Trends in °C per year

-0.03* No trend -0.03* -0.04* -0.01

Rainfall trends in mm per year -1.07 -0.01 0.86 -1.45 -0.63 Source: www.imd.gov.in/doc/StateLevelClimateChangeMonoFinal.pdf

Many kinds of extreme events have been reported to increase in Uttarakhand. Summer season has become even warmer. Temper-ature of summer and winters has increased marginally. High altitude regions, e.g., Joshimath (Chamoli) and Gangotri (Uttarkashi), which never had fans and refrigerators, are now having such machines. Duration of winter season has reduced significantly. Average temperature of February has increased (Singh and Yadav, 20009

However, the amount of precipitation has been observed to increase slightly. Regions are now receiving precipitation in very short durations that has resulted in extreme precipitation. Altitudinal shift of snowfall and rainfall can also be observed in high altitude regions.

). Duration of monsoon season has reduced significantly.

8 State Level Climate Change Trends in India, IMD, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, 2013, www.imd.gov.in/doc/StateLevelClimateChangeMonoFinal.pdf 9 Singh, J. and Yadav, R. R. 2000. Tree-ring indications of recent glacier fluctuations in Gangotri, western Himalaya, India. Current Science, 79, 1598-1601



The areas of snowfall and rainfall have shifted upward. In almost all the regions, the rainfall has taken over the regions of snowfall. The intensity of landslides, avalanches and rock fall; all have increased in Uttarakhand due to combination of anthropogenic and natural factors.10

Natural Resources of Uttarakhand

Water Resources The predominantly hilly State of Uttarakhand has a varied hydrogeological setup and can be divided broadly into two distinct hydrogeological regimes viz. the Gangetic alluvial plain and the Himalayan mountain belt. The former is covered with a vast expanse of alluvium and unconsolidated sedimentary material of varying size fractions (ranging from boulder to clay) and is a promising zone for ground water development. The latter zone, being predominantly hilly, offers much less potential for large scale development of ground water. Ground water in the hilly region occurs mostly in fissures/fractures and emerges as springs. The springs are amenable to small scale development of ground water resources in the State. The yield of tube wells in Siwalik formation ranges from 50.4 m3/hr to 79.2 m3/hr, in Bhabar formations yield ranges up to 332.4 m3/hr. In Tarai belt yield of tubewell ranges 36 m3/hr to 144 m3/hr and in Indo-Gangetic plain yield varies from 90 m3/hr to 198 m3/hr.

The groundwater scenario is shown in Table 66.

Table 6: Groundwater scenario in Uttarakhand

Dynamic Ground Water Resources

Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource 2.27 BCM

Net Annual Ground Water Availability 2.10 BCM

Annual Ground Water Draft 1.39 BCM

Stage of Ground Water Development 66%

Ground Water Development & Management

Over Exploited 2 blocks

Critical NIL

Semi- critical 3 blocks

Ground Water User Maps 5 districts

Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR) Feasible AR structures: 500 spring development,500 check dams, 500 sub-surface dykes

Ground Water Quality Problems

Contaminants Districts affected (in part)

Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Dehradun, Hardwar, Udham Singh Nagar Source: Uttarakhand State Action Plan on Climate Change, Government of Uttarakhand, 2012

The total number of hand pumps installed (up to March 2010) were 17847; in addition, there are a number of unaccounted private tube wells for drinking, irrigation, commercial, industrial and other use. There has been 82 percent increase in government drinking water tube wells and 59 percent in number of hand pumps during the last decade. Exploitation of deeper aquifer (up to 250.00 metres) 10 Environmental Changes and Biodiversity in Uttarakhand: Biology Discussion: http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biodiversity/environmental-changes-and-biodiversity-in-uttarakhand/4557



is being done for the last 5 years due to availability of advance drilling techniques. It is to be noted that the State has yet to enact any groundwater legislation to control development of this resource.

River Basins Entire Uttarakhand is part of the larger Ganga basin. The Ganga River is a trans-boundary river, shared between India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 kms long river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers and forms what we have called Ganga sub basin till it exits Uttarakhand. Besides Bhagirathi, Alaknanda and Ganga sub basin, other river basins of Uttarakhand include: Yamuna, Ramganga (Western Ramganga is taken as Ramganga basin, eastern Ramganga is considered part of Sharda basin) and Sharda. Sharda sub basin includes eastern Ramganga, Goriganga, Dhauliganga, Kaliganga and part of Mahakali basin.11

The state is drained by various rivers of the Ganges (Ganga) system. The westernmost watershed is formed by the Yamuna River and its major tributary, the Tons. The land to the east of this basin is drained by the Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda—which join to form the Ganges at the town of Devaprayag—and the Mandakini, Pindar, and Dhauliganga, all principal tributaries of the Alaknanda. To the east again are the Southward-flowing Ramganga and Kosi rivers, and draining to the southeast in the same region are the Sarju and Goriganga, both of which join the Kali at Uttarakhand’s eastern border with Nepal.

12

Table 7

gives the details of basin wise figures of existing, under construction and proposed hydropower projects of all sizes in Uttarakhand. Figure 6 shows the river basins of Uttarakhand.

Table 7: Overview of all Hydropower projects in Uttarakhand

River Basin Existing Hydro projects

Under construction projects

Proposed hydropower projects

Total Hydro projects

No Capacity, MW

No Capacity, MW

No Capacity, MW

No Capacity, MW

Alaknanda 32 456.97 16 1291.10 74 5199.25 122 6947.32

Bhagirathi 13 1851.50 13 1084.75 22 801.90 48 3737.75

Ganga Sub basin

4 173.80 2 1.75 - - 6 175.55

Ramganga 12 210.80 - - 20 408.50 32 619.35

Sharda 28 427.75 8 0.375 48 12022.28 84 12450.41

Yamuna 9 478.195 2 0.14 33 2780.85 44 3259.18

TOTAL 98 3598.67 41 2378.12 197 21212.78 336 27189.56 Source: https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/uttarakhand-existing-under-construction-and-proposed-hydropower-projects-how-do-they-add-to-the-disaster-potential-in-uttarakhand/

11 https://sandrp.wordpress.com/ 12 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736432/Uttarakhand



Figure 6 : River basins of Uttarakhand

The main drainage system of Uttarakhand has been grouped into following six catchments13

Yamuna Catchment: The Yamuna River originates from the base of Bandarpunch peak. It has carved a deep V- shaped gorge. The Yamuna cuts across the Nag Tibba range and Mussoorie range near a place called Yamuna Bridge. The rivers Tons, Pabar and Aglar are its important tributaries. It passes through the Doon valley on its Western boundary.

:

Bhagirathi Catchment: This is one of the two rivers, which join to form the river Ganga. It originates from the snout of the Gangotri glacier at Gaumukh, which is at the base of Chaukhamba peak. The Bhagirathi River has cut a deep gorge across the granitic rocks of the higher Himalayas of Garhwal. Its main tributaries are the river Janhavi and the Bhilangna.

Alaknanda Catchment: This River joins the river Bhagirathi at Devprayag to form the river Ganga. It originates from the eastern slopes of Chaukhamba - from the Bhagirathi kharak and Satopanth glaciers. The river flows along the Badrinath temple. Its main tributaries are the Khiraonganga, Pindar Dhauliganga, Birahi, Nandakini, Mandakini etc. It has formed a broad valley at Srinagar (Garhwal).

13 Uttarakhand State Perspective and Strategic Plan, wmduk.gov.in/Perspective_Plan_2009-2027.pdf



Mandakini Catchment: It comes out from the Mandakini glacier near Kedarnath. It cuts through a gorge of glacial debris. The river has formed road terraces at Augustmuni and Tilwara. At Tilwara it is joined by the river Lastar Gad. The river Mandakini joins the river Alaknanda at Rudraprayag.

Pindar Catchment: the River Pindar originates from the Pindari Glacier, which is located between Nanda Devi and Nanda kot peaks. Sundardhunga River joins the Pindar near Dhakuri. The Pindar joins the river Alaknanda near Karanprayag.

Kali Catchment: The River Kali forms the boundary between Kumaon and Nepal. The Towns of Champawat and Pithoragarh are situated on the back of the Kali River. Its important tributaries are Darma and Saryu rivers.

The Land Survey Directorate (LSD) has divided the Uttaranchal into 8 catchments, and then into 26 watersheds, then into 110 small watersheds and finally into 1110 micro watersheds.

Land use Land holdings in the state are largely rainfed, marginal and fragmented. The average land holding is around 0.68 ha in the hills and 1.77 ha in the plains.Out of a total geographical area in the state, 86% is hilly area and about 14% is plain area. Land use pattern in Uttarakhand state is shown in Table 8. The State is having about 61.4% area under forests. The share of net sown area is only about 13 % as against the national average of 43.37%. The share of culturable wasteland is about 6% which provides a huge potential for fodder trees and other plantation crops including fruits. The share of net sown area in geographical area was 14% in 2001 as against 13% in 2011.

Table 8: Land use pattern of Uttarakhand (2011-12)

Land Use Area in ‘000 ha Percentage

Total Reported Area 5,672,636

Forest Area 3,484,803 61.4

Culturable Waste Land 310,390 5.5

Fallow Land 127,793 2.3

(i) Current Fallow 43,295 0.8

(ii) Fallow Land other than Current Fallow 84,498 1.5

Barren & Unculturable Land 224,764 4.0

Land under Non-agricultural Uses 217,648 3.8

Permanent Pasture & Other Grazing Land 198,526 3.5

Land under Misc., Tree Crops and Groves not included in Net Area Sown 385,548 6.8

Net Area Sown 723,164 12.7 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Uttarakhand, 2012-13: http://des.uk.gov.in/files/Uttarakhand_at_a_glance_2012-13(English).pdf

As most of the area of State is under forests and wastelands only a small amount of land, i.e, 7.23 lakh ha (about 13 percent) is left for cultivation out of the total reported area of 56.72 lakh ha. Figure 7 shows the landuse of Uttarakhand



Figure 7 : Landuse of Uttarakhand

Among the cultivated land about 50 percent of the landholding are sub marginal and further 21 percent of the land holding is between 0.5-1 hectares. Thus about 71 percent of land holding are less than 1 hectare in size and cover about 28.7 percent of the area under cultivation, while about 26 percent of land holding is between 1 to 4 hectares in size covering about 51 percent of the total cultivated area. Also just over 3 percent of land holdings are above 4 hectares in size and cover about 20 percent of the total cultivated area (Table 9). As large number and area is under small and marginal holdings, the input cost per unit of output is higher.

Table 9: Details of Operational Holdings in Uttarakhand (2011)

S.No Size (Ha) Number Area

Total Holdings % Area (Ha) %

1 Less than 1.0 628267 70.5 242511 28.7

2 1.0-2.0 158402 17.8 220726 26.2

3 2.0-4.0 78414 8.8 212384 25.2

4 4.0-10.0 24163 2.7 132200 15.7

5 10.0 and above 1421 0.2 35629 4.2

Total 890667 100 843450 100



Source:http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Academics/centres_institutes/Agricultural_Eco/16.2013-Agri%20profile%20of%20Uttrakhand-%20Usha%20Tuteja.pdf

Urgent policy initiatives are needed for the development of smallholdings. The options like dairying, poultry and horticultural high value crops including medicinal and aromatic plants should be encouraged to increase per unit productivity of the available small pieces of land for cultivation.14

Forest

Uttarakhand falls under the west Himalayan Biogeography zone and it is well-known for floral diversity similar to any other Himalayan region in the country with an estimated 4,000 species of flowering plants having great economic medicinal, aromatic and artistic value. The endemic plant wealth of Uttarakhand is worth mentioning as it ultimately forms part of the National heritage. Uttarakhand Himalayas have about 116 species as indigenous group.15

The forest cover in the state is 24496 sq km which 45.8% of the States geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the State has 4762 sq km very dense forest, 14165 sq km moderately dense forest and 5568 sq km open forest. The forest cover of the state is shown in

Figure 816. Though, the state has witnessed vagaries of climate change however, since its formation the forest cover has raised steeply. The last decade has seen an increase of 1.04% forest cover in the state.

Figure 8 : Forest cover of Uttarakhand

14 Agriculture profile of Uttarakhand: Usha Tuteja, January 2013, http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Academics/centres_institutes/Agricultural_Eco/16.2013-Agri%20profile%20of%20Uttrakhand-%20Usha%20Tuteja.pdf 15 Uttarakhand Forest Department, http://forest.uk.gov.in/pages/view/20-home_page 16 Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Uttarakhand, 2011: http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr2009/uttarakhand.pdf



http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr2009/uttarakhand.pdf

The state has 37 forest types which belong to 8 forest type group’s viz. Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Deciduous, Subtropical Pine, Himalayan Moist Temperate, Himalayan Dry Temperate, Sub Alpine Forests, Moist Alpine Scrub. As the altitude of the state varies from 300m to 3500 m and above, 8 out of the 16 forest types existing in India can be found in Uttarakhand.

Table 19: Forest area (sq km) of Uttarakhand according to the legal status

Status Jursidiction Forest Area (Sq km)

Reserved Forest under the control/management of forest department 24265

completely recorded in Van Panchayat 2248

under the control/management of other govt. Agencies 34

Protect forest Under the control/management of forest department 99

Unclassified and vasted forest under the control /management of forest department

55

Civil soyam forest under the control of revenue department 4769

Van Panchayat 4962

Private forest Municipal & Cantonment etc. 124 Source: Uttarakhand at a glance 2014-15. DES, Govt. of Uttarakhand

Van Panchayats (VP) are community managed institutions that have had as long history in the hill region of Uttarakhand that date back to 1932. There are 12,558 VPs Uttarakhand taken care by Village Forest Council. The VPs manage forest lands under their control and members have right to use over these forests.



The district wise forest cover of Uttarakhand is shown in Table 10.

Table 10: District-wise Forest Cover in Uttarakhand, 2011

Districts Geographical area

Very Dense Forest

Mod Dense Forest

Open Forest

Total Percent of GA

Almora 3139 222 928 427 1577 50.24

Bageshwar 2246 194 883 304 1381 61.49

Chamoli 8030 427 1586 682 2695 33.56

Champawat 1766 336 571 274 1181 66.87

Dehradun 3088 584 695 328 1607 52.04

Garhwal 5329 523 2094 672 3289 61.72

Hardwar 2360 26 353 240 619 26.23

Nainital 4251 601 1923 566 3090 72.69

Pithoragarh 7090 567 1115 412 2094 29.53

Rudraprayag 1984 246 581 298 1125 56.70

Tehri Garhwal 3642 298 1232 617 2147 58.95

Udham Singh Nagar 2542 171 247 128 546 21.48

Uttarkashi 8016 567 1959 619 3145 39.23

Grand Total 53483 4762 14167 5567 24496 45.80

Source: http://rmrct.org/ICMR_forum%20Tr...Health/thbppt/forestData/UttaraKhand.pdf

Biodiversity Uttarakhand is blessed with rare bio-diversity. Over 175 rare species of aromatic and medicinal plants are found in the State, which gives it a unique opportunity for diversification of activities within the primary sector.

The biodiversity of Uttarakhand is rich due to the sacred groves that exhibit a rich variety of flora and fauna. The area exhibits typical Himalayan variety in its Northern region. However, it also consists of several of rare and threatened species of plants and animals. The Garhwal region is the land of alpine meadows full of numerous varieties of spring flowers. Other than this, the landscape of Uttarakhand also contains a numerous variety of animals. Some of these animals are-Himalayan blue sheep, Musk Deer, Lynx, Snow leopard, Monkeys. Rare varieties of birds like bearded vulture are also seen in this area. From tropical forests to Alpine shrubs and meadows, the flora of Uttarakhand is also varied as per climatic changes due to elevate-changes. Uttarakhand also has rich variety of medicinal plants. The biodiversity of Uttarakhand is, certainly, a delight as it helps the region in maintaining its vivacity.5

Biodiversity of Uttarakhand is rich because of the close relationship between the religious, socio-cultural beliefs and conventions. The biodiversity of Uttarakhand includes the sacred groves that exhibit a rich wealth of flora and fauna. Biodiversity of Uttarakhand comprises of rare and threatened species of plants and animals. In the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, we come across



alpine meadows where different kinds of flower bloom in the spring time. This valley of flowers contains a multitude of flowers which is a wonderful sight to look at17

The Uttarakhand Himalaya has its unique setting within the Western Himalayan region. It exhibits rich biodiversity because of high topographic, climatic and altitudinal variations. It is estimated that there are about 7000 species of plants in the state though till date only 85% flora explored. Of the total floral diversity explored, 74% comprised flowering plants diversity. It is interesting to note that the floral diversity contributes 31% of total floral diversity of India. On the other hand the faunal diversity contributes just 1.58% of the total faunal density of the country. The pteridophytic, gymnospermic and angiospermic diversity of Uttarakhand contributes 33.2, 54.5and 28.9% of the respective diversity of the country.

