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Cloud computing
A������ �������
April 2015
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(DCSE)
Dipartimento di Informatica –
Scienza e Ingegneria
(DISI)
University of Bologna, ITALY
2/19
W� �� ���� ��������
���� ������������ � !terminology of cloud
computing is as
clearly and precisely
defined as, well,
a cloud.”
Source:
www.opencloudmanifesto.org
C"#$% C#&'$()*+ ,-#."/& 0'13/
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onne
SBDEGHBIJKLM HGNJN of power, space,
maintenance, etc.
Advances in multi-core computer architecture
OPQRGNKGL GT UVJVintensive applications
on the Internet
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“It starts with the premise that the data services and architecture should be on
servers. We call it cloud computing – they should be in a ‘cloud’ somewhere.
And that if you have the right kind of browser or the right kind of access, it
doesn’t matter whether you have a PC or a Mac or a mobile phone or a
BlackBerry or what have you – or new devices still to be developed – you can
get access to the cloud…”
Dr. Eric Schmidt, Google CEO, August 2006
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z {| }~ ����~� �����~�
z ���� ��~����� �~ � �������� �}~����
z �}}� }� ����������� �}������ ���}�����
z ����� ���� ��}����~� ����� ����~��~�
z ������� }~ �����~� ������������
IT on demand pricing
Best benefits in a reliable context
Pool of virtualized computer resources
Rapid live providing while demanding
Systems on scaling architecture
on demand,
reliability,
virtualization,
provisioning,
scalability
on demand, opqrs �v��q�sy
Some … Clouds 4
One Cloud is capable of providing IT
resources ‘as a service�
One Cloud is an IT service delivered to
users that have:
• a user interface �� � ¡ ¢£¤ ��£ ¥¦§¨ ¤�¨©ª�©¨£underlying the service transparent to the user
• reduced incremental management costs «�£¦additional IT resources are added
• services oriented management ¬®¯°±²®±³²
• massive scalability ´µ¶· ¸ ¹ºµ»¼½ 5
¾
• Solving large problems with parallel computing
• Network-based subscriptions to applications
¿ Offering computing resources as a service
¿ Anytime, anywhere access to IT resources delivered dynamically as a service.
Software as a Service
Utility Computing
Cloud Computing
Grid Computing
Sof
Clo
´µ¶· ¸ ¹ºµ»¼½ 6
§ Grid computing À Sharing of heterogeneous resources (computer, software,
data, memory, computational power,, …) in highly distributed environments with the goal of creating a virtual organization scalable Áby need!)
§ Interfaces (for management), often too fine grained, with low level of abstraction, and non self-contained L
§ Application areas very limited and specific (parallel computation for scientific, engineering scenarios, …) for scientific, engineer
ÂÃÄÅÆÃ ÇÈÅÉÊ ËÅÌÍÉÎÏÐÑÒ ÓÔÕÖ
Some … Clouds 7
§ Virtualization À Technologies for virtualization (either system-based or
hosted), as in a server farm: Vmware, Xen, … § Isolation & personalized infrastructure ×ØÙÚÛÜ SW
platform ÝÞßàß áâã äåæç áããèéèåâáê áëëêèìáéèåâäí § Tool for the efficient management of computing
infrastructures (IBM Tivoli suite, Xen monitoring tools, …)
ÂÃÄÅÆà Îîà ÇÈÅÉÊÒ ïÏÆÎÉðÈÏñðÎÏÅÐ
Some … Clouds 8
§ Web 2.0 ò Usage of asynchronous protocols not visible to users to
ask only really required info and not the whole web pages: Asynchronous Javascript And XML (AJAX)
ò New ways of using Web services coupled with new applications easier to use, óôõõö÷ôøöùúôû ÷öüýþ and openly available, without requiring any installation ÿbinterested users: new business model, very, very cooperative (Software as a Service J)
O�����
https://www.google.com/hostedhttp://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/email/
www.zimbra.com
many others…
W���
www.writely.com
www.writeboard.com
www.inetword.comm�� �� ���
www.pxn8.com
www.pixoh.comm�� �� ���
G������� D�������
www.dabbledb.com
www.Lazybase.com
www.quickbase.comm�� �� ���
www.linkedin.com
www.plaxo.comm�� �� ���
C�������
B����� ����� �!"�#$%&' )�* +,-
Some … Clouds 9
§ Huge computational and storage capabilities
available from utilities, the same as for energy and
electricity, and on pay-per-use base.
