Upload
arnie
View
35
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Closing the governance gap on illicit fisheries activities. Kieran Kelleher Fisheries Team Leader. THE WORLD BANK Washington DC. THE WORLD BANK. THE WORLD BANK. PROFISH Global Program on Fisheries. key messages. illicit fisheries activities are a symptom of weak governance - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Closing the governance gap on illicit fisheries activitiesKieran KelleherFisheries Team Leader
THE WORLD BANKWashington DC
key messageskey messages
illicit fisheries activities are a symptom of weak governance
policy and anti-corruption measures need to supplement direct efforts to combat illicit fishing activities
a responsible fishing industry is fundamental some of the solutions are not within the fisheries
sector but fall under a broader governance agenda
PROFISHGlobal Program on Fisheries
contentscontents
PROFISHGlobal Program on Fisheries
1. World Bank perspective
2. examples
3. actions tackling corruption ALLFISH - building a responsible
international seafood industry ‘name and shame lists’
4. conclusions
IUU and illicit fisheries activitiesIUU and illicit fisheries activities
the term IUU tends to mix different but related problems
the term illicit fisheries activities used here covers a broader suite of related problems,
for example: fishing licenses issued for political or personal gain selling subsidized fisheries fuel transfer pricing (e.g. under-invoicing of exports)
policies institutions hearts and minds effective
operational mechanisms
illicit fisheries activities are part of a illicit fisheries activities are part of a broader governance failurebroader governance failure
The World Bank defines governance as the set of traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised. It includes:
(1) the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced,
(2)(2) the capacity of the government to the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound effectively formulate and implement sound policies, andpolicies, and
(3)(3) the respect of citizens and the state for the the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.interactions among them.
all six influence the level of illicit
fishing activities
the World Bank measures the World Bank measures six dimensions of governance six dimensions of governance*
1. political stability and absence of violence
2. regulatory quality3. government effectiveness 4. rule of law; and 5. control of corruption6. voice and accountability
* See World Bank Institute: Governance indicators by country
linking governance to wealthlinking governance to wealthillegal fisheries activities cause loss of wealthillegal fisheries activities cause loss of wealth
Factors best explaining intangible capital
school years per capita rule of law index
3911254,232Mozambique
84151648,241Switzerland
Intangible capital
%
Produced capital
%
Natural resources
%
Wealth per capita
$
Country
World Bank 2006 “Where Is the Wealth of Nations?”
2. impacts and examples2. impacts and examples impacts
examples the story of the ice plant and the President what can we learn from parking fines? not just legal – but legitimate!
illicit fisheries activities have illicit fisheries activities have a wide range of impactsa wide range of impacts
on the profits of legitimate businesses on fish resources & market prices – illicit fish discounted on public revenues – licenses, expert taxes, profit taxes on reputation of exporting country and exporters undermines regulatory fabric and rule of law
organized trade in illicit fish often requires corrupt officials (judges, police, politicians)
‘survival of the most corrupt’ often a disproportionate impact on the poor (dynamiting,
fishing in area reserved for small-scale fishers) on maritime security – SomaliaSomalia, G. Guinea, Caribbean
the ice plant storythe ice plant storyand the letter to the Presidentand the letter to the President
the Ice Company signed a 20-year contract to operate the ice plant in the country’s main fishing Port.
but the Ice Company found that a Supply Company had an exclusive contract to supply the Port with water and electricity
so the Ice Company could not buy the water or electricity directly from the Electricity and Water Company
but the Supply Company was charging about 30 times the price charged by the electricity company.