Agriculture Uttarakhand is traditionally an agrarian state. Close to 78 percent of the population depends on agriculture for livelihood. The total food grain and cereal production in the state in 2011-12 was estimated at approximately 1.75 lakh MT. Major crops grown in Uttarakhand are rice, wheat, ragi, sugarcane, maize, soybean, pulses and oilseeds.18

Table 11

Wheat is the main crop and accounts for about 50% of total food grain production in the state. Uttarakhand is deficit in production of food grains and depends on imports from other states. Uttarakhand’s food grain production has not shown any significant growth in the ten years period of 2001-2010. During FY2001, food grain production of Uttarakhand was 1.72 million tonne, has remained in the same trajectory during ten years (1.78 million tonnes in 2010). Production of key agricultural products is given . 19

Table 11: Key Agricultural Products

Produce Annual Production in 2011-12 (000 Tonnes)

Sugarcane 6596

Wheat 874

Rice 599 Source: http://shm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/6-state-profile

Sugarcane is one of the major crop of Uttarakhand. However, sugarcane production has gone down during last decade (2001-10) from 7.34 million in FY2001 to 5.05 million tonne in FY2010. Highest sugarcane production was registered during FY2008 with the production of 7.68 million tonnes.20

17 http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttarakhand/ 18 http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/present-scenario-agriculture-uttarakhand 19 http://shm.uk.gov.in/ 20 PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, State Profile of Uttarakhand, http://phdcci.in/file/state%20profie_pdf/Uttarakhand-The%20State%20Profile-June%202011.pdf



Details of area and productivity of major agriculture crops in the state are as shown in Table 12

Table 12: Major Agricultural Crops

Crops Area (ha) Productivity (qtl./ha)

2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14

Cereals 870,622 825,522 20.40 20.83

Pulses 61,027 65,017 8.40 8.69

Oil Seeds 31,693 31,840 12.46 10.70 Source: Uttarakhand at a glance 2014-15 and 2013-14. DES, Govt. of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand state with diverse agro-climatic endowments, the plains and hills present differing scenarios for agriculture while commercial agriculture is practiced in the plains. The hill farmers mainly practice subsistence farming. The hills practice mixed cropping, while in the plains in a given season single crops are grown mostly. The average size of holding in the state is around 0.98 hectare. Another feature typical of hill farming is the small and scattered land holdings. Out of the total cultivated area, about 50 per cent of landholdings (in number) are sub marginal, and 21 per cent of landholdings measure between 0.5–1 hectares. Over 27 per cent of the area under cultivation consists of plots less than 1 hectare in size. Another 26 per cent of land holdings are between 1 and 4 hectares in size, and account for 51 per cent of the total cultivated area. 22 per cent of the cultivated land consists of plots over 4 hectares in size, and these account for 3 percent of the land holdings in number. The productivity of various crops is also low. Thus the government of Uttarakhand is promoting the cultivation of some selected crops like Basmati rice, Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Vegetables cultivation, Flower cultivation, Litchi production and Milk production. 21

The growth of food grain production is quite variable in different areas. As a result, agriculture scenario presents a mixed picture. Productivity of district Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Nainital (plain) and Dehradun (plain) is very high, on the other side; productivity of the hilly area is very low, although the valleys are fertile. Plains and hill agriculture stand in stark contrast to each other. While productivity in plains can be compared with agriculturally developed regions of the country, productivity in hill lags far behind. The Green Revolution had highly benefitted the farming system of the plain area of the State while it has neglected the hilly region.

Besides the threats there are ample opportunities of increasing production and productivity, especially in the field of pulses and oilseeds, availability of cultivable waste land, conservation of rain water harvesting activities. There is also a good opportunity of organic farming, diversification of agriculture, post-harvest technologies, strengthening of market interventions, and use of farm machinery to make the agriculture more profitable occupation.

Agriculture in Uttarakhand is broadly defined to cover all land-based activities such as cropping, animal husbandry, horticulture, forestry, and their linkages and support system, and is a prime source of sustenance for most mountain communities. Five major farming system are prevalent, namely: (i) cereal-based production system (ii) horticulture or agri-horti-based production system, (iii) vegetables, floriculture based production system, (iv) livestock based production system and (v)

21 http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/



agri-horti- silvi-pastoral-based production system. Food grains, oil seeds, vegetables, fruits such as apples and livestock produce are the major products. The response of agricultural crop production in different agro-ecological regions to climate change varies according to crop composition, edaphic conditions, and the cropping pattern. A wide range of variation in edaphic, topographic and climatic conditions and selection procedures over centuries of cultivation has cumulatively resulted in the preservation of an immense crop genetic diversity in Uttarakhand6.

In the state, farmers adopt generally two types of agricultural practices i.e. the rainfed and the irrigated. Most of the agriculture in the state is rainfed and land holdings are marginal and fragmented. The net irrigated area of the state stands at 3.45 lakh hectares (2010-2011) which is mostly confined to the plains. The net sown area of the state is around 7.23 lakh hectares. The net irrigated area to net sown area for the state is approximately 46.5 percent. Being large area under hills, irrigation is available mostly in the plains and valleys. So there is a need to generate alternate sources of irrigation to increase the net irrigated area, which in turn shall also increase the cropping intensity of the state. These alternative sources can be rainwater harvesting, check dams, hydram for lift irrigation etc. Technologies like drip irrigation, sprinklers etc. can also be used for better water management.22

Agriculture is a predominant sector in the state economy which contributes around 23.4% in State Domestic Product (GDP). The share of small and marginal holdings is higher in Uttarakhand State as compared to National Average. The agriculture sector in the state continues to remain heavily depended on rainfall.

Horticulture The geographical attributes and climatic conditions of the State are ideal for production of temperate and subtropical fruit crops. In hilly areas, fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum, khumani and walnut are produced while mango, litchi, malta, santra, lemon, aonla, guava, and pomegranate are mostly grown in Tarai and valley areas. Major vegetables grown in the state are potato, cauliflower, tomato, onion, brinjal, pea, cabbage and okra. The state has a unique advantage of producing off-season vegetables in hilly areas, which fetches good price in the market. Major spices are ginger, garlic, turmeric and chilly. Major fruits grown in Uttarakhand are Mango, litchi, guava, apricot etc.

Uttarakhand is second in production of cut flowers (3567.56 lakh spikes) after Maharashtra, second in walnut (21.8 thousand MT) after J&K, and third in apples (1.23 lakh MT) after J&K and Himachal Pradesh in the country. Productivity of spices is highest in Uttarakhand (7.21MT/ha) against national average of 1.8 MT/ha.

Uttarakhand spans across almost all the different agro-geo climatic zones making it particularly conducive for growing a wide range of fruits and flowers commercially. Floriculture and horticulture are emerging as ideal areas of investment and are being developed in a big way in Uttarakhand20. Table 13 and Figure 9 show the area, production and yield of major horticulture crops in Uttarakhand. It is seen that among the horticulture crops fruits (73.1 per cent of total area under

22 Agriculture Department of Uttarakhand, http://agriculture.uk.gov.in/



horticultural crops), occupies the largest area in Uttarakhand while the yield of vegetables is the highest during 2010-1123

Table 13: Major Horticulture Crops

.

Horticulture crops Area (ha) % Share Production (MT) % Share Yield

Fruits 198,160 73.1 792,077 53.6 3.99

Vegetables 61,392 22.7 606,508 41.0 9.88

Spices 10,107 3.7 73,101 4.9 7.23

Flowers 1,345.52 0.5 5,869.27 0.4 4.36

Uttarakhand 271,004.52 100 1,477,555 100 5.45

Source:http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Academics/centres_institutes/Agricultural_Eco/18.2013-Baseline%20horti_Uttarakhand%20Usha.pdf

Figure 9 : Proportion of area, production and yield of hortivulture crops in Uttarakhand

Table 14: Area coverage and production under horticulture

Crops Area (ha) Productivity (Qt/ha)

2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14

Fruits 200,851 171,623 40.11 39.53

Vegetables 62,993 63,578 99.24 95.51

Potato 25,040 24,708 173.54 165.73 Source: Uttarakhand at a glance 2014-15 and 2013-14. DES, Govt. of Uttarakhand 23http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Academics/centres_institutes/Agricultural_Eco/18.2013-Baseline%20horti_Uttarakhand%20Usha.pdf

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fruits Vegetables Spices Flowers

Yiel

d (M

t/ha

)

Perc

enta

ge sh

are

(%)

Area Production Yield 2010-11 Uttarakhand



Table 14 shows the productivity of horticulture crops for 2013 and 2014. The major vegetables grown in the state are brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, okara, onions, peas, potato and tomato. The potato constitutes a major share among the vegetable and the area under potato cultivation has sown an increase during the last decade.

Table 15 shows the year to year percentage change in area, production and yield of horticultural crops in Uttarakhand from 2002-03 to 2010-1114. The highest change in acreage could be noticed in 2004-05 over 2003-04 and negative in 2010-11 over 2009-10. The yield has also shown negative as well as positive variations which affected production. The highest positive change in production of horticultural crops was observed during 2004-05 over 2003-04. However, it was recorded negative in some years.

Table 15: Year to Year Percentage Change in Area, Production and Yield of Horticultural Crops in Uttarakhand during 2002-03 to 2010-11

Year Area (ha) Production (MT) Yield (MT/ha)

2002-03 116,708 889,823 7.62

2003-04 103,350 847101 8.2

Year to year percentage change (-11.44) (-4.80) (7.61)

2004-05 213,345 1,092,607 5.12

Year to year percentage change (106.42) (28.98) (-37.56)

2005-06 240,512 1,201,151 4.99

Year to year percentage change (12.73) (9.93) (-2.53)

2006-07 247,252 1,292,903 5.23

Year to year percentage change (2.8 (7.63) (4.8)

2007-08 255,012 1,354,733 5.31

Year to year percentage change (3.13) (4.78 (1.53)

2008-09 258,905 1,379,482 5.33

Year to year percentage change (1.53) (1.83) (0.38)

2009-10 323,341 1,358,147 4.2

Year to year percentage change (24.88) (-1.55) (-21.20)

2010-11 271,004.5 14,77,555 5.45

Year to year percentage change (-16.19) (8.79) (29.76) Source:http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Academics/centres_institutes/Agricultural_Eco/18.2013-Baseline%20horti_Uttarakhand%20Usha.pdf

Animal Husbandry and Dairying Uttarakhand is well endowed with a variety of livestock: cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, horses, ponies, mules and poultry. Large populations and low productivity is the hallmark of livestock in Uttarakhand, across all species. The livestock population in Uttarakhand, compared to its geographical area, is small. According to the 2007 round of Livestock Census, the districts constituting the state of Uttarakhand had: 2.24 million cattle, 1.22 million buffalo, 1.34 million goats, 0.29 million sheep and over 2.60 million poultry. The summary of the Livestock Census 2007 is given



in Table 16. Concomitantly, per capita distribution of livestock (0.35) is more than the national average (0.24), which is due to the smaller human population of the state.

Table 16: Uttarakhand livestock summary, Lacs

S. No. Species 1997 2003 2007 Change Process

1 Cattle 20.309 21.882 22.351 (+) 1.01 %

2 Buffalo 10.943 12.282 12.195 (+) 1.56 %

3 Sheep 3.104 2.958 2.904 (-) 0.64 %

4 Goat 10.857 11.582 13.353 (+) 2.30%

5 Equine 0.238 0.174 0.154 (-) 2.66 %

6 Pig 0.316 0.327 0.198 (-) 3.73 %

7 Poultry 9.723 19.84 26.019 (+) 16.76 % Source: Uttarakhand State Action Plan on Climate Change, Government of Uttarakhand, June 2012

According to the 18th Livestock Census 2007, total livestock in the state was approximately 51 lakh. Poultry population stood at 26 lakh. Production of meat (goats and sheep) was 6192 MT and production of meat (cattle & buffalo) was 1470 MT. Additionally, milk production was at 12.06 lakh MT, fish production was 3818 MT and production of fish seed stood at approximately 350.00 lakh in 2009-10. Egg production stood at 2614 lakh in 2010-11.7 Per capita availability of products for year 2009-10 is given Table 17.6

Table 17: Per Capita Availability

Availability (Per Capita) 2009-10

Product India Uttarakhand

Milk (G/Day) 264 388

Meat (Kg P.A.) 3.28 1.013

Egg (Nos P.A.) 51 26

Fish (Kg P.A.) 4.02 0.35 Source: Uttarakhand State Action Plan on Climate Change, Government of Uttarakhand, June 2012

Buffaloes are the main dairy animals in Uttarakhand for the time being and almost all of them are grades of Murrah from the neighbouring states brought in for milk production. Sheep are smaller in their population size and are concentrated in the upper reaches of the districts of Pithoragarh, Pauri, Tehri, Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag, Dehradun and Chamoli. Goats are universal in Uttarakhand, distributed in all districts, with very heavy concentrations in the districts of Almora, Pithoragarh, Pauri and Tehri, widely held across all land holding categories. Poultry in Uttarakhand, over 60 per cent of them desi fowls in back yards, is quite high in importance from the livelihood point of view, as they are owned almost entirely by the marginal farmers. Pig population in Uttarakhand is tiny, seen mostly in the plains and foothills area around Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar and Dehradun; and ownership entirely confined to marginal farmers.

Over 80 per cent of the rural households own livestock and earn a part of their living out of them. Livestock Production is the endeavour of the small holders (marginal, small and land less) and over 80 per cent of all species of livestock and almost 100 per cent of desi poultry in Uttarakhand are



owned by them. Livestock sector in Uttarakhand is therefore extremely livelihood intensive and investment in livestock development is critical to rural prosperity.

Energy While Uttarakhand has certainly showed signs of growth in the last decade, the growth has not been a homogenous one. The growth process in Uttrakhand has been limited to the plain districts eluding the hilly areas, as most of the manufacturing units are located in the plain districts. 40% of the population of the state still lives below poverty line. Uttarkhand is a unique case of poverty as the state has a very low rate of unemployment and yet the incidence of poverty is very high. This hints towards the low wage and income rate in the state leading to a peculiar problem called 'a problem of the working poor'.Thus there is an ask for meeting the productive employment demands of the rural popultaion in the state. This can be achieved through an efficient and reliable access to energy for the rural population. Also the development approaches are heavily dependent on the conventional energy sources that worked for the plains, might not prove much effective in the hills due to the associated difficult terrain.24

Electricity is one of the most important infrastructure ingredients for the development of an economy.

• As of January 2013, the state had a power generation installed capacity of 2,556.56 MW which consisted of 1,422.97 MW under state utilities, 718.54 MW under centre utilities and 415.05 MW under private sector.7

• 80 percent of the generation capacity is based on hydropower while thermal power and renewal energy sources account for 13 per cent and 6 per cent respectively.

The power sector vision is to strive for improved energy security for Uttarakhand through multiple strategies of improving generation, transmission, distribution and scaling up use of renewables.

Uttarakhand has huge potential for generating hydropower; nearly 15000 MW of hydropower can be generated in the state. The government has identified 47 small hydro sites (upto 25 MW) for allotment to the private sector,17 major hydro sites (25-100 MW) have also been taken up for development. Uttarakhand is also promoting other sources of power such as bio gas and solar energy. For the energy generation Rs526.56 crore has been allocated by the state government in the budget for 2011-12.

The electricity consumption by different sectors in Uttarakhand is shown in Table 3224.

Table 18: Electricity Consumption of Uttarakhand

Sector 2001-02 2006-07

Domestic 44.7% 29%

Commercial 11.4% 15%

Industrial 21.4% 40.4%

Agriculture 14.4% 9.9%

Others* 8.2% 5.7%

24 https://energypedia.info/wiki/



2229.09 MW 3885.96 MW

*Others include street lighting, water works and traction & railways, https://energypedia.info/wiki/Energy_Situation_Uttarakhand,_India

It can be seen from the table above that the percentage share of electricity consumption has increased only for commercial and industrial sectors. Since both the types of activities are usually concentrated in the urban settlements and industrial areas (plains in case of Uttrakhand), this tells us about the grim picture of the electricity consumption in the hilly rural areas.

The State of Uttarakhand since its existence is trying to harp on Non-Conventional and renewable energy sources in order to achieve sustainability in the energy sector. The Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) has been established in July, 2001 exclusively to promote Renewable Energy Sources, for which the state has tremendous potential. UREDA status of the State for 2012-13 is shown in Table 19.

Table 19: Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA), 2012-13

S. No. Items Unit Statistics

1. Community Solar Cooker No. 600

2. Improved Gharat No. 300

3. Solar Photo Programme

(i) Solar Lantern No. 360

(ii) Solar Light-Street No. 465

(iii) Solar Power Plant No. 514

Source: uk.gov.in/files/Uttarakhand_at_a_glance-final_2013-14.pdf

Under Village Electrification programme of MNRE through solar energy, UREDA has electrified 530 remote villages and 98 hamlets in the state of Uttarakhand.