§ “Computing may someday be organized as a
public utility� - John McCarthy, MIT Centennial in
1961
§ Metered billing ./01 234 5607 138 89:;
§ Simple to use interface 73 0tt:99 76: t0/0<=>=71(e.g., plugging into an outlet)
Before Cloud computing: Utility computing
S��#?@�� as a Service (SaaS)
Traditional Software On-Demand Utility
AEFHI JKEL MNP
Plug In, Subscribe
Pay-per-Use
QRTU V XYRZ[\ 11
§ Built for one-to-many delivery over Web
§ Applications not deployed in-house
§ Shared public infrastructure
§ Little customization
§ Subscription fee or advertising-supported
Perpetual license
One-to-few One-to-many
Subscription
Private infrastructure Public infrastructure
Source: IDC, 2006
Time
Software as a Service
]^_`acApplication
Management
Software on Demand
(ASP)
SoSoSoftftftwawawarerere a a as s s a a a SeSeServrvrviciciceee
Hosted Application
Management
SofSofSoftwatwatware re re on on on DemDemDemandandand
(ASP)
d Built for one-to-one delivery or management
§ Applications deployed in-house
§ Dedicated infrastructure/ environments
§ Highly customized
§ One-time license and recurring maintenance or support fee
Some … Clouds 12
ef
Grid Computing Utility Computing
Software as a Service
Cloud Computing
Some … Clouds 13
ghiijk Cost of IT
lnop q rsnuvw 14
xyyx - Software as a Service
n Software ownership costs pushed to vendor z hardware, software,
system security, disaster recovery, maintenance, monitoring
n Return to core competency { organizations shift resources to core
competencies, vendors focus on managing their SaaS
n More efficient deployment | instant evaluation, more collaboration
between vendor and IT organization, much faster deployments
n Eliminate shelfware & maintenance } pay for what you use
n Always on current version } version-free software means the latest for
the customer
n Modern, Web 2.0 interface { drive technician usage and better customer
interaction with IT
n SaaS homogeneity costs less ~ one version for the vendor to support
means lower costs for everybody
lnop q Clouds 15
����������� areas suitable for SaaS
• ERP vertical business ������������� ���� ����������� ���very specific
• General-purpose applications without any adaptation (potentially sharable)
– self-service provisioning and ad-hoc personalization
– applications available to several different users
• Business B2B applications domain specific � no need of third party hosting and involvement
• Customer/Supplier ������������ � applications where most of users and access is
externally to the organization and where ubiquitous access via Web is critical and intrinsic
• Business ������������ even critical� but not the core business ones
Some … Clouds 16
�������� �¡ � -premise Deployment
at the client site
Details
n Full ownership
n Significant implementation
n Customizable
n Difficult to upgrade / maintain
Examples
n HP Service Manager
n BMC Remedy
n CA Service Desk
n EMC Infra
¢£¤¥¦¨©ª «¬®¯°±ª©
Customer Data Center
²³³´µ¶·¸µ¹º
»·¸·¼·½¾
¿ÀÁÂ Ã ÄÅÀÆÇÈ 17
É��É ÊË¡��-tenant
ÌÍÎÏÐÑÒ
n Hosted by software
publisher
n Many customers to one
application set
n Thought to be inflexible
Examples
n Salesforce.com
n Workday
n Innotas
ÓÔ½¸¹Õ¾Ö C
¢£¤¥¦¨©ª «¬®¯°±ª©
ÓÔ½¸¹Õ¾Ö B
ÓÔ½¸¹Õ¾Ö A
²³³´µ¶·¸µ¹º
×ØÙØÚØÛÜ
¿ÀÁÂ Ã ÄÅÀÆÇÈ 18
ÓÔ½¸¹Õ¾Ö C
¢£¤¥¦¨©ª «¬®¯°±ª©
ÓÔ½¸¹Õ¾Ö B
ÓÔ½¸¹Õ¾Ö A
²³³ µ́¶·¸µ¹º ²³³´µ¶·¸µ¹º ²³³´µ¶· µ̧¹º
»·¸·¼·½¾ »·¸·¼·½¾ »·¸·¼·½¾
Management
automation
ÝÞÞÝ ßàáâãä-tenant
ÌÍÎÏÐÑÒ
n Hosted by software publisher
n Customers receive their own
app and database
n Auto-upgrades
n Extensive customization
Examples
n Service-now.com
n InteQ
n Eloqua
¿ÀÁÂ Ã ÄÅÀÆÇÈ 19
É��É Models
Some increasing resources models for providing some
resources as a service, XaaS
SaaS Software as a Service
å Resources are simple applications available via remote
Web access
PaaS Platform as a Service
å Resources are whole software platforms available for
remote execution, i.e., several programs capable of
interacting with each other
Iaas Infrastructure as a Service
å Resources are intended in a wider and complete way,
from hardware platforms, to operating systems, to
support to final applicationsæ çèçéêêë ìíé ìíîïçéêíðéïíñò up to Cloud Computing Some … Clouds 20
óôõö÷ôõø
ùúûüúû ùúûüúû ùúûüúû
ý þÿB�� ��ÿ �ÿ�Barchitecture:
hardware components
&
software products
L���� �� �������� ����� ���� � ����
Some … Clouds 21
H�������
I������� !� �� as a Service (IaaS)
S�"rage N���"�# C"$% ���
&'()'( &'()'( &'()'(
� *+,-./0-1201-3: layer to
enable the distribution of
Cloud services,
typically realized by a
virtualization platform
4567879 :8;<=>7;>?87@ A55DE F55D G D55D
Some … Clouds 22
H�������
PJ���"�$ as a Service (PaaS)
KMOQM+3+0/ R3-TU23/
I������� !� �� as a Service (IaaS)
S�"rage N���"�# C"$% ���
&'()'( &'()'( &'()'(
V PJ���"�$W layer to provide
to upper layers a set of
services and components
remotely available
4567879 :8;<=>7;>?87@ A55DE F55D G D55D
Some … Clouds 23
H�������
PJ���"�$ as a Service (PaaS)
KMOQM+3+0/ R3-TU23/
I������� !� �� as a Service (IaaS)
S�"rage N���"�# C"$% ���
&'()'( &'()'( &'()'(
RM,0X.-3 as a Service (SaaS)
Y�!Z[�� Interface \��� Interface V ]%%J[!��["�: layer to
install applications,
to be available via Web
and Internet via Cloud
4567879 :8;<=>7;>?87@ A55DE F55D G D55D
Some … Clouds 24
^_`ab_`c
d efghij software to get access to
the system.