so the Ice Company closed the ice plant to avoid loss. after years of argument and lack of ice for the fishers a contract for
direct supply of electricity was signed. then a new fisheries minister ordered the Port to cut this direct supply
of water and electricity. as a last resort the Ice Company wrote ‘this letter’ to the President
its not just deterrenceits not just deterrence
Diplomats and parking fines in New York
UN diplomats New York exempt from parking fines no deterrence/ penalty so parking tickets:
UK, Switzerland, Canada … 0 Russia ….. 30,000 tickets Chad, Nigeria, middle eastern highest
correlation with WB governance score
so not just deterrence but ‘culture’ of respect for rule of law
The Economist Aug 10th 2006
the ‘rule of law’ must be seen to be the ‘rule of law’ must be seen to be ‘legitimate’‘legitimate’
Norway: “it is prohibited to catch …” EC: “it is prohibited to have on board …”
sensible, cost effective regulations laws that have the support of the fishers
“a Danish skipper was caught with more then 40% illegal fish on board.
To the media the skipper says: ‘I was in Norwegian zone and because of their discard ban, I had to keep the fish on board’.
… the Danish Ministry argues to us: ‘the skipper has no excuse for having illegal catch onboard – he have to sail in Danish waters and dumped the catch there’.”
– K. B. Christensen, Danish Society for a Living Sea
3. World Bank 3. World Bank ACTIONSACTIONS
WB Governace and Anti-Corruption Strategyis the framework for Bank activities
examples of activities training in implementation of Port State Measures (completed) trials of low-cost vessel tracking (ongoing) reforms in Peru (World Bank policy loan) addressing corruption (workshop) ALLFISH - building a ‘culture of responsibility’ (startup) list of irresponsible vessels (on hold)
PROFISHGlobal Program on Fisheries
simple cost-effective measuressimple cost-effective measures training in Port State measures in Dakar and
Nuadhibou port level cooperation, practical guidelines and training police, port inspectors, sanitary authorities, customs, ships
agents, coast guard working together Bank/ Netherlands funding, FAO implementation
cost-effective tracking of small fishing vessels in Maldives (trials)
GPS + cell phone (no satellite) …. $100 / unit? provide effort and location information link to catch data Bank/ Iceland funding
Tackling Corruption in Fisheries Tackling Corruption in Fisheries World Bank/ IUCN Workshop, 2008World Bank/ IUCN Workshop, 2008
a typology of corruption in fisheriesa typology of corruption in fisheries
Value chain Corruption character
Actors Incentives Possible actions
Science
Allocation and Access
Commerce and Trade
International
Political dimensions
Enforcement
World Bank / IUCN Workshop in 2008
Area Character ofCorruption
Actors Incentives Possible actions
Science
Allocation and Access
Political dimensions
International
Commerce and Trade
Enforcement
Misuse of knowledge
Leakage of advice (e.g. prior knowledge of quota changes)
Granting of licenses
Provision of subsidies (state capture)
Quotas grossly exceed scientific advice on TAC Bribery of customs, fisheries and sanitary inspectors, port police
Auction rings
Scientific advisors
Fisheries directors or ministers
Industry lobbyists
Politicians Company
officials/ vessels owners
Customs officers, police
Vessel/ sanitary inspectors
Naval officers Auctioneers Traders
Job security
Personal gain
Political gain (including elections)
National pride
Keep scientific advice and independent
Public dissemination of science findings
Transparency – public lists of licenses, license holders; information on who gets the benefits
Corruption hotline Training / adequate
remuneration Informed / balanced
media/ free press Codes of practice/ &
procedures ‘Name and shame’ lists
of vessels or companies
World Bank / IUCN Workshop, 2008
30
Processing capacity
30 million tons
fishmealprocessing capacity
factories
Rent loss ~ $200 million
Rent loss ~ $200 million
improved transparency and improved transparency and control is a key to reforms in control is a key to reforms in
the world’s largest fisherythe world’s largest fishery
fishingfleet
capacity
20
Fleet catching capacity
18-20 million tons
boats
8
2
5Scientific advice catch
2 – 8 million tons
El Nino(2 million)
La Nina (8 million)
fish
8
