Climate Resilience & Smart Cities

Prof. Jyoti K Parikh

Executive Director, IRADe

UN Climate Change Conference (COP25)

5th December, 2019

Smart Cities Mission (launched in 2015)

Objectives

Strengthen Basic Infrastructure

Quality of Urban Life

Clean Sustainable environment

Apply smart solution/ IT based

Set examples to be replicated both within and outside the smart

cities and catalyse the creation of similar smart cities

Focus on sustainable and inclusive development in 100 cities and

the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which

will act like a light house to other aspiring cities

100 smart Cities

Smart Cities – Mission Strategies

Integrated Smart

Solution

Total Winning Proposals

100

Total Urban

population Impacted

99,630,069

Total Cost of Projects

(₹ Cr.)2,05,018

Smart Cities – Financial

• 100 Smart Cities to make investment of ₹2.05 lakh crore

• 35,085 Cr ( 17.11 %) investment in Climate / Environment Sector

Smart Cities Mission An Overview of implementation.

http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/presentation/5c4834d78cdb30_SCM%20Prez_for%20CLAF_v3.pdf

ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework

• The Ministry adopted a systemic approach to

implement the first phase of the assessment under

Smart City Mission

• First-of-its-kind assessment on climate relevant

parameters

• Aims to provide a clear road map for Indian cities

towards combating Climate Change

• Includes 30 diverse indicators across 5 sectors

IRADe Climate Adaptive Programme

Geographical Coverage:

32 Project cities & 19 Indian States

Disaster Resilience & Smart Cities: 25 Cities, India

Action Plan for Heat Stress Management: 3 Cities, India & South

Asia

Prediction of Dengue with Climate Change : 2 Cities, India

Air Pollution & Human Health

22 out of 100 Smart Cities - IRADe Project Cities

IRADe Centre of Excellence: Urban Development & Climate Change

Sustainable Urban Development

DISASTER RESILIENCE

CLIMATE RESILIENCE

HEALTH RESILIENCE

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES

Disaster Resilience Action Plans

Disaster Management Strategies

Air Pollution Action Plan

Climate Adaptive Heat Stress Action

Plans

Early warning systems –Dengue

management

Solar City Action Plans

Waste management

Vulnerability Assessment

Vulnerability Index

Roadmap for Climate Resilient

smart Cities

Policy Landscape for Climate Resilience

GIS & Remote Sensing applications

Critical infrastructure mapping

Disaster Resilience

India’s Climate Disaster Vulnerability

Andhra Pradesh incurred Economic losses

of 7 billion USD due to Cyclone Hudhud,

City of Visakhapatnam was the worst

affected.

Economic losses from Floods in Jammu and

Kashmir, Srinagar - around 16 billion USD,

affected 3.6 million people, it was world’s

worst economic disaster in 2014

• Losses due to floods in Chennai in 2015

were around USD 3 billion (Approx.)

• Total losses in Kerala due to Floods in

2018 estimated to be around 4 billion

by the world bank

India’s Climate Disaster Vulnerability - Economy

• Extreme weather events are costing India $9-10 billion annually - Parliamentary Standing Committee Report

(August 2017)

Hazards Absolute (Billion US$)

Flood 7.47

Wind/ Cyclone 1.16

Coastal Storm Surge 0.72

Earthquake 0.44

Tsunami 0.02

Multi-Hazard 9.83

Average Annual Loss due to Hazards in India

HIGS Framework

H

Hazards: Physical and Meteorological Indicators

•Temperature (Maximum. Minimum)

•Precipitation (Maximum. Minimum)

•Mean Sea Level

•Frequency of Drought

•Frequency of Floods

•Frequency of Cyclones

G

Governance- Institutions

•Participatory

•Transparency

•Accountability

•Response efficiency and capability

•Innovative financing

I

Infrastructure and

Urban Services

•Water supply

•Sewerage system

•Solid waste

management

•Storm water drainage

•Transportation

•Power

•Housing

S

Socio-Economic Indicators

•Demographic composition

(Sex-Ratio, age structure)

•Slum Population (Poverty

status)

•Literacy rate

•Migration flow

•Urbanisation trend and

urban sprawl

HIGS -Climate

Responsive Urban

Development

“H” is Hazard Exposure; “I” stand for Infrastructure, “G” for Governance and “S” for Socio-Economic variables.