UREDA has commissioned large number of MHPs (Micro Hydro Projects) in the remote area of state where the National or state grid cannot be extended. 44 MHPs of total capacity 4.29 MW has been installed in the remote villages of Uttarakhand till date and another 19 MHPs of total capacity 2.315 MW are under implementation.

Rural Electrification

As per 1991 census, there are 15681 villages in the state of Uttarakhand. As of 31st march 2005, out of these 15681 villages, 13783 have been electrified which amounts to 85% of the total villages.Whereas, as per the 2001 census, 50.35% of rural households have been electrified. Around 96 per cent of the rural villages in Uttarakhand are provided with electricity by Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd. UREDA, Micro-Hydel and Kuteer Jyoti connections are also prevalent but in less so in villages.24



Disaster Management Disaster in general can be classified broadly into two type i.e. natural disaster and man-made disaster. There is no country, no state which is immune to disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies.

Uttarakhand by virtue of its geographical setting is vulnerable to minor ecological changes.Hence any activity disapproved by mountain ecosystem triggers a disaster. We cannot stop disaster to happen but can certainly take some steps to reduce its effects. Disasters are synonymous to damage of property, life and psyche of the people.If disasters cannot be averted, then reduction of losses of any type, caused by disaster becomes a focal point of the policy for disaster management. So far, in the recent years (1990 onwards) Uttarakhand has experienced two major earthquakes (magnitude >6) in Uttarkashi(1991) and Chamoli (1999) and a series of landslides/cloud burst such as Malpa(1998),Okhimath (1998), Fata (2001), Gona (2001), Khet Gaon (2002) ,Budhakedar(2002), Bhatwari(2002), Uttarkashi (2003), Amparav(2004), Lambagar(2004), Govindghat(2005), Agastyamuni(2005) Ramolsari(2005) and many more. In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centred on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami.

Uttarakhand is a disaster prone state. Landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts and flash-floods are seasonal in nature and these strikes at a certain period of the year with high frequency. An earthquake is the most devastating disaster in the mountains and is unpredictable.

A disaster refers to a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence from natural or man-made causes, which is beyond the coping capacity of the affected community.

Table 20: List of various disasters faced by Uttarakhand

Disaster Details Water and climate related disasters Floods and drainage management

Hailstorm Cloud burst Snow avalanches and cold wave Drought

Geological related disasters Landslide and mudflows Earthquakes Dam failure/Dam burst Minor fires

Accident related disasters Forest fires Urban fires/village fires Festival related disasters Electrical disasters and fires Air, road or rail accidents Stampede

Biological related disasters Epidemics Pest attacks Cattle epidemics Food poisoning

Source: Disaster Mitigation & Management Centre, Govt. of Uttarakhand



At present Disaster Mitigation & Management Centre is working as autonomous institute under aegis of Department of Disaster Management Government of Uttarakhand and Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre(DMMC)is the apex center in the field of Disaster Mitigation & Management in Uttarakhand, to protection of the community and the environment from the over whelming obliteration caused by disasters.25 Table 21. , Table 22, Table 23, Table 24 show the year wise hazards and disasters faced by Uttarakahand and the corresponding death losses due to the hazards.

Table 21: Time line of major hazards & disaster

Year Hazards & Disaster Location Death toll

2010 Flash fold and Landslide Bageshwar district 214

2010 Flood Haridwar 16

2009 Flash flood Munsiyari, Pithoragarh 43

2002 Flash flood Budhakedar, Tehri Garhwal 28

1999 Earthquake (6.8 magnitude) Chamoli 103

1998 Landslide Malpa, Pithoragarh 207

1991 Earthquake (6.6 magnitude) Uttarakashi 769

1880 Landslide Nainital 143

Source: Pant. C. C. 2015. Presentation – Earthquake Monitoring of Eastern Uttarakhand. Seminar on Learning from Nepal’s Earthquake for Indian Himalayan Region and Gangetic Plains at INSA, New Delhi.

Table 22: Human losses due to Natural disaster in Uttarakhand

Year Dead Injured

2005 109 20

2006 41 3

2007 90 55

2008 117 101

2009 127 55

2010 220 139

2011 81 70


Landslide: It is one of the natural hazard which is mostly area specific and effects at least 15% of land area of our country26

25 Official website of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Government of Uttarakhand: dms.uk.gov.in/

. Himalayan mountains are the youngest and most dominating mountain system in the world and are most vulnerable to landslide.

26 National Disaster Management Guidelines, Management of Landslides and Snow Avalanches, National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India, 2009: nidm.gov.in/pdf/guidelines/new/landslidessnowavalanches.pdf



Uttarakhand hills are also faced very disastrous landslides in recent years which were resulted on major natural hazard.

Table 23: Human losses in Uttarakhand due to landslide/flash floods

Year Human Loss

2001 28

2002 37

2003 19

2004 56

2005 74

2006 19

2007 57

2008 77

2009 66

2010 220

2011 68


Earthquake: Uttarakhand is among the most seismically active region of India. Districts of Uttarakhand along the borders with Nepal and Chine lie in Zone V and the rest of the state is in zone IV27

Table 24: Major Earthquake of Uttarakhand

.

Date of Occurrence Intensity/Magnitude Location

22 May, 1803 6 Uttarksshi

01 September, 1803 9 Badrinath

26 May, 1816 7 Gangotri

25 December, 1831 5 Lohaghat

02 July, 1832 6 Lohaghat

30 May, 1833 7 Lohaghat

14 May, 1835 8 Lohaghat

05 March, 1842 7 Landour

07 September, 1842 5 Mossoorie

11 April, 1843 6 Landour

11 April, 1865 6 Mossoorie

11 April, 1866 5 Nainital

25 July, 1869 6 Nainital

27 Uttarakhand – State of the Environment Report – 2012. UCOST & USERC. Section IV, Pg. 288.



Date of Occurrence Intensity/Magnitude Location

22 May, 1871 6 Landour

26 February, 1906 7 Bajang

28 August, 1916 7.5 Dharchula

05 March, 1935 6.0 Dharchula-Bajang

20 October, 1937 7.0 Dehradun

28 October, 1937 7.6 Dharchula-Bajang

04 June, 1945 6.5 Almora

28 December, 1948 7.5 Bajang-Dharchula

28 December, 1958 6.5 Kapkot

24 December, 1961 5.7 Dharchula

26 September, 1964 5.8 Bajang-Dharchula

06 October, 1964 5.3 Bajang-Dharchula

27 June, 1966 6.0 Bajang-Dharchula

27 July, 1966 6.3 Kapkot-Dharchula

16 December, 1966 5.7 India –Nepal border

28 August, 1968 7.0 Dharchula Bajang

20 May, 1979 5.7 India-Nepal border

21 May, 1979 6.5 Seraghat

29 July, 1980 6.5 Dharchula

20 October, 1991 6.5 Uttarkashi

29 March,1999 6.6 Chamoli

Source: Pant. C. C. 2015. Presentation – Earthquake Monitoring of Eastern Uttarakhand. Seminar on Learning from Nepal’s Earthquake for Indian Himalayan Region and Gangetic Plains at INSA, New Delhi.

Industry Uttarakhand has a unique history of traditional and sunrise industries. The traditional industries include handicrafts, handloom, wool-based industry, and khadi and village industry and wax-based industry. The State Government of Uttarakhand, after it was carved out of Uttar Pradesh, identified certain industries, which had the potential to flourish and become competitive, and termed them as sunrise industries. These include biotechnology, information technology, agro-based and food processing industry, floriculture, industry-based on herbal and medicinal plants, tea industry, forest-based industry and recreational and entertainment industry. Special emphasis has been given to the State Industrial Policies to develop these industries with the intention of creating additional employment opportunities, increasing the state domestic product and eventual widening of the resource base of the state.28

28 Uttarakhand Development Report, Planning Commission, Government of India: planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr/sdr_uttarakhand1909.pdf



The Industrial policy of the state was announced in 2003. The policy focuses on the sectors where Uttarakhand has inherent advantage like Agro and Food Processing, Floriculture, Handloom, Hydropower, Khadi and Village Industries and Tourism. Subsequent to this, Integrated Industrial Development Policy was launched in February 2008. This policy aimed to accelerate industrial development in the industrially backward and remote hill districts of Uttarakhand. The policy focuses to develop industrial infrastructure, to encourage entrepreneurial development through market encouragement and to provide financial support to entrepreneurs. In order to promote Industrial development in the State, State Infrastructure & Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd (SIDCUL) was incorporated. SIDCUL provides financial assistance in the form of debt, equity and venture capital to facilitate the development of infrastructure in the state. It also provides assistance to private initiative in Industry and Infrastructure. SIDCUL facilitates implementation and management of projects.

The economic agenda of Uttarakhand focuses on tourism, higher education, IT & ITES, food processing and biotech industry. Uttarakhand have been able to pull huge investments in the last few years due to favourable policies of the government.

Favourable government policies and availability of natural resources in the state have led to a good growth in the number of SSI Units in the state. Number of SSIs has grown by around 29% in Uttarakhand, whereas the same for India grew by 22% between 2002 and 200720.

Industrial status of the State for 2012-13 is shown in Table 25. The total number of factories registered under the Act of 1948 was 698 in 2001-02. Thus it can be seen that the increase is tremendous and now the number is 2843.

Table 25: Industries in Uttarakhand (2012-13)

S. No. Items Unit Statistics

(A) Rural and Small Scale Industries

1 Khadi Udhyog/Gramodhyog Units No. 447

2 Small Scale Industries (SSIs) No. 42,340

3 Total Employees of Khadi Units No. 3,853

4 Total Employees of SSIs No. 196,004

(B) Factories[Regd. under Factories Act, 1948- Section 2M(I) and 2M( II)] (Provisnal)

1 No. of Factories No. 2843

2 No of Workers No. 273,464

3 Total Persons Engaged No. 342,385

4 Value of Product & by Product Lakh 13,604,253

5 Net Value Added Lakh 3,064,360

6 Value of Output Lakh 14,474,752

7 Gross Fixed Capital Formation Lakh 1,015,110

8 Profits Lakh 2,187,389

Source: uk.gov.in/files/pdf/Uttarakhand_at_a_glance_in_english_2012-13.pdf



Uttarakhand is poised for very high growth in the coming years. To promote Uttarakhand as an attractive destination for industrial investments, the state policy aims to promote public private partnership to boost infrastructure and industrial development.

• Improving Business Climate-focus on attracting investments in the state to develop industries

• Developing High Quality Infrastructure-Establishment of Integrated Infrastructure Development Centres (IIDC) and special economic and commodity zones and parks through PPP

• Enhancing Skill Levels and Employability-Focus on primary secondary and higher education along with vocational and technical education

• Encouraging MSME-The state strongly focuses on the development of SSI, khadi and village industry along with handicrafts and handloom sectors.

• Promotion of Thrust Areas-special emphasis for promotion of trust areas like infrastructure development, IT & ITES, higher education, agro and food processing industry and tourism

Tourism Uttaranchal is a region of outstanding natural beauty. The high Himalayan ranges and glaciers cover most of the northern parts of the state, while the lower reaches are densely forested. The unique Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a large number of animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants and rare herbs. The tourism industry is a major contributor to the economy of Uttaranchal, with the Raj era hill-stations at Mussorie, Almora, Ranikhet and Nainital being some of the most frequented destinations. To this region also belong some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for almost 2000 years now pilgrims have been visiting the temples at Haridwar, Rishikesh, Badrinath and Kedarnath in the hope of salvation and purification from sin. Recent developments in the region include initiatives by the state government to capitalize on the burgeoning visitor trade. The state also plays host to some of the worst conceived bigdam projects in India such as the monstrously large Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana Rivers.29

There are many ancient temples, forest reserves, national parks, hill stations, and mountain peaks that draw large number of tourists. There are 44 nationally protected monuments in the state. Oak Grove School in the state is on the tentative list for World Heritage Sites. Two of the most holy rivers in Hinduism the Ganges and Yamuna, originate in Uttarakhand.

3

Gangotri and Yamunotri, the sources of the Ganges and Yamuna, dedicated to Ganga and Yamuna respectively, fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with Badrinath (dedicated to Vishnu) and Kedarnath (dedicated to Shiva) form the Chota Char Dham, one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning "Gateway to the God", is a prime Hindu destination. Haridwar hosts the Kumbha Mela every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of India and the world. Rishikesh near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India. Mussoorie, Nainital, Dhanaulti, Lansdowne, Sattal, Almora, Kausani, Bhimtal, and Ranikhet - some of the popular hill stations of India are in Uttarakhand. The oldest national park on

29 Ministry of Tourism: Uttarakhand: uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/



the Indian sub-continent, Jim Corbett National Park, is a major tourist attraction. The state has always been a destination for mountaineering, hiking, and rock climbing in India.

The state holds immense potential for tourism. Uttarakhand is a well-known, pilgrimage, adventure and wildlife tourist destination for both domestic and international tourists. The number of tourist arrivals in the state was 27 million (26.9 million domestic and 0.1 million foreign) in 2010-11. During 2011, Uttarakhand was ranked 8th in India, in terms of visits by domestic tourists. The state is a leading destination for river rafting. The sector is a thrust area identified by the state government. The state is the first in the country to have created a Tourism Development Board through legislation. Proposed initiatives include Yamunotri-Jankichatti and Purnagiri-Chulighat ropeways, while 16 other locations have been identified for constructing ropeways. The idea of state guest houses being run on a PPP model is also being considered. The government is also actively developing a beach camping policy to provide further fillip to this segment of the tourism industry. 30

Huge investment potential exists in the tourism sector including development of facilities for providing spiritual lessons, reiki, and other rejuvenating courses. Eco- tourism hotels, spa, resorts, amusement parks and ropeways along with adventure tourism are also in the focus. State government has come up with many schemes to promote investment in the state including rebate in the taxes for new tourism units and tax holiday for five years for new amusement parks and ropeways.

31

Service sector, particularly tourism offers a large potential for employment generation in both urban and rural areas. The number of domestic and foreign tourist arrivals in Uttrakhand since its formation is given in

Table 26 and the same is represented in Figure 10. Trends of tourist arrivals show that in Uttarakhand both foreign and domestic tourists have gradually increased. It is seen that foreign tourists share is less than 1 %, majority are domestic tourists in Uttarakhand. This portrays a gloomy picture of state tourism development and also shows that there is a lot of potential for developing this sector.

Figure 10 : Tourist arrivals in Uttarakhand

30 Investment Climate in Uttarakhand, Confederation of Indian Industry 31 PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, State Profile of Uttarakhand

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber o

f tou

rists

in

1 la

kh

Domestic Foreign Total



Table 26: Tourist arrivals in Uttarakhand (Fig. in 100,000)

No Year Domestic Foreign Total 1 2000 110.79 0.57 111.36 2 2001 105.49 0.55 106.04 3 2002 116.52 0.56 117.08 4 2003 129.30 0.64 129.94 5 2004 138.30 0.75 139.05 6 2005 162.81 0.93 163.74 7 2006 193.58 0.96 194.54 8 2007 221.54 1.06 222.60 9 2008 230.64 1.12 231.76 10 2009 231.54 1.18 232.72 11 2010 309.72 1.36 311.08 12 2011 266.66 1.43 268.09 13 2012 283.00 1.40 284.40 14 2013 225.30 1.10 226.40 Source: http://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/utdb/app/webroot/files/market/2.pdf and Uttarakhand at a glance 2012-13, 2013-14, DES, Govt. of Uttarakhand

Demography Administratively, the State is divided into 13 districts with 2 subdivisions, 95 blocks and 16793 villages (Figure 11). The State has 3 municipal corporations.

Figure 11 : Administrative setup of Uttarakhand



According to the 2011 census of India, Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752 comprising 5,154,178 males and 4,962,574 females, with 69.45% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of India having 0.84% of the population on 1.69% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal growth rate of 19.17%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males. The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the total fertility rate being 2.3. The state has an infant mortality rate of 43, a maternal mortality rate of 188 and a crude death rate of 6.6. The state has very low population density and growth rate of population is less than national average. The literacy rate of the state is high especially among females (Table 27).

