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Clinical Disorders and Diseases of the Skeletal System. Cleft Palate. Occurs when the roof of a baby's mouth doesn't fully develop (palatine bones fail to fuse) leaving an opening (cleft) in the palate that may go through to the nasal cavity. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Clinical Disorders and Diseases of the Skeletal System
Cleft Palate• Occurs when the roof of a baby's mouth doesn't
fully develop (palatine bones fail to fuse) leaving an opening (cleft) in the palate that may go through to the nasal cavity.
• It is a birth defect that happens during pregnancy and can affect either the soft or hard palate.
• Cleft palate is treatable, and surgery is usually recommended.
Cleft Palate
Vertebral Column: CurvaturesScoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine– Occurs most often in the thoracic region
• Most common during adolescence and girls are more prone to developing the condition
• If muscles on one side of the body are not functioning properly, those on the opposite side tug on the spine and force it out of alignment
Scoliosis
Clinical Conditions• Osteomalacia
– Literally “soft bones.”– Includes many disorders in which
osteoid is produced but inadequately mineralized.• Causes can include insufficient dietary
calcium• Insufficient vitamin D fortification or
insufficient exposure to sun light.• Rickets
– Children's form of osteomalacia– More detrimental due to the fact that
their bones are still growing.– Signs include bowed legs, and
deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull.
Age and Bones
• Bone loss outpaces bone regeneration
• Bones weaken and lose mass
• Bones become brittle and fractures occur more often
• Found most often in women
Clinical Conditions
Fractures
• A break in the bone• Simple – bone breaks cleanly• Compound – the broken bone ends have
broken through the skin• Greenstick – bone splits and bends, does
not break (seen only in children)
Common fracture types (cont’d)
Common fracture types
• Comminuted fractures
• Spiral fractures
Figure 6–16 (4 of 9)
Figure 6–16 (7 of 9)
• Greenstick fracture
Figure 6–16 (9 of 9)
• Compression fractures
Depression fracture of the skull
X-ray & MRI
How do they work???
Steps in the Repair of a FractureStep 1 – • Immediately after the fracture, extensive
bleeding occurs. • A large blood clot, or fracture hematoma,
soon closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area.
• The disruption of the circulation kills osteocytes around the fracture.
• Dead bone soon extends along the shaft.
Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 2 – • The cells of the endosteum and periosteum
undergo cell division and the daughter cells migrate into the fracture zone.
• An external callus forms and encircles fracture• An internal callus organizes within the cavity
and between the broken ends of the shaft
Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 3 – • Osteoblasts replace the central cartilage of the
external callus with spongy bone• Calluses form a brace at the fracture site• Spongy bone now unites the broken ends• Fragments of dead bone are removed and
replaced
Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 4 – • Osteoclasts and osteoblasts continue to
remodel the region of the fracture (4 months to 1 year)
• When remodeling is complete, the bone of the calluses is gone and only living compact bone remains.
• The bone could be slightly thicker and stronger than normal at the fracture site
Fracture repair
Fracture repair (cont’d)
Treatment of a Fracture
• Initial treatment for fractures of arms, legs, hands, and feet include splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation, and ice.
• Edema (what does this have to do with splinting and casting?)
• Closed Reduction – manual realignment