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8/6/2019 Climate Change - UNEP
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-unep 1/50
Climate change and the forestry sector: where are we now?
Presentation by UNEP - Mr Jaco Tavenier
Istanbul 20 September 2010
UNECE/FAO meeting Specialists on Forest Policy in
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
1
8/6/2019 Climate Change - UNEP
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Overview
1- Climate Change : facts, science, causes and impacts
2- International climate change policy framework
3- Mitigating climate change (focus on forestry sector)
4- Sources of financing to address climate change with focuson the forestry sector
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Climate Change Science, Causes and
Impacts
1
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The Climate Change Challenge in a Nutshell
Average temperature of the earth has risen by 0.74 degrees
Celsius since 1900 Expected to rise by about 4 o C by mid-century if no action is
taken
Temperature rise results in extreme weather events andimpacts (e.g. flooding, droughts, sea level rise, etc.)
Human action mainly responsible for observed and projectedclimate change
Risk of major economic and social disturbances particularly indeveloping countries
Swift action required to:� Reduce the causes of climate changes (mitigation)
� Prepare for the impacts of climate change (adaptation)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Complexity of the Global Climate System
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Major Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Caused by Humans
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) CFC·s
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Globally averaged CO2 concentration at the
surface.
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Majors Sectors Emitting Greenhouse
Gases
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Source: IPCC
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Examples of Observed Climate Change
Floods: The frequency of floods hasincreased by nearly 300% in the past30 years
Droughts/heat waves: The mostextreme three heat waves/droughts in50 years occurred in Europe in 2003,Australia in 2009 and China in 2010
Extreme events/storms: Storms,
including hurricanes have beenmeasured to have increased intensitysince the 1980s
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Source: UNEP
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Observed Impact: Changes in Physical and
Biological Systems
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Projected Impact on Ecosystems
Biodiversity: decreases in the Amazon rainforest will
lead to loss of species
Protective function: loss of mangrove forests leave
coastal regions vulnerable to storm surges Loss of habitat: warming temperatures on mountains
mean climatic habitats shift in altitude
Agriculture: Loss of productivity as crops fail in warmer
temperatures mean that between 5 million and 170million additional people are predicted to be at riskof hunger by 2080
Freshwater: Less security of water supply as moredroughts and less rain occurs
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Projected Impact on Forests (Europe)
Forest area is expected to expand in the north,
decreasing the current tundra area by 2100, but
contract in the south;
Native conifers are likely to be replaced by deciduoustrees in Western and Central Europe;
The distribution of a number of typical tree species is
likely to decrease in the Mediterranean;
Tree vulnerability will increase aspopulations/plantations are managed to grow outside
their natural range
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Projected Impact on Forests (Europe)
cont«
In northern Europe, climate change will substantially increase net
primary productivity (NPP) and biomass of forests;
In the northern and maritime temperate zones and at higher
elevations in the Alps, NPP is likely to increase. However, by theend of the century in continental Central and Southern Europe, NPP
of conifers is likely to decrease due to water limitations and higher
temperatures;
Negative impacts of drought on deciduous forests are also likely;
Abiotic hazards for forest are likely to increase, although
expected impacts are regionally specific.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Economic Implications of Climate
Change
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Climate change could cost from 5 to 20 percent of globalGDP if no action is taken. Source: Stern Report, 2006
Costs arise from preventing, preparing for and repairingthe damage from climate change impacts
Industries particularly affected� Timber
� Fisheries� Tourism
� Travel
� Agriculture
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International Climate Change Policy
Framework
1
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The Growing Importance of Climate Change
T
erritorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
´Climate change, and how we address this issue, is a
defining issue of our era.µ
Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General of the United Nations, 2007
´The battle against climate change can not be won without theworld·s forests - this is now clear·
Ban Ki-moon, 2009
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The Need for a Global Approach to
Address Climate Change
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Climate change is a global problem that requiresglobal solutions
GHG emission contribute to climate change
irrespective of their origin Majority of countries will be negatively affected if
no action is taken
Need for a (new) global regime to� Regulate global reduction of GHG emissions
� Provide support to developing countries to adapt toclimate change
�
Create a sustainable development path in all countries
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What is the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?
