CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWSVOLUME 6 * JANUARY 1993 * NUMBER 1

Josephine A. Morello, Editor in Chief (1997)University of Chicago Medical CenterChicago, Ill.

Lynne S. Garcia, Editor (1997) Kenneth D. Thompson, Editor (1997)UCLA Medical Center Loyola University Medical CenterLos Angeles, Calif Maywood, Ill.

EDITORIAL BOARDJudith E. Domer (1993) J. Michael Miller (1994) Daniel F. Sahm (1995)Prabhavathi B. Fernandes (1993) Michael A. Pfaller (1995) Steven C. Specter (1994)

Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications Board Linda M. Illig, Director, JournalsJack Kenney, Production Editor Julie A. Antolick, Assistant Production Editor

Clinical Microbiology Reviews considers for publication both solicited and unsolicited reviews and monographs dealing withall aspects of clinical microbiology. Manuscripts, proposals, and correspondence regarding editorial matters should beaddressed to the Editor in Chief, Josephine A. Morello, Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, University of Chicago MedicalCenter, MC0001, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637-1470.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews is published quarterly (January, April, July, and October), one volume per year, by theAmerican Society for Microbiology (ASM). The nonmember print subscription prices are $115 (U.S.) (Canadians add 7%GST) and $131 (other countries) per year; single copies are $40 (Canadians add 7% GST). The member print subscriptionprices are $20 (U.S.) (Canadians add 7% GST) and $34 (other countries); single copies are $10 (Canadians add 7% GST). Forprices of CD-ROM versions, contact the Subscriptions Unit, ASM. Correspondence relating to subscriptions, defectivecopies, missing issues, and availability of back issues should be directed to the Subscriptions Unit, ASM; correspondencerelating to reprint orders should be directed to the Reprint Order Unit, ASM; and correspondence relating to disposition ofsubmitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Division, American Societyfor Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Phone: (202) 737-3600.

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ISSN: 0893-8512 CODEN: CMIREX d Al-:Tt 'Ir,E 17;r ( P] 4-

Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20005, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Clinical Microbiology Reviews, ASM, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washing-ton, DC 20005-4171.Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper.Copyright © 1993, American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The editorial board members wish to thank the following persons, who graciously agreed to review articles submitted toClinical Microbiology Reviews for 1992. The time and effort they invested in performing this task are greatly appreciated.

Lawrence R. AshParvin H. AzimiSusan BakerWilliam J. BeanBaruch S. BlumbergKenneth BottRoberta B. CareyJames R. CarlsonCharles CherubinSunwen ChouWilliam E. CollinsJames D. ConnorLouis S. Diamond

W. Lawrence DrewDonald DusanicRobert EngBetty A. ForbesThomas R. FritscheAlbert GamP. C. C. GarnhamRobert C. GoodWendy M. GrossKevin C. HazenSharon L. HillierMarshall S. Horwitz

Catherine IsonMark A. JacobsonAlan P. KendalDennis J. KopeckoPaul F. LehmanMyron M. LevineMarshall LightowlersSteven M. LipsonW. Thomas LondonJames MaguireJonathan MartinGreg Mertz

K. Darwin MurrellTheodore NashHarold NeuFranklin A. NevaFrank C. OddsCarolyn O'HaraSavita PahwaWilliam A. Petri, Jr.Marie PezzloWilliam RobinsonBarry T. RousePeter M. Schantz

Stewart SchererFritz D. SchoenknechtCharles W. StrattonRick TarltonDiane TaylorFred C. TenoverSatvir TevethiaJerrold A. TurnerStephen VasBenedict L. WasilauskasMurray WittnerJerry Wolinsky

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Jan. 1993

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

ScopeClinical Microbiology Reviews accepts reviews that

are of primary interest to clinical microbiologists,medical microbiologists and immunologists, publichealth workers, infectious disease clinicians, and oth-ers who are interested in the pathogenesis, laboratorydiagnosis, epidemiology, and control of human andveterinary pathogens. The articles should presentcomprehensive, critical summaries of current knowl-edge in the field and should not be limited to adiscussion of the author's work. Sufficient historical orother background material may be included for thosereaders who are not current with the latest advances inthe particular field. If the material covered is contro-versial, the author should attempt to provide balancedcoverage. Appropriate reviews would include thoseaddressing pathogenetic mechanisms, specific orgroups of microbial pathogens, clinical and laboratoryaspects of newly recognized or reemerging infectiousdiseases, recently developed antimicrobial agents andtheir application, and new diagnostic laboratory tech-nology.Members of the editorial board welcome any sug-

gestions for topics and authors from either prospectiveauthors or others. Prospective authors are advised todiscuss with the editor the suitability of their proposedcontribution. The preparation of an annotated topicaloutline is required, since it often elicits constructivesuggestions from editorial consultants. In addition, alist of key references showing the author's contribu-tions to the field as well as other investigators' findingsand a one- or two-paragraph statement detailing theaim, scope, and relevance of the review should beincluded with the outline.

How To Submit ManuscriptsSend manuscripts or outlines directly to Dr.

Josephine A. Morello, Clinical Microbiology Labora-tories, University of Chicago Medical Center,MCooo1, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637-1470.Submit four complete copies of each manuscript,

including figures and tables, either in the originaltypescript or as clear, clean photocopies. Include fourcopies of the summary (200 words maximum) that willbe included in the issue table of contents. The name,mailing address, and telephone and fax numbers of thecorresponding author should be indicated on the titlepage. All text should be double or triple spaced,including quotations, tables, figure legends, and refer-ences, and the pages must be numbered sequentially.

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Copyright C 1993, American Society for Microbiology

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

e.g., part of a program, is not considered "priorpublication" because it does not meet the criteria for ascientific paper.