Table 27: Demographic Indicators

Indicator India Uttarakhand

Total population (in million) 121.01 10.09

Male (in million) 62.38 5.14

Female (in million) 58.65 4.95

Decadal growth rate (%) 17.64 19.17

Population density (population/km2) 382.00 189.00

Urban Population (%) 31.20 30.60

Rural Population (%) 68.80 69.40

Sex ratio 940.00 963.00

Child sex ratio (0-6 age group) 919.00 890.00

Crude birth rate 23.10 18.20

Crude death rate 8.30 6.60

Literacy rate 74.00 79.60

Male 82.10 88.30

Female 65.50 70.70 Source: Census of India, 2011

Uttarakhand has a multi ethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: the Gahrwal, and the Kumaon. A large portion of the population is Rajput. Approximately one-fifth of the population belongs to the Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes constitute less than 3 percent of the population. About 85% of the population are Hindus. According to a 2007 study, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of Brahmins of any state in India, with approximately 20% of the population being Brahmin. Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains make up the remaining population with the Muslims being the largest minority3

The Garhwali and Kumaoni, dialects of Central Pahari are spoken in Kumaon and Garhwal regions, respectively. Jaunsari and Bhoti languages are spoken by tribal communities in the west and north, respectively. The urban population, however, converses mostly in Hindi, which is an official language of the state. Uttarakhand is the only Indian state to give official language status to Sanskrit



Economy At current prices, the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Uttarakhand was Rs. 9316172 lakh in 2011-12. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, average annual GSDP growth rate was 18.6 percent. Of this, the contribution of primary sector (comprising agriculture and allied activities) stood at Rs. 1306950 lakh, of secondary sector stood at Rs. 3187796 lakh and that of the tertiary sector stood at Rs. 4821426 lakh. Growth rates of the sectors- primary: 13.50 percent, secondary: 12 percent and tertiary 12.40 percent. The state has been accorded ‘Special Category’ status by Government of India. The economic profile for Uttarakhand is shown in Table 282. Growth Rate of GSDP32

Table 29 (Gross

State Domestic Product) of Uttarakhand at Constant Prices of 2004-05 is shown in . It’s seen that the average growth rate of GSDP from 2005-06 to 2012-13 has been higher in Uttarakhand State as compared to India. Sectorwise share of GSDP is show in Figure 12.

Figure 12 : Sectorwise share of GSDP of Uttarakhand

Disaggregated time series data of GSDP shows a serious imbalance in the structure of the state economy. In about two decades from 1993–94 to 2012–13, the share of the primary sector in Uttarakhand’s GSDP has declined by almost 72 per cent (Figure 12).Almost all the growth in the state’s economy has been in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

32 Uttarakhand Annual Plan 2013-14:planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/.../uttarakhand_2013_14.pdf

40.1

23.4

36.5

24.5 25.8

49.7

11.3

36.6

52.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Primary Secondary Tertiary

% sh

are

of G

SDP

(con

t. pr

ices

)

1993-94 2002-03 2012-13



Table 28: Economic Profile of Uttarakhand

Particular Unit 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

Lakh Rs.

Constant (2004-05) Prices 5,562,599 5,856,073 6,258,554

Current Prices 8,291,795 9,316,172 10,754,825

Economic Growth Rate as per GSDP Percent

Constant Prices - 5.28 6.87

Per Capita Income Rs. 79,940 90,843

Key Industries Auto & Auto-components, Agro & Food-Processing, Paper, Machinery &Equipment, Pharmaceuticals, FMCG, Tourism, Hydro Power

Key Industrial Areas Haridwar, Pantnagar, Dehradun, Sitarganj

Source: http://shm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/6-state-profile

Table 29: Growth Rate of GSDP of Uttarakhand at Constant Prices of 2004-05

Year Uttarakhand All India (%)

2007-08 18.12 9.32

2008-09 12.65 6.72

2009-10 18.13 8.59

2010-11 9.94 9.32

2011-12 5.28 6.21

2012-13 6.87 4.96

Average Growth Rate(2005-06 to 2012-13) 12.30 8.02

Source: planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/.../uttarakhand_2013_14.pdf

Infrastructure Physical infrastructure like road and transport, irrigation, power, telecommunication etc contributes to economic growth through generation of income and employment and social infrastructure consisting of education, health, housing and financial infrastructure like banking and insurance contributes to the process of growth through generation of human capabilities and capacity building.

Uttarakhand is being developed as energy state of India; the state has huge potential to generate hydroelectricity. The State has ample capacities to set up new industries and meet their demand for power. Being a state with hilly terrain, roads are the major mode of transportation in Uttarakhand. There is a need to improve the road network in the state especially in hilly areas. The railways network also needs to be extended. The State’s connectivity through air also needs expansion as there are only two domestic airports providing connectivity mainly to Delhi.

Physical infrastructure There is huge investment potential in areas such as power, transportation, urban and rural infrastructure in Uttarakhand.



Transport Being a state with hilly terrain, roads are the major mode of transportation service available in the Uttarakhand. During the last decade, not only the length but quality of roads has also improved. However there are still many areas which need to be worked upon, especially in rural and hilly regions. The length of pucca roads is merely 318 kms/000 sq Km in hilly area, as against 800kms/000 sq Km in the plains. Recently in the state budget of 2011-12, Rs1374 crore has been allocated for the development of the roads20

Roads: Uttarakhand has 28,508 km of roads, of which 1,328 km are national highways and 1,543 km are state highways.

Railways: The main railway stations are Dehradun, Hardwar, Roorkee, Rishikesh, Kotdwar, Kashipur, Pantnagar, Lalkuan, Udhamsingh Nagar, Haldwani, Ramnagar and Kathgodam.33

Aviation: There are air strips at Jolly Grant (Dehradun), and Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar). Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun is the busiest airport in the state with six daily flights to Delhi Airport. Air strips at Naini-Seni (Pithoragarh), Gauchar (Chamoli) and Chinyalisaur (Uttarkashi) are under construction. From this year Pawan Hans Ltd., has started helicopter service from Rudraprayag to Kedarnath for pilgrims.

As over 90% of Uttarakhand's terrain consists of hills, railway services are very limited in the state and are largely confined to the plains. In 2010-11, the total length of railway network was about 350 km.

Irrigation Uttarakhand Irrigation was earlier known as multipurpose and hydroelectric Department of erstwhile Uttar Pradesh. Irrigation Department is mainly involved in formulation, construction and maintenance of hydro electric projects in Ganga and Yamuna valley. 34

More than 55% of the cultivated land in the state is rainfed. The hill districts like Chamoli, Almora, Champawat, Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal have more than 90% area under rainfed cultivation. The districts of Udham Singh Nagar and Haridwar have 2% and 11% area under rainfed cultivation.

Table 30: Area under irrigation

Irrigation infrastructure Area (ha)

Canal 87513

Tube Wells 188297

Other Wells 41110

Tanks 55

Other Sources 20591

Net Irrigated Area 337566

Gross Irrigated Area 553928 Source: Uttarakhand at a glance 2014-15, DES, Govt. of Uttarakhand

33http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=27 34 Uttarakhand Irrigation Department: uttarakhandirrigation.com/



The agriculture sector in the state continues to remain heavily depended on rainfall. The net irrigated area in the State is 3.36 lakh ha. (2010-11). Out of which around 85% is in plains and 15% are in hills. The irrigation intensity in the State is 161% which varies between 155% in plains to 184% in hilly region.35

Table 31 The net irrigated area to net sown area for the state is 46.5 percent. Irrigated area

under principal crops in Uttarakhand is shown in .

Table 31: Irrigated Area (%) under Principal Crops during 2010-11 in Uttarakhand

Rice Wheat Total Cereals

Total Pulses

Total Food grains

Total Oilseeds

Cotton Tobacco Total area under all crops

68.5 55.8 45.1 10.4 43.1 27.8 33.3 37.5 48

http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/Publication12-12-2013/AgricultralStats%20inside_website%20book.pdf

Being large area under hills, irrigation is available mostly in the plains and valleys. So there is a need to generate alternate sources of irrigation to increase the net irrigated area, which in turn shall also increase the cropping intensity of the state. These alternative sources can be rainwater harvesting, check dams, hydram for lift irrigation etc. Technologies like drip irrigation, sprinklers etc. can also be used for better water management.

The irrigation infrastructure for Uttarakhand is shown in Table 3236

Table 32: Irrigation Infrastructure of Uttarakhand

.

No Irrigation Infrastructure Units Statistics

1 Length of Canals Km. 11,915

2 Length of Lift Canals Km. 262

3 Gool Kms. 28,108

4 Tube Wells (State) No. 1,308

5 Pump Sets (Boring/ Free Boring) No. 55,159

6 Hauj No. 35,228

7 Hydram No. 1,475 Source: Uttarakhand at a glance 2014-15, DES, Govt. of Uttarakhand: http://des.uk.gov.in/files/At_A_Glance_-_English_2014-15.pdf

Telecommunication Uttarakhand is a part of telecom circle UP- west. According to TRAI, the total wireless subscriber base of UP west was 3.98 crore in the month of Nov2010. UP west contributes around 5.5% in total wireless subscribers in India and around 2.5% in wire line connectivity in India.20

The infrastructure of communications services in the hill regions is poor. The number of telephone exchanges as per 2011-12 is 477 while PCOs 8429. Telephone Connections (Including WLL) by BSNL is 278751 while mobile phone by BSNL is 1360674.

35 forest.uk.gov.in/files/USAPCC/Uttarakhand_SAPCC.pdf 36 Uttarakhand at a glance, 2012-13 (Directorate of Economics and Statistics): http://des.uk.gov.in/files/Uttarakhand_at_a_glance_2012-13(English).pdf



Urban infrastructure Urban infrastructure services (including water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management) are lacking in the urban centres of Uttarakhand. Only a few towns have sewerage treatment facilities. However, there is a focussed effort to ensure good quality drinking water. The state government is promoting traditional methods of water harvesting and has allocated Rs. 521.97 crores in the budget 2011-12 for availability of clean drinking water. 20Table 33 shows how the basic amenities and assets of Uttarakhand have grown from 2001 to 2011.37

Table 33: Quality of Life Indicators (as percentage of households)

Thus the indicators are performing better over the years.

Uttarakhand India

Category 2001 2011 2001 2011

Amenities

Drinking water in premises 44.8 58.3 39 46.6

Electricity 60.3 87 55.9 67.3

Toilets in premises 45.2 65.8 36.4 46.9

Assets

Television Sets 42.9 62 31.6 47.2

Computers - 11 - 9.5

Telephones 9.9 74.6 9.1 63.2

Two Wheelers 11.9 22.9 11.7 21

Four Wheelers 2.7 6.2 2.5 4.7

https://www.oxfamindia.org/sites/default/files/WP8UttarakhandDevpEcoSustainabiit3.pdf

Industrial infrastructure State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIIDCUL), promotes industrial development and is also responsible for creating industrial infrastructure in the state. The state has been successful in attracting long-term investments because of its key industrial and sector-specific policies. Development of the required infrastructure has also been a key strategy of the state to attract investments in various industries. The state’s natural resources and infrastructure, aided by policy incentives, support investments in manufacturing industries such as auto and auto components, FMCG, engineering, pharmaceuticals, electronics and electrical and food processing.

Uttarakhand has well-developed industrial infrastructure, including Integrated Industrial Estates, sector parks and well-developed industrial estates in private/joint sector.

Social infrastructure The Government of Uttarakhand is committed to improve the health status and quality of life of its people, by focusing on health issues with the objective of reducing disease burden, creating an

37 Uttarakhand, Development and Ecological Sustainability: OXFAM India, June 2014: https://www.oxfamindia.org/sites/default/files/WP8UttarakhandDevpEcoSustainabiit3.pdf



enabling environment influencing direct and indirect health determinant such as nutrition, water, sanitation, the environment and other factors such as education and employment in the state. The state strives to achieve 95% literacy rate, for which it has adopted a tri-fold strategy with the following elements: 100% enrolment, 100% retention and continuous education programme.38

Although Uttarakhand is one of the fastest growing states of India but poverty is still a major bottle neck in the development of the state. Poverty level in the state is 39.6% which is quite high as compared to the national average of 27.5%.

Education secto At the 2011 census the literacy rate of Uttarakhand state was 79.63% with 88.33% literacy for males and 70.70% literacy for females.While in 2001 literay rate of the State was 71.62% with 83.28% literacy for males and and 59.63% literacy for females . The language of instruction in the schools is either English or Hindi. There are mainly government-run, private unaided (no government help), and private aided schools in the state. Uttarakhand ranks 12th in literacy rate among all states of India; which is better than the developed states like Punjab and Gujarat.

Education contributes directly to the human resource development and quality of life. The State Government is progressing towards provision of education to all. Dehradun, the state capital is an important centre of education in north India. The state ranks number 3 in primary education. Uttarakhand has some of the best boarding schools in the country especially in the areas around Mussorie, Dehradun and Nainital. Basic education is largely covered under Sarv Siksha Abhiyan. Rajiv Gandhi Navodya Vidyalyas are sanctioned in 8 districts to provide quality education and residential facilities to rural population. The education infrastructure for Uttarakhand is shown in Table 34.20

Table 34: Education Infrastructure of Uttarakhand (2009-10)

Type of Institution Number Basic/ Secondary Education

Schools/ Colleges 22,379 Number of Students 2,381,594

Higher Education Higher education institutes 122 Degree/ PG Colleges 106 Central Universities 1 State universities 6 Deemed Universities 4 Private Universities 5 Number of Students 1,63,996

Vocational and Technical Education Industrial Training Institutes 106 Polytechnics 37 Distt.Instt. Of Educ. Training 13 Source:http://phdcci.in/file/state%20profie_pdf/Uttarakhand-The%20State%20Profile-June%202011.pdf

38 http://uttaranchalonline.info/



Health infrastructure The Health infrastructure in the state comprises of 13 district level hospitals, 254 Primary Health Centres (PHC) and 322 state allopathic hospitals. There are 8518 beds in the government hospitals of Uttarakhand. Availability of natural herbs and medicinal plants in Uttarakhand boosted the large number of Ayurvedic and Unani hospitals in the state. There are 542 Ayurvedic and 5 Unani hospitals in the state.

There is a strong need to improve the per capita expenditure on health in Uttarakhand; the per capita health expenditure of Uttarakhand is almost 2/3 of the national average. However the infant mortality rate (36 per thousand live births) of Uttarakhand is better as compared to the national average. Table 35 gives the details of the health infrastructures of the State.

Table 35: Health Infrastructure of Uttarakhand

No Health Centres Number (2011-12)

1 State Allopathic Hospitals and Dispensaries

District Level Hospitals 13

District Female Hospitals 6

Base Hospitals 3

P.H.C./Additional P.H.C. 254

Community Health Centres 59

State Allopathic Hospitals 322

Joint/ Women Hospitals 40

Tehsil/ Distt. Level Post Portem Centres 24

Health Posts 9

Tuberculosis Hospitals/Clinics 18

Leprosy Hospitals 3

Beds in Govt. Hospitals 8518

2 Family Welfare Services

Women & Child Welfare Centres 2

Main Centres 84

Women & Child Welfare Sub-Centres 1848

3 Ayurvedic & Unani Hospitals

Ayurvedic Hospitals 542

Unani Hospitals 5

4 Homeopathic Hospitals/Dispensaries 107

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Uttarakhand, 2012-13: http://des.uk.gov.in/files/Uttarakhand_at_a_glance_2012-13(English).pdf



Uttarakhand Districts profile There are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two divisions, Kumaon and Garhwal (7 in Garhwal region and 6 in Kumaon). Four new districts named Didihat, Ranikhet, Kotdwar, and Yamunotri were declared by then Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Ramesh Pokhriyal, on 15 August 2011 but yet to be officially formed.3

A district of Uttarakhand state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Uttarakhand Civil Service and other Uttarakhand state services. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Uttarakhand Police Service and other Uttarakhand Police officials. A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for managing the Forests, environment and wild-life related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Uttarakhand Forest Service and other Uttarakhand Forest officials and Uttarakhand Wild-Life officials. Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the various State Services.

According to the 2011 census, Hardwar, Dehradun, and Udham Singh Nagar are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million. Brief description on districts is as follows:

Almora District

Till the Census 2001, the district has only three tahsils – Bhikiyasain, Ranikhet and Almora. However, with the creation of six new tahsils from these tahsils thus total number of tahsils has gone up nine in 2011 namely, Bhikiyasain, Chaukhutiya, Sult, Ranikhet, Dwarahat, Someshwar, Almora, Jainti and Bhanoli, which are further divided into eleven C.D Blocks i.e. Bhikiyasain, Syaldey, Sult, Tarikhet, Chaukhutiya, Takula, Bhaisiya Chhana, Hawal Bagh, Lamgarha, Dhaula Devi and Dwarahat for developmental purposes. Almora district has 2289 villages including 39 forest villages out of which 2184 villages are inhabited and remaining 105 villages are uninhabited.The district has 1122 Gram Panchayats.

