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Climate Sensitive Farmer Field Schools for
Increasing Adaptive Capacities of Agricultural
Communities in Uganda
Kennedy Ndubuisi Igbokwe, PhD
Project Manager/ Team Leader Climate Change Adaptation and
Resilience
FAO Uganda
Emmanuel Zziwa, PhD
National Consultant, Climate Change Adaptation
FAO Uganda
Presented during The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
28-30 November 2017
Johannesburg, South Africa
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
2
Presentation outline
• The Project Background
• Barriers/ Challenges in addressing Climate risks in Uganda at
project formulation
• How the Barriers/ Challenges were addressed during project
implementation
• The Project Results
• Lessons Learnt
• Conclusion
Project Background
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture 3
Global Climate Change Alliance(GCCA)-
Uganda: Agriculture Adaptation to
Climate Change
Six districts in central cattle corridor
Total Human Population: 1,921,278
Total Livestock Population: 1,370,000
Direct = 22,000 Households
Funded by the European Union with
Financial contribution from the Irish
Government and Royal Kingdom of
Belgium
4
The GCCA Framework for Uganda• Started in July 2012, GCCA is a
Government of Uganda Programme,
funded by the European Union, with
funding contribution from the
Government of Ireland (Euro 11
million). Project ended in Jan 2017
• Implemented by FAO in partnership
with MWE and MAAIF
• In September 2013, the Royal
Kingdom of Belgium and FAO signed a
2 year agreement to implement a
complementary set of activities in
support of the GCCA project frame
work in the 6 target districts of the
central cattle corridor (Euro 3 million).
Project ended in April 2016
4
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1
Knowledge and capacities for climate
change adaptation strengthened
2
Better access of livestock and
crops to water
3
Resilience of agricultural
production systems improved
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
5
Barriers/ Challenges in addressing climate risks in Uganda at project formulation
• Lack of National Climate Change Policy as a guiding document for
adaptation and mitigation actions
• Weak rural institutional structures and arrangements for participatory
decision making process in identifying risks, assessing and managing
adaptation strategies
• Low economic adaptive capacity due to high exposure to climate
change impacts and limited households access and ability to sustain
adaptation strategies
• Limited capacity at National and District to support community
adaptations
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
How the Barriers/ challenges were addressed
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
1. National Level
– Supported the mainstreaming of climate change into District development
plans, National Development Plan and popularization of National Climate
Change Policy
– Strengthened capacity of Climate Change Department as well as
Increased knowledge base on Climate Change Adaptation
– Partnership with National Agriculture Research Organization to promote
improved and drought resistant crop varieties and pasture
– Partnership with the Forest Sector Support Department to establish bio-
energy plantations
– Partnership with Ministry of Water and Environment; and Ministry of
Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries to establish & manage water
for production facilities
– Partnership with Makerere University to establish district knowledge
management and communication system for CCA
How the Barriers/ challenges were addressed
2. District Level
• District, sub county and NGO staff from were equipped with skills on promoting
community based adaptation and as a result 6 district climate change task force were
established to enhance stakeholder coordination, knowledge sharing and awareness
on climate change
• District local government officials were trained as champions for mainstreaming
climate change into the district plans and budgets as a result
• District NGO facilitators working directly with the Farmer Field School groups were
trained on how to mainstream gender issues in climate change interventions and the
use of the Gender Action Learning Systems
• Knowledge Management and Communication System (KMCS) for climate change
adaptation was established in each of the six districts which serve as a hub for the
information needs of district local government technicians, planners, decision makers,
civil society organizations, community members, farmers and pastoralists
7
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
How the Barriers/ challenges were addressed
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture22-23 March 2017 8
4. Community Level
• Farmer Field Schools Approach was used as mechanism for learning and
organization in developing, testing and applying climate smart agriculture practices in
the central cattle corridor. This involves participatory identification of climate change
risks and options, and implementing collective solutions in a gender sensitive manner
to ensure effective adaptation
• Strengthening key adaptive capacities of farmers
– Knowledge adaptive capacity
– Economic adaptive capacity
– Institutional adaptive capacity
– Ecosystem adaptive capacity
9
Community Adaptation Planning
Implementation (including monitoring)
Participatory Vulnerability Assessment
Community EngagementD
istr
ict Technic
al support
and s
takehold
er
engagem
ent
Determine/ assess exposure to risk
Assessing Sensitivity
Assessing adaptive capacity
Identification and validation of
adaptation options
Developing community adaptation plan & ME system
Community mobilization and awareness raising
Field-based demonstration and
Application of adaptation options
Adaptive capacity building/ institutional & Technical
FA
O G
uid
ance,
Supp
ort
and F
undin
g
Community-based Adaptation Planning
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
The Project Results
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11
Adoption of climate change adaptation options
33 34 27 32 20 35
67 66 73 68 80 65
020406080
100
Started using after training/sensitization…Traditionally used on farm
40
15 21 195
22 20
36
45
69
54
23
53
44
2429
1024
72
1227
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Slight Significant Very significant
• There was an increase in
number of farmers practicing
adaptation options
• 91% of farmers practicing
adaptation reported benefits
accruing from adaptation
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12
CSA Practices Percentage of GCCA
beneficiaries
Percentage of
non-beneficiariesMulching of gardens 32.98 2.36
Digging of large water ditch in garden/trapping roof water in
tank
30.44 0.29
Digging of water trenches 26.43 1.47