First international framework agreement governingglobal efforts to combat CC
Complemented by a protocol specifying details
(Kyoto Protocol) Entered into force in 1994
Currently has 194 Parties: 193 States and 1 regionaleconomic integration organization (EU)
Objective: to stabilize the greenhouse gas (GHG)concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that wouldprevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with theclimate system«..µ
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Two-Track Approach under the Convention
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Mitigation
�Actions taken to cut net emissions
of greenhouse gases to reduce
climate change
Adaptation
�
Actions taken to help in copingwith changing climate conditions
and impacts
Source: UNITAR
Source: UNEP
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What is the Kyoto Protocol?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Strengthens the UNFCCC by providing detailedtargets and timelines for GHG emission reductions
Adopted in 1997; entered into force in 2005
Will expire in 2012 192 Parties (191 States and 1 regional economic
integration organization (EU))
Key concepts:
Legally binding reductions in GHG emissionsestablished only for industrialized countries;
Developing countries are exempt of GHG emissionsreductions (Non-Annex I Parties)
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Mitigation Commitments of industrialized
countries
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Industrialized countries (Annex B KP) shall
individually or jointly:
�Reduce their emissions by at least 5 % below 1990
levels by the 2008 to 2012 period
Reduction of Emissions: key categories
� Energy
� Industrial processes, solvent and other product use
�Agriculture
� Land use change and forestry
�Waste
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The 3 Kyoto Mechanisms
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Three Kyoto Mechanisms create flexibility for emissionreductions1. Emission Trading ² known as ´the carbon marketµ
2. Joint Implementation (JI)
3. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Basic concept and rationale
� Emission reduction can be more cost-effective in somecountries/facilities than others
� Creates potential for market exchange and win-winsituations
Designed to boost the cost-effectiveness of mitigation
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Further obligations of industrialized countries
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Responsibility to provide additional financial
resources to developing countries
Assist particularly vulnerable developing countries
to meet costs of adaptation
Facilitate the transfer of climate-friendly
technologies
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Commitments of All Parties (industrialized and
non industrialized)
Develop national inventories of greenhouse gasemissions
Formulate mitigation and adaptation measures
Cooperate in technology transfer Promote sustainable development
Take into account climate changeconsiderations into development planning
Promote and cooperate in research
Cooperate in information exchange
Promote and cooperate in education, training
and public awareness Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Key Elements of 2009 Copenhagen Accord
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Global commitment to keep temperature increase below 2°C
Emission reduction
� Submission of commitments of all Parties
� Voluntary action by LDC and SIDS on basis of support
provided Principle financial commitments from developed countries� USD 30 billion for period of 2010-2012� USD 100 billion a year by 2020� New additional funding for REDD+
Technology transfer and forestry support� Recognition of REDD to allow mobilization of financial
resources from developed countries
� Establishment of a Technology Mechanism
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The Path to COP 16 in Cancun, Mexico
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
October 2010: 4-9 AWG sessions in Tianjin, China
Cancun, Mexico, 29 Nov -10 Dec 2010
� 16th Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP 16)
� 6th COP Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the KyotoProtocol (CMP 6)
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Mitigation options for the forestry sector
Mitigating Climate Change
1
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What is Climate Change Mitigation?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Mitigation is any actions that cuts
net emissions of greenhouse gases
by:
� reducing sources of greenhousegases
� Increasing sinks of greenhouse
gases
Includes but is not limited to
technological, political, structural
or financial action
Source: FAO
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The Forestry Sector: deforestation and
climate change
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Deforestation results in the release of the carbon stored in
trees as CO2 emissions. It is estimated it contributed
globally to approximately 20 % of annual GHG emissions
in the 1990s.
Source: FAO
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How forest related activities can reduce GHG
emissions?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
1. Establishing, enhancing or protecting forests ecosystems.
2. Managing forests in a sustainable way:a. Management for conservation (prevent emissions)
b. Management for storage (short-term measures over the next 50years )
c. Management for substitution (long-term measures).
3. Sustainable producing wood fuel from forests, which can displacefossil fuels.
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Mitigation measures applicable to Forestry sector
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Maintaining or increasing forest area� Increase plantations (wood energy)
� Eliminate illegal logging
Maintaining or increasing site carbon density
Promote voluntary certification schemes forsustainable forest management
Increasing off site carbon stocks in woodproducts and enhancing product and fuel
substitution Monitoring vulnerable forest areas
(avoiding forest fires and pest attacks)
Source: Scientific American
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Co-Benefits Resulting from Mitigation in
the Forestry Sector
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Enhanced diversity of energy mix and energy
supply security
Improved local employment, e.g. through
decentralized energy production and development
of the forestry industry
Improved local industrial development Better use of the ecosystem services provided by
forests
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UN REDD Programme: Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Seeks to create a financial value for the carbon storedin forests
Offers incentives for developing countries to reduceemissions from forested lands and invest in low-
carbon paths to sustainable development The REDD Fund contains over 74 million US dollars
for forest projects
REDD+ projects can include:� Preventing deforestation and forest degradation
� Conservation of forests� Sustainable management of forests
� Enhancement of forest carbon stocks
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Sources of Financing to Address Climate
Change in the Forestry Sector
1
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Overview of Sources to Finance Climate
Action
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
1. National and Sub-national
Budgets (public)
2. Multilateral Funds and OfficialDevelopment Aid (ODA) (public)
3. Market-Based Mechanisms /
Carbon Financing (public /
private)4. Private Funds
Source: Fotolia
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1.National and Sub-National Budgets
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Tax incentives to promote certain investments
Support for research and development
(e.g. for new technology)
Loan guarantees for private investment
Funding of basic infrastructure development (e.g.
transport)
Feed-in tariffs, etc.