Almora district is endowed with exceptional natural beauty and rich cultural heritage, exquisite handicrafts, delectable cuisine and exotic wildlife. It has an average elevation of 1,861 metres (6,100 feet). It is located on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills of the Himalaya range. In the shape of a horse saddle shaped hillock, it is surrounded by thick forests of pine and fir trees. Flowing alongside the city are rivers of Koshi, (Kaushiki), and Suyal (Salmale). The snow-capped Himalayas can be seen in the background. Almora got its name from "Kilmora" a short plant found nearby



region which was used for washing the utensils of Katarmal Temple. The people bringing Kilmora were called Kilmori and later "Almori"and the place came to be known as "Almora"39

This charming hill resort was the flourishing capital of the Chand dynasty. The region was earlier under the reigns of the Katyuri king Baichaldeo, who donated this area to a Gujarati Brahmin Sri Chand Tiwari. In 1560 the capital of Chand Dynasty was shifted to Almora (from Champawat) by Kalyan Chand. The beautiful town is set on a 6 kms long horse saddle shaped ridge. It affords breathtaking views of the snowy summits of Himalayas and is an excellent place for a peaceful holiday.

.

40

Bageshwar district

Bageshwar district lies in Kumaun region of Uttarakhand state. It appeared as new district out of Almora district on September 15, 1997. The usual administrative setup is district, tahsil, Community Development Block and Village Panchayat in the rural areas. The district has four tahsils – Bageshwar, Kanda, Garud and Kapkot. Total Gram Panchyat of District Bageshwar is 397. The district has four tahsils or sub divisions are further divided into three complete C.D. blocks – Kapkot, Garud and Bageshwar.

Bageshwar, the 'Abode of Gods' is an important pilgrim and tourist centre. It is on the confluence of the rivers Saryu and Gomti. The town is famous for ancient Bagnath Temple and the annual Uttaraini fair held in January.The beautiful town is also a delight for adventure sports lovers. The famous Pindari, Sunderdunga and Kafni glaciers can be reached via Bageshwar.

It has an average elevation of 1,004 m (3,294 ft). It is 150 km from Nainital city and 470 km from Delhi. Many educational institutions are there in and around Bageshwar town from pre-primary to post graduate level. A mushroom growth of private schools is there. But from the perspective of quality no good school is there on count.

Bageshwar gets its name form this ancient temple of Lord Shiva set in the heart of the town. According to mythological legends, sage Markandey lived here and the place was visited by Lord Shiva in the form of Bagh or tiger.

Chamoli District

Carvation of Rudra Prayag as new district out of Chamoli took place in the year 1997. The district was formerly in Uttarakhand division till 1968 which was abolished and later on included in Garhwal division. The district is lying in the north west of newly created State of Uttranchal. The usual administrative setup is district, tahsil, block development office, Nyay Panchyats, Village Panchayats in the rural areas and in the urban areas, Nagar Panchayat and Nagar Palika Parishad form administrative set up. Joshimath, Tharali, Chamoli, Pokhri, Karnprayag and Gairsain form tahsils of same name. Pokhari and Gairsain have been newly created in 1997. These subdivisions are further divided into nine development blocks namely, Joshimath, Karnprayag, Dasholi, Ghat, Narayanbagar, Gairsain, Tharali, Deval and Pokhari.

39 Almora wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora 40 http://www.euttaranchal.com/



Chamoli district is the second largest district of Uttarakhand state of India. It is bounded by the Tibet region to the North, and by the Uttarakhand districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar to the east, Almora to the south, Garhwal to the southwest, Rudraprayag to the west, and Uttarkashi to the northwest. The district is also inhabited by Bhotiya ethnic group who adhere to Hinduism.41

The enchanting land of Chamoli is in the lap of the majestic Himalayas seems to be especially blessed by the nature. The district is studded with major pilgrim centres like Badrinath, Joshimath, Valley of Flowers, Tungnath and Hemkund Sahib, snow-clad peaks and exceptional natural beauty.

Champawat District

Champawat district came into existence on 15.9.1997 by carving out from Pithoragarh and Nainital Districts in view of the adverse geographical situation, scattered population and rugged topographical situation. Till the Census 2001, it has only one tahsil Champawat. However, with the creation of three new tahsils from Champawat thus total number of tahsils has gone up four namely Champawat, Pati, Lohaghat and Poornagiri, in 2011 Census which are further divided into four C.D. blocks for development purposes. There are 717 villages including forest villages of which 662 villages are inhabited and 55 are uninhabited. The district has 290 Gram Panchayats.

Champawat, the ancient capital of the Chand rulers is well known for its temples and natural beauty. The historical town 76 kms from Pithoragarh has an ancient fort, which is now headquarters of the Tehsil office. As of 2011 it is the second least populous of the 13 districts of Uttarakhand, after Rudraprayag.

The mythological legends suggest that Lord Vishnu appeared here as 'Kurma avatar' (the tortoise incarnation). The story of Golla Devta is also associated with Gorilla Chaur of Champawat. Jim Corbett, the famous hunter came to this region in the first decade of the 20th century to hunt for man eating tigers. His first book, "Man Eaters of Kumaon" is related to Champawat.

Dehradun District

The district is located in the Sivalik range of Himalayas on the western border of the state. It consists of six tahsils, six development blocks. The district comprised 748 villagesat the 2011Census out of which 731are inconsidered and 17 Uninhabited. There are 23 forest villages in the district. Two new tahsils Tynui and Kalsi have been created during 2001-2011. The district consists of 748 villages, 403 Gram Panchayat and 22 towns. Jurisdictional change within the district has taken place during the year 2001 to 2011, Tyuni and Kalsi have been created after 2001 census from tahsil Chakrata, 84 villages have been transferred from Chakrata tahsil to Tyuni tahsil and similarly 169 villages Transfered from Chakrata tehsil to Kalsi tehsil.

As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttarakhand (out of 13), after Hardwar. Dehradun district also includes the prominent towns of Rishikesh, Mussoorie, Landour and Chakrata. The district stretches from the Ganges River in the east to the Yamuna River in the west, and from the Terai and Shivaliks in the south and southeast to the Great Himalaya in the northwest.42

41 Chamoli wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamoli_district

42 Dehradun wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun



Dehradun - The capital city of Uttaranchal is a complete blend of city and hill culture. It is set in the foot hills of Himalayas at the centre of the 120 kms long Doon Valley. The name Dehradun is literally made up of two words where Dera means Camp and Dun stands for Valley.

The beautiful town is referred as the gateway to Mussoorie and Garhwal interior. It is perhaps one of the oldest cities in India and was occupied in turns by the Sikhs, Mughals and Gurkhas before coming under the reigns of the British. Elite educational and other institutions were established during the British period.

Dehradun is today proud of its institutions like the Forest Research Institute, Doon School and Welham Schools, ONGC, Indian Military Academy, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Studies, Survey of India and Botanical Survey of India etc. The Survey of India was established in 1767 and its greatest achievement was to determine the height of Mt. Everest.

Being a host of large Cantonment area, the city is a popular retirement spot. It is also famous for aromatic long grain rice - Basmati Chawal (Rice) and delicious litchies.

Hardwar District

Hardwar district was created in the year 1988. Before becoming a separate district, it was part of Saharanpur district. Another jurisdictional change that has occurred for this district is that since 2000 this district has become part of newly created state of Uttarakhand. District Hardwar is situated in the south-west part of the state of Uttarakhand. For administrative purposes, the district is divided into three tahsils – Roorkee, Hardwar and Laksar. The district is further divided into 6 Community Development blocks, 316 Gram Panchayats, 612 villages and 24 towns. No jurisdictional changes have taken place in the district during 2001 to 2011.

A paradise for nature lovers and one of the seven holiest places of Hinduism, Haridwar presents a kaleidoscope of Indian culture and civilisation. As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Uttarakhand (out of 13). Important towns in the district are Haridwar, BHEL Ranipur, Roorkee, Manglaur, Dhandera, Jhabrera, Laksar, Landhaura and Mohanpur Mohammadpur.

Haridwar district is well endowed with academic institutions of excellence, thanks mainly to the facilities of national fame available for studies in sciences, engineering, technology and advanced research in the town of Roorkee.

Hardwar is located on the right bank of river Ganga and from here the holy river spreads over the northern plains. According to a mythological legend, Prince Bhagirath performed penance here to salvage the souls of his ancestors who had perished due to Saint Kapila's curse. Bhagirath was blessed and the holy river descended on the earth and its water revived the sons of King Sagara. Following the tradition of Bhagirath, devout Hindus stand in the sacred water here, and prays for the salvation of their ancestors.

Hardwar is also famous for the Kumbh and Ardh Kumbh fairs that are held once in every 12 and 6 years respectively. Millions of devotees assemble here during this auspicious occasion and take a dip in the holiest river of India. It is said that drops of amrit (nectar) obtained after the 'Sagar Manthan'



fell at four places Hardwar, Allahabad, Ujjain and Nasik and the Kumbh fair is held at these four sacred sites.

Nainital District

The district has eight tahsils Kosyakutauli, Nainital, Dhari, Betalghat, Ramnagar, Kaladhungi, Haldwani and Lalkuan. Eight development blocks namely Ramnagar, Kotabagh, Ramgarh, Bhimtal, Betalghat, Dhari, Okhalkanda and Haldwani. In the year 1997 a new district Udhamsingh Nagar was created by carving out tahsil Kashipur, Kichha, Sitarganj and Khatima from Nainital. Some parts of the district went into the new district of Champawat. Total number of villages in the district is 1141 out of which 1097 are inhabited and 44 are uninhabited. There are 11 Towns in the district. Four urban towns (Nainital, Bhawali, Haldwani cum Kathgodam and Ramnagar) have the status of Nagar Palika Parishad (NPP). Three towns (Bhimtal, Kaladungi, and Lalkuan) have the status of Nagar Panchayat (NP). Three towns (Fatehpur Range, Haldwani Talli and Makhani) have the status of Census towns (CT) and one town Nainital is Cant. Board (CB).

Nainital is situated at an altitude of 2,084 metres (6,837 ft) above sea level, it is set in a valley containing a pear-shaped lake, approximately two miles in circumference, and surrounded by mountains, of which the highest are Naina (2,615 m (8,579 ft)) on the north, Deopatha (2,438 m (7,999 ft)) on the west, and Ayarpatha (2,278 m (7,474 ft)) on the south. From the tops of the higher peaks, "magnificent views can be obtained of the vast plain to the south, or of the mass of tangled ridges lying north, bounded by the great snowy range which forms the central axis of the Himalayas.

Nainital is also known as Lake District of India In 1841 the British first discovered Nainital as a holiday resort. Today, the town has emerged as one of the most important hill resorts of India.

Pauri Garhwal District

The district lies in the south central portion of the newly created state of Uttarakhand. It is bounded by the districts Dehradun & Tehri on the west and northwest; district Rudraprayag on the north, Chamoli on the north-east, Almora on the east and Nainital on the south-east. On the south-west side is Hardwar district. To the south is district Bijnor of state of Uttar Pradesh. The total area of the district is 5,329 sq km. Total number of tahsils in the district is 9, these are Pauri, Thalisain, Kotdwara, Landsdowne, Dhoomakot, Srinagar, Chaubattakhal, Satpuli and Yamkeshwar. Out of which Chaubattakhal, Satpuli and Yamkeshwar has been newly created.

There are 15 community development blocks, 1,208 gram panchyats. The numbers of villages are 3,473, out of which 3,142 villages are inhabited. The numbers of towns in the district are 9. Some jurisdictional changes have taken place during the last decade (2001-2011). The newly formed tahsils Chaubattakhal and Yamkeshwar created on 07.02.2004 and tahsil Satpuli as on 28.02.2004. Tahsil Chaubattakhal was carved out by transferring of 291 villages from Lansdowne tahsil. Tahsil Yamkeshwar was carved out by transferring 243 villages of kotdwar tahsil. Tahsil Satpuli was carved out by transferring 269 villages from Lansdowne tahsil. Pauri is the headquarters of the district which forms a part of the Garhwal division. The headquarters of the Commissioner of the Garhwal division is also located at Pauri.



Panoramic Pauri is perched at an altitude of 1814 metres on the northern slopes of Kandoliya hills. This district is located partly in the Gangetic plains and partly in the Northern Himalaya.The peaceful resort affords a fine view of the snowy Himalayan peaks.

Pauri Garhwal is considered nature's paradise and attracts people through its charm and magnificence. The beautiful valleys, snow clad mountain peaks, and amazing features of nature are key components that attract travellers. Moreover, tourism in Pauri will be considered incomplete without paying a visit to its ancient temples.43

Pithoragarh District

The district of Pithoragarh lies in the north-eastern boundary of the newly created state Uttarahand. The district has been divided into six tahsils namely Munsari, Dharchula, Didihat, Gangolihat Berinag and Pithoragarh. This has been further divided into eight community development blocks in order to activate development works.There are 1572 inhabited and 103 un-inhabited villages and 669 Gram Panchayat in the district. The towns are Dharchula NP, Didihat NP, and Pithoragarh NPP.

After 1991 census entire Champawat tahsil and two towns have been transferred and a new district Champawat has been carved out in the year 1997. The total carved area subtracted from Pithoragarh district was 7,090 sq.kms.

It was carved out of district of Almora in 1960. It has an average elevation of 1,514 metres (4,967 feet). Picturesque Pithoragarh town is delight for mountaineers, trekkers, adventure seekers, botanists, pilgrims as well as sightseers. It is an important halt on the famous Kailash Mansarovar Yatra route. The rivers originating from the Pithoragarh mountains are perfect for water sports, while the lush jungles here teem with rich variety of flora and fauna.

This eastern most district of Uttaranchal popularly called as 'Miniature Kashmir', shares international boundary with China (Tibet) on the north and Nepal on the east. The northern parts are studded with majestic peaks like Nanda Devi (east), Nanda Devi (west), Trishul, Nandakot, Rajrambha, Panchachuli group etc. The alpine meadows and glaciers below these majestic mountains have made the district a virtual paradise for nature lovers.

Rudraprayag District

The district lies in the north west of newly created state of Uttarakhand situated in the Himalayas. The headquarters of the district is at Rudraprayag existing at the confluence of the rivers Alaknanda and Mandakini. The district comprises of three tahsils namely Rudraprayag, Ukhimath and Jakholi. There are three development blocks namely Ukhimath, Agastmuni and Jakholi. Out of two towns Kedarnath (NP) lies in Ukhimath tahsil and Nagar Palika Parishad (NPP) Rudraprayag falls in Rudraprayag tahsil. There are 688villages of which Rudraprayag tahsil has the highest number of villages 302 and Jakholi tahsil has the lowest number of 138 villages.

Rudraprayag District was established on 16 September 1997. It is small pilgrim town on the holy confluence of river Alaknanda and Mandakini which has venerated as one of the five sacred

43 Pauri Garhwal wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district



confluences or the 'Panch Prayag'. As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Uttarakhand (out of 13).

Rudraprayag It is named after Rudra, an aspect of Lord Shiva. According to a legend Lord Shiva appeared here as 'Rudra' to bless Narad Muni. An ancient shrine is dedicated to Lord Shiva in the form of 'Rudra'. Rudraprayag is of immense significance for the pilgrims of Char Dham Yatra, as it is the junction for visiting Badrinath and Kedarnath Dham.

Tehri District

Tehri Garhwal is one of the western districts of Uttaranchal located on the outer ranges of the mid Himalayas which comprise low line peaks rising contiguously with the planes of the north India. District headquarters is at Tehri (New) Town. For administrative purposes, the district is divided into seven tahsils – namely Tehri, Pratapnagar, Narendranagar, Devprayag, Ghansali, Jakhanidhar and Dhanaulti. There are 9 Community Development Blocks, 979 Gram Panchayat, 1,862 villages and 6 towns in the district. Out of this Narendra Nagar and Tehri are Nagar Palika Parishad. and 4 towns are Nagar Panchayats and 1 is Census Town.

The following jurisdictional changes have taken place during the decade 2001-2011. Two new tahsils Jakhanidhar and Dhanaulti were created in 2004. Tehsil Jakhanidhar was created by transferring 97 villages from tahsil Pratapnagar and 41 villages of tahsil Devprayag. Similarily tahsil Dhanaulti was created by Teansferring 271 villages from tahsil Tehri. 43 villages have also been added in tehsil Narendranagar by transferring from tahsil Tehri.

New Tehri - The newly built well planned modern town nestles at a height of 1,550 metres overlooking the massive artificial lake and Tehri dam built on the Bhagirathi and Bhilangana River. It has taken over as district headquarters of Tehri Garhwal from the Old Tehri town and was established to rehabilitate the Old Tehri, which will be submerged into the waters of the Tehri Dam. In fact New Tehri is considered to be Asia's most comprehensive and successful rehabilitation programme. The gleaming township has developed into a lovely hill resort.

Old Tehri - It is 16 kms from New Tehri and 84 kms from Rishikesh on the confluence of Bhagirathi and Bhilangana rivers. This transit point to Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath was chosen as the capital of Tehri Garhwal by Raja Sudarshan Shah after the expulsion of the Gurkhas with the help of the East India Company in 1815. The town is studded with historical buildings and temples.