Drip irrigation using water bottles 21.14 1.18
Home or kitchen vegetable gardens 19.66 0.88
Growing early-maturing or drought resistant crops 13.32 0.59
Tree planting 13.11 0.29
Early or timely planting at onset of rains 10.36 0.29
Digging terraces in garden 9.73 0.29
Making hay from pasture 7.40 0.59
Good agronomy-proper spacing, row planting, etc 6.55 0.59
Making compost manure or vegetation sillage 6.55 0.29
Construction of water dams 5.92 0.29
Pasture growing 5.29 0.59
Construction of energy-saving stoves 5.29 0.29
Planting of shade trees 5.29 0.00
Digging water basins in garden 4.23 0.00
Storing of food 3.17 0.00
Holding savings in savings/loans associations 2.96 0.00
Poultry farming 2.33 0.00
CSA Practices Promoted by GCCA Project
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
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CCA Practices Percentage of
beneficiaries
Percentage of non-
beneficiaries
Mulching of gardens 12.68 1.47
Digging of water trenches 11.84 1.18
Home or kitchen vegetable gardens 11.84 0.59
Drip irrigation using water bottles 9.73 0.29
Digging of large water ditch in garden/trapping roof water in tank 7.19 0.00
Tree planting 4.86 0.00
Early or timely planting at onset of rains 4.02 0.29
Growing early-maturing or drought resistant crops 3.38 0.00
Good agronomy-proper spacing, row planting, etc 3.38 0.00
Digging terraces in garden 2.96 0.00
Digging water basins in garden 2.75 0.00
Construction of energy-saving stoves 2.33 0.00
Making hay from pasture 2.11 0.29
Construction of water dams 2.11 0.00
Making compost manure or vegetation sillage 1.90 0.00
Pasture growing 1.48 0.00
Storing of food 1.48 0.00
Holding savings in savings/loans associations 1.27 0.00
Planting of shade trees 1.06 0.00
Poultry farming 0.85 0.00
CSA Practices Most Helpful to GCCA Beneficiaries
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CSA Practices No of practising
farmers
Percent of Farmers Rank
Planting Shade Trees 113 30.29 1
Water Harvesting using
Trenches
79 21.18 2
Mulching of Coffee garden 61 16.35 3
Use of Compost Manure on
coffee
58 15.55 4
Pruning of Coffee Trees 56 15.01 5
Weeding Coffee Garden 6 1.61 6
Total Number of
Respondents
373
Ranking of CSA Practices ThatGive the Best Coffee Yields
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
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Mushroom cultivation forlivelihood diversification in the central cattle corridor
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Vegetable growing +
rainwater harvesting for
irrigation
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Banana cultivation + mulching + trenches + organic composting + improved varieties
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Cattle raising + Zero Grazing
+ Improved breeds + drought
tolerant fodder
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Livelihoods of targeted vulnerable households protected and diversified
Improved Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties
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Livelihoods of targeted vulnerable households protected and diversified
Multi-stress tolerant bean varieties cultivation
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Livelihoods of targeted vulnerable households protected and diversified
Chicken raising + chicken housing + improved breeds
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Livelihoods of targeted vulnerable households protected and diversified
Coffee cultivation + mulching + trenches + organic composting + shade trees
23
Lessons Learned• Learning how to adapt in a systematic manner can influence resiliency and adaptive
decisions of local communities. Using the Farmer Field Schools approaches has
proven to be effective in empowering rural communities at a large scale to increase
their knowledge and skills and taking self-initiatives in making adaptation decisions to
climate change.
• Increasing income and diversified livelihood opportunities increase adaptation and
reduces vulnerability
• Adjustments of rural institutional structures and arrangements for a participatory,
collective decision making increase community adaptive capacity and increase
informal safety nets
• In order to create sustainable adaptation to climate change, there is need for holistic
improvement of the four adaptive capacities: knowledge, Institutional, Economic and
Ecosystem.
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
Lessons Learned• Communities where Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) were established,
farmers were able to invest part of their savings into adaptation and became more
resilient than communities without VSLA’s
• Adaptation of technologies by farmers and willingness to invest are high when
technologies have demonstrably benefits and are cost effective. The promotion and
adoption of hay making techniques, soil and water conservation and small harvesting
structures in the cattle corridor are some examples.
• Though community livelihood projects have been established, the change requires a
reasonable time of engagement, proper follow up support and linkage to financial
services and innovative financial products.
• Strengthening the capacity of FFS networks and Farmers/Producers Groups and
transforming them into more efficient market-based economic groups through value
chain development and linkages to the private sector for sustainability
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The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
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Conclusions• Farmer Fields Schools Approach is both process and technology oriented with
multiple activities. It requires more time for capacity building, skill development and
technology transfer as careful sequencing of technologies is crucial for farmer
adoption and sustainability. Therefore for future climate change adaptation projects,
it is recommended that a period range of 3 years to 5 years should be considered.
• Upscaling and uptake of technologies will be quicker and effective when farmers are
organized into farmers groups and have access to both financial and technical
resources to deal with challenges that comes with adaptation. Cost-benefit analysis of
CSA practices will help farmers in making adoption/ adaptation decisions.
• Climate shock-tolerant seeds and planting materials are key ingredients if resilience
to climate change is to be improved. However, the material needs to be generated
and distributed within the farmers’ locations. Through the public-private partnerships
(PPP), the private sector could be facilitated to invest in the multiplication and
distribution of genuine seed/planting materials
The 4th Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture
Thank you
Contact
26The 4th Global Science Conference on
Climate Smart Agriculture