Rapid Vulnerability Analysis (RVA) of Cities

HIGS framework for Aimed to assist policy makers, urban planners, city administrators, experts, academicians andstudents in dealing with climate related impacts in cities and formulate adaptation strategies

Rapid Vulnerability Assessment of 20 Indian Cities

Climate Vulnerability profiles of 20 Indian Cities , across 14 states

Coverage of different ecosystem types - coastal, hills, riverine,

mixed (arid and dry).

Developed HIGS as a methodological framework for preparing

Rapid Vulnerability Profiles of the cities

Vulnerability matrix for detailed analysis.

Highlighted Infrastructure, governance and institutional framework

needed for building resilience at city level

Sustainable and Disaster Resilient Urban Development, India:

10 Cities

10 cities selected from 10 states across India

Assessed the state of resilience of selected cities with diverse

physiography/topographic characteristics

Study to develop concrete roadmap to disaster resilience , covering

a wide range of parameters ─ city profile, natural hazard profile,

infrastructure and land use and city management and governance

First of its kind work which was referred for develop smart city

plans for 9 cities by the Ministries.

Exposure to Hazards

• Srinagar, Ahmedabad, Dehradun, Guwahati and Visakhapatnam are among the most vulnerable cities

exposed to numerous natural and man-made hazards (according to the data available)

• Almost all the cities are in flood risk zone and with unplanned development leading to encroachment of

the water bodies, the risk just amplifies

Variables/ Cities Srinagar Ahmedabad Dehradun Visakhapatnam Bhubaneswar Guwahati Hyderabad Bhopal Pune Shillong

Exposure to Hazards

Landslides 3 NA 3 2 NA 1 1 NA 1 1

Floods 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 1

Wind/ Cyclone 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3

Water scarcity NA 3 NA 1 NA NA 2 1 2 NA

Heat waves NA 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 NA

Cold Waves 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Exposure to Hazards

• Srinagar, Ahmedabad, Dehradun, Guwahati and Visakhapatnam are among the most vulnerable cities

exposed to numerous natural and man-made hazards (according to the data available)

• Almost all the cities are in flood risk zone and with unplanned development leading to encroachment of

the water bodies, the risk just amplifies

0

5

10

15

20

Exp

osu

re L

eve

l

Cities

Exposure to hazards

Earthquakes Landslides FloodsWind/ Cyclone Water scarcity Heat wavesCold Waves Industrial Hazards/Fires

Hazard Vulnerability Maps

• Integrated Land-Use-Vulnerability maps, indicating precise location of sites where people, the natural

environment or property are at risk due to a potentially catastrophic event / climate hazards

• Ward level information helps in developing effective planning Adaptive and Mitigation strategies

Hazard Vulnerability Maps Area inundated in Surat 2006 Flood in the two scenarios

• A volume of 28000 cubic meter (cu m) water was

discharged per second from Ukai dam, led to

submergence of 270 sq km area out of a total city

area of approx. 320 sq km.

• More than 90% of the west and north zones was

covered by water

• 50% higher (i.e. 42,000 cu m per sec) water is

discharged, then almost 295 sq km area would get

submerged, an increase of 9.25% over that of 2006

level.

• most of the parts of west and north zones will get

submerged with the increase of 50% in discharge

(black circles highlight

areas with potentially

more inundation in

second scenario)

In the second scenario, 230 sq km area gets submerged under 6 meters of water level whereas in the first scenario

about 100 sq km rea was found under water level of 6 m

Comprehensive Disaster DRR

Response -Efforts to minimize the impact of a disaster (coordinated search and rescue, emergency relief, early

warning). It may last for few days to 4-5 weeks.

Recovery - Returning the community to normal (rehabilitation efforts through temporary shelters, grants,

medical care). It may take few weeks to 6 months.

Risk reduction - Minimizing the effects of disaster (updating building codes and zoning, vulnerability analyses,

public education, etc.), planning how to respond (preparedness plans, emergency exercises/training, warning

systems). This is a continuous, iterative and long term process.