Udham Singh Nagar District

The district of Udham Singh Nagar is situated in the south-eastern part of the state of Uttarakhand. The district has seven tahsils namely Kashipur, Kichha, Sitarganj, Bazpur, Jaspur, Gadarpur and Khatima. For development purposes the district is divided into seven community development blocks. They are located at Jaspur, Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur, Sitarganj and Khatima. Seven development blocks are further divided into 309 (2009-2010) Gram Panchayat.

The newly created state ofUttarakhand was created by carving out 13 districts of Uttar Pradesh, the district being one of them. The district has 688 villages, out of which 674 villages are inhabited, 14



uninhabited and 21 forest villages. From Kashipur tahsil 101 villages transferred to Jaspur new tahsil and 126 villages transferred to Bazpur new tahsil. From Kiccha tahsil 70 villages transferred to Gadarpur new tahsil. There are 19 towns in the district. Eight urban units (Jaspur, Kashipur, Bajpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur, Kichha, Sitarganj and Khatima) have the status of Nagar Palika Parishad (NPP) and 6 towns (Mahua Davra, Mahua Kheraganj, Kelakhera, Dineshpur, Sultanpur and Shaktigarh) have the status of Nagar Panchayat (NP). Five towns are census towns.

Udham Singh Nagar district was carved out of Nainital district in October 1995 and was named after Saheed Udham Singh, a great freedom fighter, who killed General Dyer and took revenge for the Jalianwala Bagh massacre. The district is also called as the 'Gateway to Kumaon hills'. There are three main sub-divisions - Rudrapur, Kashipur and Khatima; four tehsils Kashipur, Kichha, Khatima, Sitarganj and two sub-tehsils - Bajpur and Gadarpur.

The prosperous district is endowed with a very fertile land. Agriculture is the mainstay and there are several agriculture related activities and industries located here. Udham Singh Nagar district is also noted for communal harmony and brotherhood. The district is a melting pot of different cultures, religions and life styles.

Uttarkashi District

District Uttarkashi is located on the northern portion of Uttarakhand State. For administrative convenience, the district has six tahsils, viz. Bhatwari, Dunda, Chiniyalisour, Rajgarhi, Puraula and Mori. The administrative seat of the district is at headquarters town Uttarkashi which is 200 km. away from State capital Dehradun. For the purpose of rural development, the district is divided into six community development blocks. The district comprised 707 villages at the 2011 Census out of which 694 are inhabited and 13 uninhabited. There are 30 forest villages in thedistrict. Out of the three towns, Barkot (Nagar Panchayat) lies in Rajgarhi tehsil whereas Gangotri (NP) falls in Bhatwari tahsil and the third town is known as Nagar Palika Parishad (NPP) Uttarkashi. Development activities in the district operate through Panchayat Raj Institutions. A total of 36 Nyay Panchayats and 454 Gram Panchayat were part of it upto 2009-10.

The holy town of Uttarkashi is set on the banks of river Bhagirathi in the Himalaya range at an altitude of 1158 metres, about 145 kms from Rishikesh on the main route to Gangotri. It is considered to have similar religious importance as Kashi. The famous Vishwanath temple here is dedicated to Lord Shiva. In front of the temple is unique Mahadev-ka-Vishal Trishul or Shiva's Great Trident, made of eight major metals. It is believed Lord Shiva killed Vakasur with this trident. Other important temples are dedicated to Lord Parashuram, Lord Ekadash Rudra and Goddess Kali.

It is an important stopover for pilgrims visiting Gangotri. Uttarkashi has also emerged as an important centre for adventure sports.

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Ch

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29° 5

8' N

29

.84

30.4

0 29

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9' N

29

° 58'

N

29° 2

3'

N

30° 1

3' N

29

.58

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8 30

° 20'

N

28.9

6 30

.73

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itude

79

° 64'

E

79.7

6 79

.33

80.0

9 78

° 04'

E

78° 1

3' E

79

° 30'

E

79° 3

0' E

80

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78.9

8 78

° 53'

E

79.5

1 78

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quar

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ar

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Ha

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N

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U

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ea (s

q km

) 3,

689

1,69

6 7,

520

2,00

4 3,

088

2,36

0 3,

422

5,23

0 7,

169

2,43

9 3,

796

3,05

5 8,

016

No

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6 4

6 3

8 9

6 3

7 7

6

No

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11

3 9

4 6

6 8

15

8 3

9 7

6

No

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7 1,

246

717

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612

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1 3,

473

1,67

5 68

8 1,

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688

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No

of to

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5

1 6

4 22

24

11

9

3 2

7 19

3

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l po

pula

tion

(201

1)

622,

506

259,

898

391,

605

259,

648

1,69

6,69

4 1,

890,

422

954,

605

687,

271

483,

439

242,

28 5 61

8,93

1 1,

648,

902

330,

086

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To

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Popu

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10

4 15

15

56

37

39

16

14

4

11

36

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32

33

25

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12

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291,

081

124,

326

193,

991

131,

125

892,

199

1,00

5,29

5 49

3,66

6 32

6,82

9 23

9,30

6 11

4,58 9

297,

986

858,

783

168,

597

Fem

ale

popu

latio

n (2

011)

331,

425

135,

572

197,

614

128,

523

804,

495

885,

127

460,

939

360,

442

244,

133

127,

69 6 32

0,94

5 79

0,11

9 16

1,48

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169

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122,

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122,

172

105,

960

91,7

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79,9

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56

115,

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Physiography: Districts of Uttarakhand Table 37 gives the details of the physiographic of Uttarakhand districts. Nainital district is also called the Lake District of Uttarakhand due to the presence of many big and small lakes in the hills. Major soil types of Nainital are Lithic/Typic Cryorthents, Lithic/Typic Udorthents and Dystric Eutrochrepts. Major soil types of Tehri Garhwal district are Dystric Eutrudepts, Lithic Udorthents and Typic Udorthents. Udham Singh Nagar district falls in the Tarai region of Kumaon Division. Major soil types of US Nagar district are Udifluventic Ustochrepts, Typic Ustipsamments, Udic Ustochrepts, Udic Haplusstolls, and Typic Ustochrepts. Major soil types of Uttarakashi district are Lithic/typic cryorthents, lithic/typic udorthents & dystric eutrochrepts.

Geography of Rudraprayag District mainly includes mountainous terrains. As the elevation of Rudraprayag District ranges from 800 to 8000 m above mean sea level its climate also varies largely depending on the altitude. Physiographically, Rudraprayag District, which lies in a region of tectonic or folded and over thrust mountain chains, has strata and is structurally marked by complex folds, reverse faults, over thrusts and napes of great dimensions.44

Table 37: Physiography of Uttarakhand districts

44 http://www.indianetzone.com/49/geography_rudraprayag_district.htm

District Zone Altitude (m) Soil Rainfall Almora Mid hills south

aspects 1000 - 1500 Sandy loam 1200-1300

High hills 1500 - 2400 Red to dark 1200-2500

Bageshwar Sub Himalaya 600 – 1000 Alluvial sandy soil, rasidu sandy loam

2000-2400

Mid hills south aspects

1000 - 1500 Sandy loam 1200-1300

High hills 1500 - 2400 Red to dark 1200-2500

Chamoli High hills 1500-2400 Red to dark 1200-2500

Very High Hills > 2400 Red to dark Black clay 1300 Champawat Sub Himalaya 600 – 1000 Alluvial sandy soil, rasidu sandy

loam 2000-2400


1000 - 1500 Sandy loam 1200-1300

Dehradun Tarai Up to 1000 Alluvial 1400

Bhabhar Up to 1000 Alluvial mixed with boulders and shingles

1400

Sub Himalaya 600 – 1000 Alluvial sandy soil, rasidu sandy loam

2000-2400

Haridwar Tarai Up to 1000 Alluvial 1400

Nainital Bhabhar Up to 1000 Alluvial mixed with boulders and shingles

1400

Sub Himalaya 600 – 1000 Alluvial sandy soil, rasidu sandy 2000-2400



Source: https://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.mapsofindia.com, http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/ & http://www.uttarakhandguide.com/district-guide

Climate: Distrcts of Uttarakhand According to IMD rainfall datasets of the hundred years (1901-2000) some of the worst affected and vulnerable districts of Uttarakhand include Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag, Haridwar, Chamoli, Tehri Garhwal, and Pithoragarh.45

The IMD mean maximum and minimum temperature (1951-2013) and mean annual rainfall (1951-2000) for districts of Uttarakhand shows variability, as shown in Table 2. The same is shown as graph in

Figure 13.

It is evident from Table 38 and Figure 13 that the highest value attained for maximum and minimum temperature is for the Udham Singh Nagar district while lowest value is for the Uttarkashi district. The range of maximum temperature varies from 25.2°C to 28.6°C while the range of the minimum temperature varies from 13.6°C to 16.4°C.

Rudraprayag has the highest (2150.9 mm) while Hardwar (1143.9 mm) has the least mean annual rainfall during the period 1951-2000 as compared to all districts of Uttarakhand.

Table 38: Climate statistics of Uttarakhand districts

District Average Minimum Temperature (°C):1951-2013

Average Maximum Temperature (°C):1951-2013

Normal Annual rainfall (mm): 1951-2000

Almora 15.1 27.0 1157.3

Bageshwar 15.1 26.8 1157.3

Chamoli 14.2 25.7 1267.0

Champawat 16.2 28.2 1623.9

Dehradun 14.6 26.5 2123.9

Hardwar 15.5 27.6 1143.9

Nainital 15.5 27.5 1743.7

45 SANDRP: SouthAsia Network on Dams, Rivers and People

loam Mid hills south aspects

1000 - 1500 Sandy loam 1200-1300

Pauri Garhwal

Bhabhar Up to 1000 Alluvial mixed with boulders and shingles

1400


2000-2400

Pithoragarh Very High Hills > 2400 Red to dark Black clay 1300 Tehri Garhwal


2000-2400


1000 - 1500 Sandy loam 1200-1300

Udham Singh Nagar

Tarai Up to 1000 Alluvial 1400

Uttarkashi Very High Hills > 2400 Red to dark Black clay 1300



Pauri Garhwal 14.9 26.7 1464.0

Pithoragarh 15.3 27.1 2098.0

Rudraprayag 14.1 25.6 2150.9

Tehri Garhwal 14.2 25.7 1385.0

Udham Singh Nagar 16.4 28.6 1313.9

Uttarkashi 13.6 25.2 1625.7

Source: http://www.imd.gov.in/,https://data.gov.in/resources/district-rainfall-normal-mm-monthly-seasonal-and-annual-data-period-1951-2000/download

Figure 13 : Climate statistics of Uttarakhand districts

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

Utt

arka

shi

Rudr

apra

yag

Cham

oli

Tehr

i Gar

hwal

Dehr

adun

Paur

i Gar

hwal

Alm

ora

Bage

shw

ar

Pith

orag

arh

Hard

war

Nai

nita

l

Cham

paw

at

Udh

am S

ingh

N

Tem

pera

ture

(0C

)

Average Minimum Temperature (°C) 1951-2013

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

Utt

arka

shi

Rudr

apra

yag

Cham

oli

Tehr

i Gar

hwal

Dehr

adun

Paur

i Gar

hwal

Alm

ora

Bage

shw

ar

Pith

orag

arh

Hard

war

Nai

nita

l

Cham

paw

at

Udh

am S

ingh

N

Tem

pera

ture

(0C

)

Average Minimum Temperature (°C) 1951-2013



Figure 13 : Climate statistics of Uttarakhand districts

Natural Resources of Uttarakhand Water Resources The groundwater scenario in districts of Uttarakhand is shown in Table 39.46

Figure 14. Net ground water

availability in the districts is shown as bar graph in .

The 9 hilly districts of the State, offers much less potential for large scale development of ground water. Ground water in the hilly region occurs mostly in fissures/fractures and emerges as springs

Table 39: Groundwater scenario in Uttarakhand districts (2011)

Districts Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resource

Natural Discharge During Non Monsoon Period

Net Annual Ground Water Availability (ham)

Annual Ground Water Draft

Stage of Ground Water Development

Dehradun 36614 156 36458 4507 12

Hardwar 74177 3074 71103 39515 56

Nainital 10418 76 10341 4456 43

Udham Singh Nagar 82825 1187 81639 64837 79

State Total (ham) 204034 4493 199541 113315 57

State Total (bcm) 2.04 0.04 2 1.13 57

Source: http://www.cgwb.gov.in/documents/Dynamic-GW-Resources-2011.pdf

Note: Assessment carried out in the valley areas of 4 districts out of total 13 districts in the State since rest of the areas are predominantly hilly

46 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India: Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India: July 2014: http://www.cgwb.gov.in/documents/Dynamic-GW-Resources-2011.pdf

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Harid

war

Alm

ora

Bage

shw

ar

Cham

oli

Udh

am S

ingh

N

Tehr

i Gar

hwal

Paur

i Gar

hwal

Cham

paw

at

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arka

shi

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nita

l

Pith

orag

arh

Dehr

adun

Rudr

apra

yag

Annu

al ra

infa

ll (m

m)

Annual normal rainfall (mm) 1951-2000



Figure 14 : Net ground water availability of Uttarakhand districts (2011)

It can be seen from Figure 14 that Udham Singh Nagar has the highest net annual ground water availability amongst all plain districts of Uttarakhand.

Parts of districts of Dehradun, Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar have ground water quality problem, as presence of Nitrate is >45 mg/l.

River Basins Table 40 gives the details of the river basin in Uttarakhand district. Most of the rivers system belongs to Garhwal division and rivers like Ganga and Yamuna originated from Uttarkashi district. Table 41& 42 illustrates the details of major dams/barrage and hydroelectric Power Stations in different districts of Uttarakhand.

Table 40: Major River basin in Uttarakhand district

District River Basin Nainital Kosi, Gaula, Bhakra, Dabka, Baur, Ramganga West Almora Kosi, Suyal Bageshwar Saryu, Gomti, Pinder Champawat Kali,Ramganag East, Jabgura, Pannar Pithoragarh Girthi, Keogad, Kali, Gori, Dhauli, Kutiyangti, Ramganga East, Saryu Udham Singh Nagar Kosi, Gola, Sharda Chamoli Saraswati, Pranmati, Alaknanda, Pinder, Nandakani, Khilrawan Ganga, Bhuynder

Ganga, Dhauliganga Pauri Alaknanda, Nayyar East, Nayyar West, Ramganag West, Malini, Khoh Tehri Bhagirathi, Bhilangna, Uttarkashi Bhagirathi, Yamuna, Dehradun Yamuna, Ganga, Song, Rispana, Assan Rudraprayag Mandakani, Alaknanda Haridwar Ganga, Ranipur Rao, Rawii Rao, Harnaui Rao, Begam Nadi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000

Nai

nita

l

Dehr

adun

Hard

war

Udh

am S

ingh

N

agar

Avai

labi

lity

(ham

)

Net Annual Ground Water Availability 2011



Table 41: Major Dams in Uttarakhand district

Dam/Barrage River District Baigul Dam Baigul and Sukhi Udham Singh Nagar Bhimgoda Barrage Ganga Haridwar Assan Barrage Assan Dehradun Kishau Dam* Tons Dehradun Koteshwar Dam Bhagirathi Tehri Garhwal Lakhwar Dam Yamuna Dehradun Dakpathar Barrage Yamuna Dehradun Dhauliganga Dam Dhauli Ganga Pithoragarh Dhora Dam Kiccha Udham Singh Nagar Ichari Dam Tons Dehradun Jamrani Dam Gola Nainital Koteshwar Dam Bhagirathi Tehri Garhwal Maneri Dam Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Ramganga (Kalagarh) Dam Ramganga Pauri Garhwal Tehri Dam Bhagirathi Tehri Garhwal Loharinag Pala Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Maneri Dam Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Pashulok Barrage Ganga Dehradun * proposed Source: http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dams_in_Uttarakhand & https://en.wikipedia.org

Table 42: Hydroelectric Power Station in Uttarakhand district

Hydroelectric Power Station

River District Dam/Barrage Installed capacity MW

Chibro Tons Dehradun Ichari Dam 240 Khodri Tons Dehradun Ichari Dam 120 Chilla Ganga Dehradun Pashulok Barrage 144 Dhakrani Yamuna Dehradun Dakpathar Barrage 33.75 Dhalipur Yamuna Dehradun Dakpathar Barrage 51 Dharasu Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Bhali Dam 304 Dhauliganga Dhauli Ganga Pithoragarh Dhauliganga Dam 280 Kishu* Tons Dehradun Kishu Dam 660 Koteshwar Bhagirathi Tehri Garhwal Koteshwar Dam 400 Lakhwar** Yamuna Dehradun Lakhwar Dam 300 Loharinag Pala Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Loharinag Pala 600 Maneri Bhali Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Maneri Dam 90 Pathri Ganga Haridwar Bhimgoda Barrage 20.4 Mohammadpur Ganga Haridwar Bhimgoda Barrage 9.3 Ramganag (Kalagarh) Ramganag Pauri Garhwal Ramganag

(Kalagarh) Dam 198

Tiloth Bhagirathi Uttarkashi Maneri Dam 90 Tehri Bhagirathi Tehri Garhwal Tehri Dam 1000 * proposed ** Under construction Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D00625&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Baigul_Dam_D00625�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D06184&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dhauliganga_Dam_D06184�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D00735&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dhora_Dam_D00735�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D00656&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Ichari_Dam_D00656�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D01161&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Jamrani_Dam_D01161�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D00823&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Koteshwar_Dam_D00823�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D00829&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Maneri_Dam_D00829�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D01125&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Ramganga_Dam_D01125�

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/wiki1.php?show=D00742&str2=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Tehri_Dam_D00742�



Land use Land use pattern in Uttarakhand districts is shown in Table 43. Figure 15 based on values given in Table 43 show the net sown area and wasteland in districts as proportion of the geographical area. Cropping intensity is also shown. It can be seen from the figure that district Udham Singh Nagar has the highest net sown area (49.6%) in proportion to geographical area while Uttarkashi has the least (3.7%) as compared to the other districts of Uttarakhand. Similarly cropping intensity is the maximum for Udham Singh Nagar (191.9) and least for Hardwar (141.5). Proportion of wasteland area is the maximum in Tehri Garhwal while least in Uttarkashi.