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Editorial StyleThe editorial style of Clinical Microbiology Reviews

conforms to the CBE Style Manual (5th ed., 1983;Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 9650 Rockville Pike,Bethesda, Md.), ASM Style Manual for Journals andBooks (American Society for Microbiology, 1991), andRobert A. Day's How to Write and Publish a ScientificPaper (3rd ed., 1988; Oryx Press), as interpreted andmodified by the editorial board and the ASM JournalsDivision. All reviews, whether invited or not, mustconform to the stylistic conventions set forth in theInstructions to Authors. Any deviations from this stylemust be approved by the Journals Division.

Include a table of contents showing the major head-ings and subheadings of the text. Consult a recentissue of Clinical Microbiology Reviews for format andstyle.Summarize supporting evidence whenever possible.

When original data are presented, it is essential thatthe methods be fully described or that reference bemade to previously published methods.

ReferencesAll listed references must be cited in the text.

Arrange the references in alphabetical order, by firstauthor, and number consecutively. Abbreviate journalnames according to Serial Sources for the BIOSISData Base (BioSciences Information Service, 1992).Cite each listed reference in the text by number.Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Anagnostopoulos, C., and J. Spizizen. 1961. Require-ments for transformation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacte-riol. 81:741-746.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schles-singer (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen.Genet., in press.*

4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect ofoxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium leprae,abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1989.

5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.),Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co.,Boston.

7. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet ii:327.8. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke.

Submitted for publication.9. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.

10. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communica-tion.

11. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomennovum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology,8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

12. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

13. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden.1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

14. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chem-ical Co., St. Louis, Mo.

15. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.16. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.17. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal

colonization as a source of catheter-related infection.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number (e.g.,AEM 576-93) or the name of the publication if it is abook.

References to abstracts, letters, and other non-peer-reviewed materials should be kept to a minimum.

AbbreviationsGeneral. Abbreviations should be used as an aid to

the reader, rather than as a convenience to the author,and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia-tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu-ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can bemade for necessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

Define each abbreviation and introduce it in paren-theses the first time it is used: e.g., "cultures weregrown in Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)."Generally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used atleast five times in the text (including tables and figurelegends).Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-

tions for Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units ofmeasurement, other common units (e.g., bp, kb, andDa), and chemical symbols for the elements, thefollowing should be used without definition in the title,abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary DNA);RNA (ribonucleic acid); cRNA (complementaryRNA); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyribonu-clease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messengerRNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP,dAMP, ddATP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5' phos-phates of adenosine and other nucleosides) (add2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed for contrast); ATPase,dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphosphatase, deoxygua-nosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide); NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinu-cleotide, oxidized); NADH (nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide, reduced); NADP (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate); NADPH (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced); NADP+ (nic-otinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized);poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, polydeoxy-thymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. (oligodeoxythymi-dylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophosphate); PPi (pyrophos-phate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque-forming units);CFU (colony-forming units); MIC (minimal inhibitoryconcentration); MBC (minimal bactericidal concentra-tion); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]; DEAE(diethyl-aminoethyl); A260 (absorbance at 260 nm);EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); and AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency [or immune deficiency]syndrome). Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g., HeLa)also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)exptl (experimental)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting length,

weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6 10-9,and 10- , respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as mpu or ,u,. Usejig/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as "g99 or "min", in the denominatorinstead of fractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10min. For example, "pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/,ug." It is also preferable that an unambiguousform such as exponential notation be used; for exam-ple, " ±mol g-1 min- " is preferable to ",umol/g/min."See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-

tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on SI units for thereporting of illumination, energy, frequency, pressure,and other physical factors. Always report numericaldata in the applicable SI unit.

NomenclatureThe spelling of names should follow the Approved

Lists ofBacterial Names (amended edition) (V. B. D.

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Skerman, V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath, ed.) andthe Index of the Bacterial and Yeast NomenclaturalChanges Published in the International Joumal ofSystematic Bacteriology since the 1980 ApprovedLists ofBacterial Names (1 January 1980 to 1 Jqnuary1989) (W. E. C. Moore and L. V. H. Moore, ed.), bothpublished by the American Society for Microbiologyin 1989, and the validation lists and articles publishedin the Intemational Joumal of Systematic Bacteriol-ogy since 1 January 1989. If there is reason to use aname that does not have standing in nomenclature,the name should be enclosed in quotation marksand an appropriate statement concerning the nomen-clatural status of the name should be made in the text(for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).Names used for viruses should be those approved

by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vi-ruses (ICTV) and published in the 4th Report of theICTV, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses(Intervirology 17:23-199, 1982), with the modificationscontained in the 5th Report of the ICTV (Arch. Virol.,Suppl. 2, 1991). If desired, synonyms may be addedparenthetically when the name is first mentioned.Approved generic (or group) and family names mayalso be used.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1992).

Genetic nomenclature should essentially follow therecommendations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) and those given in the instructions to authorsof the Journal of Bacteriology and Molecular andCellular Biology (January issues).

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+ 75

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processing. ASM dues are tax deductible to the extent permitted by law. ASM designates $13 of your dues for ASM News. Rates are for 1993 only.Applicants must remit in U.S. Dollars by check or draft payable to ASM through a U.S. bank located within the Continental U.S. Applicants from Canada may

use check made out in U.S. Dollars and drawn on a Canadian bank or applicants may choose to pay with VISA, MasterCard, Eurocard. or American Express.If that is your preference, please fill in the box below.

CMR 1

Dues

O VISA # EXPIRATIONE MASTERCARD # I | | EXPRATE IOO AMEX # MO YRO EUROCARD # NAME

TODAY'S DATE MONTH DAY YEAR NAME AS IT APPEARS ON YOUR CREDIT CARD

C!ltfKI ATI IDC1/93 1 ZilUNAI UHt