RestructureRisk

ReductionRecovery &

Rehabilitation

Alert, Response &

Rescue

Climate Adaptive Heat Stress Action Plans

Heat Wave – Silent Disaster

Among all Natural Hazard Mortality, share of Heat

Mortality is highest in India

Annual mean land surface air temperatures anomalies averaged over

India for the period 1901- 2018.(IMD. 2019)

Climate Change

Frequency, duration and severity of heat

waves has increased during last 50 years

India’s Heat Stress Scenario

Heat Hot Spots – 2000-2014

Source: NCRB

Year Death Record

(NDMA)

2010 1274

2011 798

2012 1247

2013 1216

2014 1677

2015 2422

2016 1111

2017 220

2018 25

• Since 2015 - 2019 witnessed consecutive year of

high temperature.

• June and July, 2019 was the warmest month on

records

• The city of Ahmedabad had a major heat wave in

May 2010, which led to 1,344 additional deaths

registered in the city during the month of May

• May 20-27th – excess deaths 800 in one week in

Ahmedabad

• Till 2018, 30 cities and 12 states in India have

developed/ Adopted Heat Action Plans

Climatological Variance – 3 Cities

Delhi Bhubaneshwar Rajkot

March getting heated at

relatively faster rate than rest

of the summer months.

March (1.2 °C)

March records relatively

higher temperature than

other summer months

March (1.42°C)

April records relatively

higher temperature than

other summer months

April (1.2°C)

Spatial Variation of TemperatureThermal Hotspots Maps - Delhi

Spatial Variation of TemperatureThermal Hotspots Maps - Bhubaneshwar

Spatial Variation of TemperatureThermal Hotspots Maps - Rajkot

Vector Borne Disease - Dengue

India Burden of Dengue

1780, 1st Dengue like incidence in

Chennai

1956-61, Vellore T.N

1963-64, 1st

Epidemic in Calcutta & East

Coast (200 Deaths)

1967, Delhi & Asansol

1968-69, Kanpur U.P.

1970, Hardoi U.P.1985, Jalore, Rajasthan & Maharashtra

1988, Delhi & areas of Gujarat

1990, Calcutta1993, Mangalore,

Karnataka

1996, Delhi, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Haryana

(16517 cases, 545 deaths India) (10252

cases, 423 deaths Delhi)

2006, Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal,

Tamil Nadu (cases registered 3427)

By 2012, 34 out of 35 states / UTs in India had

reported dengue

2015, Outbreak with 10,683 cases

2017, experienced over 18700 cases

Dengue Indian Scenario

Dengue fever - vector-borne disease is caused by dengue virus transmitted to humans by the infected

mosquitoes Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Aedes ablopictus

Dengue incidences in India are on the rise and in the recent years has become a major global public health

and considered as a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children (WHO, 2011)

Dengue Incidence Rate (per million population) in India, 1998-2014 (NVBDCP, GoI)

Dengue Indian Scenario

Dengue Scenario- Delhi

• 13 wards out of 14 reported more than 100

Dengue cases in 2017

• Shadara South (East Delhi) and Delhi Cantt.

(Central Delhi) registering above 200

dengue incidences

Dengue Trend - Rajkot

• Dengue incidences has

increased over the years

• 4 wards recorded above 50

incidences in 2018

Alerts

Towards Climate Resilient Smart Cities

Disaster Risk Reduction

DRR should be integrated into city planning.

Identification of vulnerable areas of the city- improve Socio-

economic conditions

Separate budget for DRR

Climate Conscious Development & Spatial

Planning

Infrastructure

Maintenance of infrastructure database- Database

Management and attain Service Level Benchmarks

Reducing per capita water/energy consumption. Improving fuel efficiency.

Crisis management and recovery from smart meters

and advanced Outage Management Systems (OMS)

Strong Governance and Institutional Framework,

Technical Capacity building at Urban Local Body Level

Urban Environment

Passive Design measures to increase thermal comfort

Natural Resource Management Plan

Rejuvenation of water bodies -Recycle/ Reuse of water to be

encouraged

PPP model for the maintenance of public parks.

Climate Adaptive Smart Cities