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: Lan

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Utt

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dis

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Dist

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Fore

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Fallo

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Curr

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Figure 15 : Landuse pattern of Uttarakhand districts

0

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Figure 15 : Landuse pattern of Uttarakhand districts

Forest The forest area in proportion to geographical area of the districts is shown in Figure 1616. The figure is drawn based on values in Table 10. It’s seen that Udham Singh Nagar has the least (21.4%) proportion of forest area in geographical area while Nainital has the highest (71.6%) as compared to the other districts of Uttarakhand. Districts namely, Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal, Dehradun, Rudraprayag, Almora, Nainital, Champawat and Bageshwar have their forest cover above the state average. Only Nainital and Champawat are close to ecological threshold of mountain areas of 66 per cent forest cover.

Figure 16 : Forest area of Uttarakhand districts

0

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Biodiversity Uttarakhand comprises of several ecosystem i.e., forest, agro, aquatic, grassland wetland, cold desert, urban and human ecosystem. According to Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun Uttarakhand is floristically super diversity state of India. The state is also bestowed with great floral and faunal diversity; the summery of biodiversity in Uttarakhand districts is as following:

Almora District

The region is immensely rich with 4000 species of plants, having remarkable diversity in it is natural vegetation by virtue of its being at a great range of elevation. The flora of this region may be classified into tropical, Himalayan sub-tropical and sub alpine and alpine vegetation.

The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for leopard, Langur, Himalayan black bear, kakar, goral etc. whereas the high altitude zones abound musk deer, popularly called Kastura Mrig, snow leopard, blue sheep, thar etc. The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like peacock, which include grey quail, Kala Titar, Whistling thrush, Chakor, Monal pheasant Cheer pheasant, Koklas pheasant etc .

Bageshwar District

The District is rich in forest cover having variety of flora. The vegetation varies from small grass to gigantic tree species like Sal, Sain and Siris etc. Forest cover varies as per the height and altitude in the area. The highest spot lies in Dhakuri forest block (3213 m) in Kapkot range and the lowest spot is Bageshwar itself (884 m) at the confluence of Saryu-Gomti rivers. The District area extends from lesser Himalayas to Greater Himalayan range. The main species of the forest are Chir Pine and Oak .

Nainital District

District Nainital is a unique district of Kumaun having tropical type, subtropical type, temperate, sub alpine and alpine zones in its lap. On one side its Tarai & Bhabhar belt contains the climate resembling with plain areas on the other the deep valleys having an elevation unto 1000 m. rear plants of hills as well as plains. The middle Himalayan ranges unto 2000 m. are temperate zones growing a number of typical temperate climate plants. The sub alpine unto 2500 m. grow high altitude plants an have the capacity to rear plants of alpine zones as well.

Alpine zone is referred to the land between snow line and above 2000 m. This is a typical high Himalayan belt. District Nainital contains the entire zone except the alpine one. The soil structure and texture also varies from high sandy soils having 70 to 80% sand to clay soils in which the clay percentage is unto 20%. In between vast tracts possess sandy lome soils which are neither heavy nor very light.

The hilly region is covered with Sal, Pine, Oak, Buruns, Kaphal and other trees growing unto 6000 ft. along with Deodar, Surai etc. at higher altitudes .There are small tracts of cultivated lands and fruit orchards etc. in between the forests in this region.



Champawat District

Around 65 percent area of the district is covered with fauna and flora. Rest 35 percent is used in agricultural, non-agricultural and grazing land. Besides the hills, the plains are vegetated with plenty of exotic and traditional variety of plants such as Ecliptus, Babool, Teak, Sagon, Jamun, Bans, Bail, Madar etc. The 900-1800 m slope of the southern hills is full of Chir trees. Besides this, the region is having various useful plants for human beings such as Amla, Ayer Tun and Khatic. The forest of the region is blessed with various kinds of wild life including tiger, elephant, Cheetal, Barahsingha, deer etc. Various kind of beautiful birds particularly Sarso, a sovereign bird is found every year during winter season is the specialty of the region

Pithoragarh District

Although one does not find an abundance of flora and fauna in Pithoragarh but these are remarkable for their sheer variety. Since the district possesses a great range of elevation there is a remarkable diversity in its natural vegetation. In addition climatic variations, particularly in temperature and precipitation associated with the alignment and altitudes of ranges and nature of valleys, determine the altitudinal growth and variety of vegetation. The northern hilly zone is covered with dense forests, particularly on northern slopes, with the diverse flora upto an elevation of about 14,000 ft.

The flora of this district may be classified into tropical, Himalayan sub-tropical and sub alpine and alpine vegetation. The alpine and sub-alpine zones which include Milam, Ralam, Garbyang, Martoli etc, are very rich in the medicinal herbs and are considered as the most natural abode of the largest number of medicinal plants. The sub-alpine zones are a natural sanctuary for Leopard, Chital, fleet little Monkeys, Langoor, Bear, Kakar or barking deer, Ghoral etc. Whereas the high altitude zones abound in Musk deer, popularly called Kastura, Snow Leopard, Blue Sheep, Thar etc.

The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like Peacock, which include Grey Quail, Kala Titar, Whistling Thrush, Chakor, Monal Pheasant, Cheer Pheasant, Koklas Pheasant etc.

Pauri Garhwal District

Over 120 species of fern grow in damp ravines, on moss – covered rocks and tree trunks. Ferns grow abundantly in the monsoon month of July, August and September. The hills abound wild cherry, wild Apple, Spindle Wood, Oak, Fig, Poplar, Holly, Rhododendron, Masuri Berry, Dogwood, Horse Chestnut and hill tuna. At higher altitudes, forests are crowded with Himalayan cypress, Deodar, Blue pine, Fir and Long leafed pine.

District posses the various species of medicinal plants i.e., Acacia Arabica (Babul), Egle Marmelos (Bel), Artemisia Vulgris (Pati), Berberis Lycium (Kingora-ki-jar), Bombax Malabaricum (Semal), Cinnamomum Tamala Tej (Tejpat), etc.

The cat family is abundant in these mountains and would include the Tiger, Panther, Civet cat, Leopard cat and Jungle Cat. Various species of deer including the Musk Deer and the Barking Deer



roam in the forest. The flying mammal, the Bat too is common. Among the most adorable animals in this region are the Chipmunk, the Rhesus Monkey and the Flying Squirrel.

Over 400 varieties of birds have been recorded in the Himalayan region. The shore a forest host, the Jewel Thrush, Black headed Oriole, Black headed yellow Bulbul, Rosy Minivet, Laughing Thrush, Golden Backed Wood pecker and the Blue fly Catcher, Wintering waterfowl include the Goosander, Brahminy Duck & Green Shank, Grey headed Fishing Eagles may also be seen by the river edge.

Uttarkashi District

Due to the inaccessibility of the region and relatively fewer human habitations, the flora and fauna in the district are abundant. The forest cover is in the region of 60 - 80%, housing a bewildering variety of trees, flowers, wild animals, birds, fish and butterflies.

Trees of various kinds are found in different altitudinal ranges, for which they are best adapted. Between 1000 - 2000 m, the forest cover is almost exclusively of pine. The pine flowers between February and April, the seeds being shed in October. Between 2000 - 3000 m are found forests of deodar, oak and rhododendron. Deodar (from the Sanskrit, deva - daru, divine - tree) is used for building temples. The wood from oak and rhododendron is utilized for agricultural implements while their leaves serve as cattle ¬fodder.

Beyond 3000 m, forests of spruce, birch and fir are widespread. The bark of the birch tree (bhojpatra) was used in ancient times for recording manuscripts, some of which are still in excellent condition. Between 3500 - 4500 m occur the bugyals, with a rich variety of flowering shrubs.

Tehri Garhwal District

The district has been the habitat, from times immemorial, of a large variety of mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Besides monkeys, longurs, wild-cats, goats, pigs, foxes and dogs, the district is noted for its black bears which are found in the Tehri forest division at lower altitudes and the brown and white bears which are found at higher altitudes. Panthers abound almost throughout the district. The flying squirrel, locally known as rinoola, is found largely in the Yomuna forest division. Tigers and elephants are not found in the district except when they enter the district from the Terai forests of Dehradun.

Among mammals, the chief carnivore found in the district is safed bagh (snow leopard) and baghera (leopard). The snow leopard is a rare species and is found near the snow regions (between 3000 and 5400 m) in rocky areas. It preys on thar, bharal, sheep and goat. The leopard, which is quite common in rocky forests, carries away sheep, goats, mules and sometimes bullocks and rows also. The black bear lives generally in oak forests. It attacks unprovoked and lives on roots, acorn of oaks, grains, fruits and bark trees and rarely kills for flesh. It hibernates in winter though stray cases of mauling of human beings even during winter are known. The brown and white bear is found mostly in the snow regions.

Rudraprayag District

In the warm valleys of the extreme southern part of the district some species of the trees of the plains such as mango, jamun, pipal, banyan and shisham grow here and there up to an altitude of



about 915 m. The 'Sal' which is found up to a height of 1220 m, is seldom seen north of the river Pindar but it is usually not allowed to stand near cultivated tracts because it is said to attract white ants. The Tun and the Kharik, or Kharak are to be seen growing up to an elevation of about 1250 m.

It is estimated that about nearly one-third of the worlds mountain species are found in the Himalayan region, which is mainly due to the diversity of the flora. Four fauna families, generally, abound in the Himalayan region are peninsular, the indo-chinese, the palaeoarctic and the Tibetan. It is the first two elements that dominant. Rudraprayag district is rich in fauna and has been the habitant for very long time of large varieties of mammals, diverse species of birds, reptiles, insects and fish.

Chamoli District

In the warm valleys of the extreme southern part of the district some species of the trees of the plains such as mango, jamun, pipal, banyan and shisham grow here and there up to an altitude of about 915 m. The 'Sal' which is found up to a height of 1220 m, Tun and the Kharik, or Kharak are to be seen growing up to an elevation of about 1250 m. From about 1220 mts to 1829 mts, Chir and above an elevation of 3439 m Moru or Tilonj and Kharasu grow and their timber is also used for manufacturing agricultural implements.

Many medicinal blooms, herbs and plants, greatly valued in Aryuveda grow in the district. Aromatic plants are found in abundance at higher altitudes. The district is rich in fauna and has been the habitat, from time immemorial, of a large variety of mammals, various species of birds reptiles and fish. In the Mahabharata there is mention of deer hunting in this area by the Pandu, the father of Pandavas, who is said to have taken up his abode in Pandukeshwar.

Agriculture Agricultural advancement is the most important challenge in Uttarakhand due to natural constraints. This is urgent since agriculture sector employs more than 55 per cent of workers and provides livelihood security to the major proportion of population in the rural areas.

In the state, farmers adopt generally two types of agricultural practices i.e. the rain-fed and the irrigated. Cereals are emphasized in the irrigated agriculture and two crops are taken in an agriculture year. However in the rain-fed system millets, pulses and tuber crops are grown along with cereal and other oilseeds. Mono cropping is a common practice in the irrigated areas. Contrary to this, mixed cropping is common in rain fed areas. Mixed cropping practiced in the hill region helps in maintaining the crop diversity and reduces the risk of environmental uncertainty.

Time and amount of precipitation have major impact on crops both in rain-fed and irrigated areas. In rainfed areas sowing time, crop duration and productivity is directly linked to the quantum and distribution of rainfall, while in irrigated areas distribution of rainfall affects germination and harvesting of crops. The growth of food grain production is quite variable in different areas. As a result, agriculture scenario presents a mixed picture. Productivity of district Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Nainital (plain) and Dehradun (plain) is very high, on the other side; productivity of the hilly area is very low, although the valleys are fertile. Plains and hill agriculture stand in stark contrast to each other. While productivity in plains can be compared with agriculturally developed



regions of the country, productivity in hill lags far behind. Plains farming greatly benefitted from the advent of green revolution. At the same time, hill farming systems have their inherent strengths, including the fact that they are largely organic, mixed cropping based, and subsistence driven.

Area, production and productivity of important crops in the districts are shown in Table 44 and the productivity is shown in Figure 1747

Besides the threats there are ample opportunities of increasing production and productivity, especially in the field of pulses and oilseeds by availability of cultivable waste land, conservation of rain water harvesting activities. There is also a good opportunity of organic farming, diversification of agriculture, post-harvest technologies, strengthening of market interventions, and use of farm machinery to make the agriculture more profitable occupation.

. Productivity of district Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Nainital (plain) and Dehradun (plain) is very high, on the other side; productivity of the hilly area is very low, although the valleys are fertile. Plains and hill agriculture stand in stark contrast to each other. While productivity in plains can be compared with agriculturally developed regions of the country, productivity in hill lags far behind. The Green Revolution had highly benefitted the farming system of the plain area of the State while it has neglected the hilly region.

47 Official website of Agriculture department, Government of Uttarakhand: http://agriculture.uk.gov.in/files/Districtwise_Final_Estimate_of_Area,_Production_and_Avg.pdf

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Figure 17 : Productivity of agriculture crops of Uttarakhand districts

Source: http://apy.dacnet.nic.in/crop_fryr_toyr.aspx

Area and yield of some of the major crops grown in Uttarakhand are shown in Table 45 and Table 46 respectively48

. Wheat followed by rice and ragi are the principal crops of the state. In addition, sugarcane and small millets are also grown in sizeable percentage. Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Hardwar and Dehradun are districts with highest yield (tonnes/hectare) of principal crops.

48 DACNET-District wise Crop Production Statistics: http://apy.dacnet.nic.in/crop_fryr_toyr.aspx

0 5

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re)

Total Cereals Productivity Total Pulses Productivity Total Foodgrains Productivity 2010-11

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20

Utt

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shi

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i Gar

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wal

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ora

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nita

l

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paw

at

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Nag

ar

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arh

Cham

oli

Hard

war

Prod

uctiv

ity (q

uint

al p

er h

ecta

re)

Total Oilseeds Productivity 2010-11



Table 45: Area in hectares under principal crops in Uttarakhand districts (2012-13)

Area (hectare) District Wheat Rice Ragi Sugarcane Small millets Champawat 6,943 6,006 4,870 9 1,009 Rudraprayag 10,411 9,268 7,005 2,541 Uttarkashi 10,584 9,919 5,558 4,361 Chamoli 14,346 11,983 10,058 6,197 Bageshwar 15,252 13,272 5,994 1,379 Dehradun 19,931 11,047 1,322 4,420 1,192 Pauri Garhwal 22,730 15,526 22,065 15,014 Nainital 23,052 11,953 2,815 3,960 552 Pithoragarh 23,696 20,204 8,055 1,809 Tehri Garhwal 24,807 11,108 12,497 16,702 Almora 37,533 18,288 32,971 14,301 Haridwar 42,752 13,575 72,123 Udham Singh Nagar 97,632 117,088 23,471 Uttarakhand 349,669 269,237 113,210 103,983 65,057


Table 46: Yield in tonnes/hectares under principal crops in Uttarakhand districts (2012-13)

Yield (tonnes/hectare) District Name Wheat Rice Ragi Sugarcane Small millets Champawat 1.28 1.36 1.40 60.00 1.27 Almora 1.32 1.07 1.19 1.21 Pauri Garhwal 1.36 1.17 1.38 1.20 Chamoli 1.43 1.37 1.54 1.09 Tehri Garhwal 1.50 1.44 1.49 1.42 Pithoragarh 1.55 1.29 1.47 1.08 Rudraprayag 1.56 1.34 1.50 1.56 Bageshwar 1.58 1.49 1.54 0.75 Uttarkashi 1.74 1.88 1.84 1.12 Dehradun 2.27 2.06 1.34 60.20 0.95 Haridwar 2.90 2.26 60.50 Nainital 3.13 2.95 1.34 62.50 1.16 Udham Singh Nagar 3.79 3.10 62.50


Horticulture Horticulture is one of the critical sectors in the economy of Uttarakhand. It provides much needed opportunity for diversification and increased employment in the state where scope of high rate of growth in conventional agriculture is rather limited due to peculiar topography and majority of scattered and marginal holdings.