control is a key part of reforms in the control is a key part of reforms in the world’s largest fisheryworld’s largest fishery
independent ‘determination’ of TAC – strict adherence to scientific advice
independent monitoring of all landings -industry funded - $6 million/ year
100% VMS cover ‘cleaning up’ the register of fishing vessels
(measurements, safety, check authorization) move to individual quota system social safety net funded from increased returns
ALLFISHALLFISH
Alliance for Responsible Fisheries targeted actions to establish a vision of a targeted actions to establish a vision of a
responsibleresponsible industryindustry
start small and build on lessonsstart small and build on lessons partners
International Coalition of Fisheries Associations (ICFA - secretariat) – currently mainly OECD countries
FAO, World Bank, (others in discussion: GEF, GTZ, NEPAD, GAA, ISSF…)
core values of sustainable fisheries are shared by public and private sector stakeholders
ICFA commitment to sustainable and socially-responsible supply chains expansion to developing countries be inclusive of small-scale producers
drive corporate social responsibility drive corporate social responsibility along value chainsalong value chains
Clear vision of responsible
industry
Codes of conduct
no illegal fish
fair trade
combat corruption
active engagement with public sector
Expand ICFA to developing countries
financial and technical support to create common purpose and industry codes
Active engagement with public sector
Focus on selected value chains
sustainable profitable and equitable trade
1 per major market as examples:
? Caribbean spiny lobster – US
? Nile perch to EU
ALLFISH: first steps in a global public ALLFISH: first steps in a global public private partnershipprivate partnership
3-year window to structure and pilot global codes of industry conduct and build corporate social responsibility
deliver a clear vision of a responsible private sector – environmentally sustainable, profitable, equitable
a structured approach for engagement of the private sector focus on developing country seafood export value chains build public private partnerships along selected seafood value
chains communicate informed and balanced positions on issues – e.g.
endangered species, trade barriers, subsidies
name and shame name and shame lists of irresponsible vesselslists of irresponsible vessels
AA. RFMO lists plus BB. ‘national lists’ of primary offenders – foreign
vessels ‘convicted’ of fishing without a license link to beneficial ownership gradually compile at regional – global level Bank efforts – liability issue with IUCN – ‘on hold’
enforcement must be enforcement must be cost effective cost effective
common issues fisheries, drugs, immigration, customs, marine pollution, money
laundering, corruption, piracy cost-effective use of assets and capacity
customs, police, coastguard, critical control points – ports, airports (live/ fresh fish)
vessels, aircraft, communications, information new cost-effective technologies
remote sensing, tracking and traceability, e.g. France in Southern Ocean
effective regional cooperation essential West Africa, South Pacific, Caribbean, Indian Ocean
conclusionsconclusions
illegal fishing is a symptom of weak governance policy and anti-corruption measures need to
supplement direct efforts to combat illegal fishing
a responsible fishing industry is fundamental some of the solutions are not within the fisheries
sector
PROFISHGlobal Program on Fisheries
ReferencesReferences
World Bank fisheries: www.worldbank.org/fish
World Bank governance indicators: http://go.worldbank.org/5QM8VLZRW0
Where Is the Wealth of Nations? http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEEI/214578-1110886258964/20748034/All.pdf
The Sunken Billions: www.worldbank.org/sunkenbillions
Changing the Face of the Waters. The Challenge and Promise of Sustainable Aquaculture:
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/12/03/000020953_20071203133332/Rendered/PDF/416940PAPER0Fa18082137015501PUBLIC1.pdf
www.worldbank.org/fish
PROFISHGlobal Program on Fisheries
10th Annual Forum on the Global Fish Crisis
no political willingness
ho! ho! he bribed the
minister for the shrimp
license
forget fishing,
more money in
aquaculture
…we fish responsibly .. …it’s the laws
that are wrong!
…ther’s no control over small-scale
fishing
it’s too many fishers
it’s not us, its the foreign
boats
no enforcement