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2. Multilateral Funding and Official
Development Aid
UN:
A. UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol (GEF administered)i. GEF funding under UNFCCC ² climate change focal area
ii. GEF Trust Fund - Strategic Priority on Adaptation
iii. Special Climate Change Fund (UNFCCC, 2001)iv. Least Developed Countries Fund (UNFCCC, 2001)
v. Kyoto Protocol Adaptation Fund (KP, 1997)
B. UN Funds and Programmes
Multilateral Financial Institutions (Multilateral DevelopmentBanks (MDBs)
Bilateral Development Aid Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
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Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Established in October 1991 to assist in the protection of the globalenvironment and to promote environmental sustainable development
Provides grants for projects related to six focal areas: biodiversity,climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone
layer, and persistent organic pollutants
Designated financial mechanism for several multilateralenvironmental agreements (MEAs) including
Conventions like CBD, UNFCCC, UNCCD & Stockholm Convention onPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Governing bodies of the GEF (GEF Council and the GEF Assembly)receive guidance from MEAs
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Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Long-term adaptation measures (top priority)
A catalyst to leverage additional resources frombilateral and other multilateral sources
T
he SCCF has four different windows:1. Adaptation
2. Transfer of technologies
3. Energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry,and waste management
4. Activities to assist developing countries whoseeconomies are highly dependent of fossil fuels andassociated energy-intensive products in diversifyingtheir economies
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Kyoto Protocol Adaptation Fund
Financed mainly by 2% levy on
Clean Development Mechanism credits
Expected total amount by 2012:
USD260 million ² USD400 million In May 2010: USD 96 million
Plus Euro 45 million from Spain
Projects must be submitted through agencies accredited by theAF Board, national or multilateral (WB, UNDP) ² more or less
than USD1 million
Operational policies and Guidelines
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Source: dfid.gov.uk)
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Multilateral Development Banks
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
MDBs include
�World Bank
� Regional Development Banks
African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank
European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
Inter-American Development
Bank Group
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The Forest Investment Programme - FIP
(World Bank)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The FIP supports developing countries· efforts to reduce deforestation
and forest degradation (REDD) and promotes sustainable forest
management that leads to emission reductions and the protection of
carbon reservoirs.
It achieves this by providing scaled-up financing to developing countries
for readiness reforms and public and private investments, identified
through national REDD readiness or equivalent strategies.
FIP investments also mainstream climate resilience considerations and
contribute to multiple co-benefits such as biodiversity conservation,
etc« Source: World Bank
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Bilateral Climate Change Funds
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Dedicated funds established by
a country/group of countries to
support Non-Annex 1 countries
in implementing the globalclimate change regime
Usually managed directly by the
country which provided the
financing
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3. Market Mechanisms and Carbon
Markets
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Market mechanisms and carbon markets place
financial value on the reduction of GHG
GHG reduction may take place in any country (Annex
1 or Non-Annex 1)
Carbon Financing Schemes under the UNFCCC/Kyoto
Protocol
�
Joint Implementation� Emission Trading
� Clean Development Mechanism
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Potential of the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
CDM is a market mechanism under the Kyoto protocol toencourage mitigation
Allows countries with emission-reduction commitments under theKyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project indeveloping countries concrete examples««..
Funding is provided by the Annex I country Projects must provide emission reductions that wouldn·t
normally occur Approved CDM project can earn saleable certified emission
reduction (CER) credits
´The CDM enables sustainable development projects indeveloping countries that reduce emissions or enhance sinks
through afforestation or reforestation.µ ² UNFCCC
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Examples of Joint Implementation
JI projects might involve, for example,
Fossil fuel switch replacing a coal-fired power plant
with a more efficient combined heat and power
plant
Landfill gas projects (61)
Wind energy (31)
Afforestation/reforestation (1)
Source: UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development (URC)
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Number of JI projects by type in %
Graph shows that renewables & CH4 take most of
the projects, whereas afforestation is only 0.3 %
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Host country for JI projects, number of projects and
kERUs (September 2010)
http://www.cdmpipeline.org/ji-projects.
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Climate change and the forestry sector: where are we
now?
More information onhttp://ji.unfccc.int/JI_ Projects/
http://www.cdmpipeline.org/ji-projects.htm#1
Questions and comments