Table 47 and Figure 18 show the area, production and yield of horticulture crops in districts of Uttarakhand. It is seen that among the horticulture crops districts namely, Dehradun, Nainital, Almora and Tehri Garhwal occupies the largest percentage area while the yield of Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar is the highest during 2010-11.14



Table 47: Area, Production and Yield of Horticulture Crops in Uttarakhand (2010-11)

District Area (ha) Production (MT) Yield (MT/ha)

Pauri Garhwal 9.67 3.97 2.24

Champawat 5.71 2.51 2.40

Rudraprayag 1.57 0.82 2.85

Tehri Garhwal 10.74 6.58 3.34

Dehradun 13.19 12.37 5.11

Bageshwar 2.03 2.01 5.39

Nainital 12.81 12.9 5.49

Pithoragarh 8.01 8.29 5.64

Uttarkashi 6.27 7.37 6.43

Chamoli 6.86 8.81 6.99

Almora 10.82 15.36 7.74

Udham Singh Nagar 5.12 7.67 8.17

Haridwar 7.20 11.34 8.59

Source:http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Academics/centres_institutes/Agricultural_Eco/16.2013-Agri%20profile%20of%20Uttrakhand-%20Usha%20Tuteja.pdf

Figure 18 : Proportion of area, production and yield of horticulture crops in districts of Uttarakhand

Animal Husbandry and Dairying The state of Uttarakhand is endowed with a mix variety of livestock: cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, horse, pony, mule and poultry. The main feature of the animal husbandry in Uttarakhand is huge

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livestock population with low productivity. The livestock holding per household is small and mix of different species. The tribal population particularly Gujjars have the large number of buffalo and sheep. The number of livestock and poultry per one lakh rural population for year 2011 is shown in Figure 19. 49 It is seen that Pithorgarh district has the highest number of livestock per 1 lakh rural population while Hardwar has the least. Similarly, Udham Singh Nagar district has the highest number of poultry per 1 lakh rural population while Hardwar has the least.

Figure 19 : Number of livestock and poultry in districts of Uttarakhand

49 Uttarakhand Department of Animal Husbandry, 2007: ahd.uk.gov.in/

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000

100,000 120,000 140,000

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Energy The consumption of electricity in different sectors in the hill regions is shown in Table 4850

Around 96 per cent of the rural villages in Uttarakhand are provided with electricity by Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd. UREDA, Micro-Hydel and Kuteer Jyoti connections are also prevalent but in less so in villages. Of the hill districts only Pauri has 20 per cent of its villages electrified by Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd. and 10.5 per cent by Kuteer Jyoti connections. Almora and Tehri Garhwal have about 13 percent and 7-9 per cent villages electrified through these two sources of electrification. The status of village electrification in the remaining hill districts is very poor.

. However, of the total state electricity consumption, very little is consumed by the hill districts. It is mainly four districts in the plains where electricity consumption is the maximum. This shows the poor situation of electrification in the hill districts of Uttarakhand. The electricity consumption in the hill districts of Uttarakhand is only 1.5% of the total consumption.

Table 48: Profile of electricity consumption in the hill districts, 2006-07

(Unit: Thousand kilowatt) Indicator Specification Domestic Commercial Industrial Agriculture Others Electricity

consumption

Almora 58,584 11,115 1,613 781 16,523 88,616

Bageshwar 15,408 3,766 2,654 444 775 23,047

Chamoli 43,644 3,520 - 640 305 48,109

Champawat 14,706 4,216 1,560 225 372 21,079

Pauri Garhwal 38,746 8,062 1,230 369 16,176 64,583

Pithoragarh 31,850 3,742 557 836 6,851 43,836

Rudraprayag 12,196 1,459 593 897 14 15,159

Tehri Garhwal 31,137 73,713 41,853 604 6,216 153,523

Uttarkashi 48,660 3,128 3,098 1,360 43 56,289

Uttarakhand 1,036,480 539,780 1,230,020 406,700 224,540 3,437,520

Per cent share of hill districts 3 2 0 0 2 2

Source: admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Working_Paper_217.pdf

Disaster Management The state of Uttarakhand is located in the Central Himalayan region. The terrain of the state is predominantly mountainous and the forest cover accounts for 64 percent of its geographical area. Most of the northern portion of the state forms a part of the Great Himalayan range and is studded with a number of snow clad peaks and glaciers.

Increasing uncertainty in the precipitation patterns in the state is amply highlighted by the fact that both in the years 2007-08 and 2008-09 the state faced severe drought conditions. In the year 2007-08 nine districts of the state (out of total 13 districts) were officially notified as being drought affected while in 2008-09 ten districts were notified as being drought affected. In both these 50 Development Strategy for the Hill Districts of Uttarakhand: Surabhi Mittal, Gaurav Tripathi, Deepti Sethi, July 2008: admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Working_Paper_217.pdf



occasions the state Government had to seek Central Assistance of Rs 2415 and Rs. 2001 million respectively to manage the situation. Completely opposite was the case in 2010 when the entire state witnessed excess monsoonal precipitation and massive losses were reported from across the state due to repeated flood, flash flood, landslide and cloudburst events and the state Government had to seek Central Assistance of Rs 6530 million6.

The Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Dehradun has been carrying out a number of initiatives in the field of disaster management and mitigation.

Industry SIDCUL successfully developed Haridwar, Pantnagar, Salaqui industrial area. All this had a direct effect on the state GDP with an increase of more than 9% from 2000 to 2007. During this period the industrial sector growth rate was 17.2%. Afterward also the growth of GDP was upward with 33.9% in 2007-08. The unprecedented growth of industries in the state is due to cumulative effect of conducive environment for industries and favourable policies special promotional package. The growth of industry in the state has resulted in growth of GDP of the state, which is highest among the three newly states i.e. Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh.

The Uttarakhand state has 206 heavy industries (till 2010) and has registered an increase of 31.8% in heavy industries after the formation of state. The maximum heavy industries are registered in Udham Singh Nagar followed by Haridwar and Dehradun.

Within Uttarakhand, most of the industrialisation has taken place in Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Dehradun and Nainital. More than 75 per cent industrial outputs come from two districts of US Nagar and Haridwar.

Tourism At the district level, regions in the plains have relatively better infrastructure. Of the total number of tourists visiting the state, 67 per cent visit regions in the plains and only 33 per cent venture into the hill regions (Table 49). In terms of foreign tourists, 40.73 percent go to hill districts and of the domestic tourists 32.54 per cent visit the hills of Uttarakhand50. Figure 20 show that Hardwar has the highest number of domestic tourist arrivals amongst all districts in 2005-06.

Table 49: Number of tourist arrivals, 2005-06

District Domestic Foreign Total

Almora 225,333 5,101 230,434

Chamoli 1,670,176 3,078 1,673,254

Pauri Garhwal 522,180 9,835 532,015

Pithoragarh 193,947 1,136 195,083

Rudraprayag 493,824 1,092 494,916

Tehri Garhwal 591,033 8,699 599,732

Uttarkashi 804,032 1,511 805,543

Dehradun 2,361,254 20,573 2,381,827

Hardwar 6,283,726 11,012 6,294,738



District Domestic Foreign Total

Nainital 616,594 12,504 629,098

US Nagar 67,946 220 68,166

Uttarakhand 13,830,045 74,761 13,904,806

Hill districts (%) 4,500,525 30,452 4,530,977

(32.54) (40.73) (32.59)

Districts in the plains (%) 9,329,520 44,309 9,373,829

(67.46) (59.27) (67.41)

Source: admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Working_Paper_217.pdf

Note: Details on Bageshwar and Champawat are not available

Figure 20 : Number of tourist arrivals, 2005-06

Demography District wise demographic profile of the Uttarakhand for year 2011 is shown in Figure 21. Decadal population growth rate, density of population, sex ratio, literacy rate, gender gap in literacy rate and share of rural, urban population for 2011 is shown in Figure 2151

Figure 22. Work participation rates, the

gender gap and share of marginal workers are shown in . The important health indicators are plotted in Figure 23. Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar has the highest population density per sq km while Uttarkashi and Chamoli have the least amongst all districts. Hardwar has the least sex ratio while Almora has the highest. Literacy rate is the maximum in Nainital and Dehradun while the gender gap is the least so they are better off as compared to the other districts. Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts have the highest gender gap in literacy rate. Rural population occupies a larger share in all districts as compared to urban population except for Dehradun. In hill districts of Bageshwar and Rudraprayag share of rural population is the highest while in the plain districts it’s relatively lower. 51 Census 2011

0

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Alm

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Domestic Foreign Total 2005- 2006



The total work participation rate is lower in Hardwar and also the gender gap is the maximum thus Hardwar is worse off as compared to the other districts of Uttarakhand. Almora district has the highest work participation rate. Share of marginal workers is the highest in Tehri Garhwal and Pauri Garhwal.

Birth rate and death rate do not show much variations among the districts as can be seen. Infant mortality rate is the highest in Hardwar while the least in Pithorgarh, Almora and Rudraprayag as can be seen.

Figure 21 : Demographic profile of Districts of Uttarakhand (2011)

-5 0 5

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Decadal Growth Rate of Population 2001-11

State Average 19.17

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State Average 189




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Figure 22 : Workers of Uttarakhand districts

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Urban Rural Uttarakhand 2011

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Chamoli

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Uttarkashi

Bageshwar

Almora

Wor

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Rate

, %

Total Male Female 2011



Figure 22 : Workers of Uttarakhand districts

Figure 23 : Birth Rate, Death Rate and Infant Mortality Rate of Uttarakhand districts

Economy District level per capita income (current prices) for 2004-05 and 2013-14 is shown as graph Figure 24. The spatial representation of GDP and population for districts is shown in Figure 25. It can be seen from the figure that how per capita income has risen over the years, the highest being for Dehradun and Hardwar while the least for Uttarkashi and Bageshwar amongst all districts.

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Hardwar

Dehradun

Uttarkashi

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at

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% o

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Share of marginal workers 2011

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%)

Birth Rate Death Rate IMR 2011



The distortion in the economic structure is accompanied by a strong regional imbalance. Most of the secondary and tertiary sectors’ economic activities are located in the plains districts. There are no major manufacturing units in the mountain region. The employment structure in the state reflects the regional growth imbalance (Figure 26). In the mountain districts, almost 70 per cent of the working population is employed in agriculture as cultivators and agricultural labor. In the plains districts the corresponding figure is 36 per cent. Thus a very large fraction of the households in the mountain districts have a low per capita income. Figure 24 shows that the per capita income of all the mountain districts is below the state average whereas that of the plain districts is above the state average.

Figure 24 : Per capita income (current prices) of Uttarakhand districts

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2004-05 2013-14



Figure 25 : Spatial representation of GDPand Population of Uttarakhand districts

Figure 26 : Sectoral distribution of regional workers (main and marginal) of Uttarakhand

65.9

20.3

3.6

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2 3.7

28.5

60

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Cultivators Agriculture Labourers Household Industry Other Services



Infrastructure Infrastructure is a vital sector for the development of the industry and economy. Government of Uttarakhand is working towards the development of infrastructure to promote industry, commerce and trade in the State. The major infrastructure issues are drinking water and irrigation facilities, electricity, road and communication facilities, banking infrastructure, and social infrastructure like housing and education. For all infrastructure development projects it is important for targets to be specified.

Physical infrastructure There is huge investment potential in areas such as power, transportation, urban and rural infrastructure in Uttarakhand.

Transport Road density of Uttarakhand districts are shown in Figure 2752. It’s seen that in the plain districts of Dehradun, Nainital, Udham Singh Nagar and Hardwar road density is higher while in the hill districts its lower.

Figure 27 : Road density of Uttarakhand districts

Irrigation The net surface water and ground water irrigation to net sown area for the districts is shown in Figure 28.53

52 Uttarakhand Development Report, Planning Commission, Government of India

In the hilly districts of the state, proportion of surface and ground water irrigation to

53 DACNET- Landuse Statistics Report

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Total road length per 100 sq km of area 2005



sown area is very while it is observed to be higher in plain districts. The major source of irrigation is ground water in Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar.

Figure 28 : Irrigation scenario of Uttarakhand districts

Telecommunication The infrastructure of communications services in the hill regions is poor. The number of household having landline telephones, mobiles and both as per 2011 is shown in Figure 294. Dehradun and Hardwar household are better off as compared to the other districts.

Figure 29 : Availability of telephones in Uttarakhand districts

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 Ch

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Urban infrastructure The percentage of districts households in Uttarakhand having access to safe drinking water, sanitation, electricity, transportation and communication is shown a bar graph in Figure 30.4 The districts in plains, Hardwar, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital households have better access to improved drinking water source as compared to the other districts. With regards to the other assets, sanitation, electricity and transport, communication Dehradun households are in the best position while households of Champawat and Uttarkashi lag far behind.

Figure 30 : Households with access to safe drinking water, sanitation and electricity in Uttarakhand districts

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% of households with access to improved source of drinking water 2011

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% o

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% of households having latrine facility within the premises 2011



Figure 30 : Households with access to safe drinking water, sanitation and electricity in Uttarakhand districts

0 20 40 60 80

100 120

Cham

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Alm

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% of households having electricity as main source of lighting

2011

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% of households with access to communication/transport 2011



Social infrastructure Education sector The total number of schools (Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools) for Uttarakhand districts is shown in Table 50.20. Number of schools per 1 lakh population is shown in Figure 31. The districts in plains have the largest number of schools but due to their large population availability per 1 lakh population is lower as compared to the hill districts. Rudraprayag and Chamoli have the highest number of schools per 1 lakh of population.

Figure 31 : Number of schools in Uttarakhand districts

Table 50: Number of schools in Uttarakhand districts, 2012-13

District Name Total Number of Schools

Total Population Total No.of Schools/ one lakh population

Hardwar 1,833 1,927,029 95

Udham Singh Nagar 2,000 1,648,367 121

Dehradun 2,408 1,698,560 142

Nainital 1,820 955,128 191

Champawat 882 259,315 340

Almora 2,246 621,927 361

Bageshwar 973 259,840 374

Garhwal 2,721 686,527 396

Tehri Garhwal 2,449 616,409 397

Uttarkashi 1,345 329,686 408

Pithoragarh 2,007 485,993 413

Chamoli 1,651 391,114 422

Rudraprayag 1,003 236,857 423

Source:http://phdcci.in/file/state%20profie_pdf/Uttarakhand-The%20State%20Profile-June%202011.pdf

0 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

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Alm

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Total Schools 2011



Health infrastructure The total number of health centres (sub centres, primary health centres, community health centres, and sub divisional hospitals and district hospitals) for Uttarakhand districts is shown in Table 51.54

Figure 32.

Number of health centres per 1 lakh population is shown in . Pithorgarh and Almora have the highest number of health centres per 1 lakh of population while Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar have the least.

Figure 32 : Health centres in Uttarakhand districts

Table 51: Number of health centres in Uttarakhand districts, 2011

Name of the District

Number of Sub Centres

Number of Primary Health Centres

Number of Community Health Centres

Sub Divisional Hospital

District Hospital

Total No of health centres

No of health centres/ lakhs of population

Hardwar 159 28 6 2 2 197 10

Udham Singh Nagar 153 27 6 1 1 188 11

Dehradun 167 19 7 4 2 199 12

Nainital 136 19 4 6 2 167 17

Champawat 66 6 2 1 0 75 29

Uttarkashi 81 11 3 0 1 96 29

Chamoli 104 13 5 0 1 123 31

Rudraprayag 65 11 2 0 1 79 33

Bageshwar 77 11 2 0 1 91 35

54 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare , Government of India: www.mohfw.nic.in/

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hard

war

Udh

am S

ingh

Nag

ar

Dehr

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Nai

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Cham

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Utt

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Cham

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Rudr

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Bage

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Garh

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Alm

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Num

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Health Centres 2011



Name of the District

Number of Sub Centres

Number of Primary Health Centres

Number of Community Health Centres

Sub Divisional Hospital

District Hospital

Total No of health centres

No of health centres/ lakhs of population

Garhwal 218 22 5 3 2 250 36

Tehri Garhwal 190 26 5 1 1 223 36

Almora 195 28 4 2 2 231 37

Pithoragarh 154 18 4 0 2 178 37

Source:https://github.com/frappe/opendataproject/blob/master/downloads/data.gov.in/District_Wise_Rural_HealthCare_Infrastructure.csv

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