Those applications execute on
the client physical platforms
(remote computers) owned by
the final remote user
they can communicate with the
Cloud via the available
interfaces
kl_mno`p as a Service (PaaS)
eqrsqihijt uhvwgxht
ylzc{m ylzc{m ylzc{m
|{n`_}m`~�m~`c as a Service (IaaS)
�morage �cmbo`� yop�~mc`
������ ������ ������
uq�j��vh as a Service (SaaS)
�_��z{c Interface �}c` Interface
������� ������������� ����� ���� ����
Some … Clouds 25
¡¢£¤¥¤¦ §¥¨©ª«¤¨«¬¥¤ §¨«®¥¯
Some … Clouds 26
°±/19
�²³� SaaS and *-aaS examples
SaaS
´µ¶· ¸¹º»¼¶½ ¾½½¿ÀÁ¾¼À¶ÂºÃ Google Apps (Gmail, Google
calendar & docs), Microsoft Window live (Hotmail,
Messenger, …) to search engines, Google, Yahoo,
Several social networks (Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, …)
PaaS typically accessed via Web service
ŵÅÀÁ¹º available internally to and interacting with other
applications, as Google App Engine (GAE)Æ Google MapsÆMicrosoft Azure
Iaas some experimental infrastructures
ĹŹµ¾¿ ¹Ç¾·½¿¹ºÈ ÉÀ¼Ê ÅÀµ¼Ë¾¿À̾¼À¶Â º¹µÅÀÁ¹ºÈ Amazon Web
Services (S3), Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2), to several
management and monitoring desktops to control execution
(Sun global desktop, Zimdesk, …)
°Í/19
Î Google docs, salesForce, … ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÒÖÑ Ö×Ñ ØÒÕÙ ÚÓÒÑWeb applications (Web 2.0)
Î Google App Engine ÛÜÜÝÞÒ ßÔÔ à×ÝÐ×Òá ÓÖ×ÑâÜã äÜÕmanagement e security, several languages(Python e Java)
Î HP/Yahoo/Intel Open Cirrus Test Bedå virtualized images, Xen, simple SLA console
Î Amazon Elastic Computing – EC2å Amazon WS (SLA), Amazon Machine Image (DB+Software and middleware+OS) e Xen, Dynamo
Î Openstackå virtualized images (DB+Software e middleware+OS), Xen, Swift (object storage), Cinder (block storage), Neutron(virtualized network)
æ IBM Cloudç virtualized images (DB+Software and middleware+OS), Xen, Tivoli (monitoring and management), simple SLA console
Î Microsoft Azureå Microsoft solution
èéêëì íêîïëðñòóô õö÷éñðø íùöíú
ûüýþ ÿ S�ü��� 28
C���� � ����
Infrastructure Perspective
§ How can we provide flexible compute resources
quickly to promote rapid prototyping?
§ How do we deploy applications that scale up t� ���tincreasing demands over time?
§ How do we manage 100,000’s of machines with
minimal human intervention�
§ How can we make the most efficient u�� �� ��� t��compute resources in a data center?
Some … Clouds 29
Reliability and availability
! W� ���� �� �������� �� �"�#� $%"&�'# (��") * �+��) &�third-party companies
, A-./01 23 045.67 89:à24 April 2011), some papers… ; �<=>zon EC2 Outage Hobbles Websites: Worst Cloud Computing
Disaster”
; �<=>zon's lengthy cloud outage shows the danger of complexity”
Security and legislative issues
, D@B@ EFBGEFHIJKL JK MNEFO
! P�Q����'��'R��'�� à where are my data???
(with emerging partial solutions…)
Service management and integration
, TEGGJUJNJBV BE HXIHX@BX SaaS silos
! Y���Z���'�� �[ )'[[����� (��") � ��Q à standard APIs, VMs migration protocols, etc.
Cloud… introduces new problems
\]^_ ` Clouds 30
Typically three models
n Private cloud – enterprise owned or leased
n Community cloud
– shared infrastructure for specific community
n Public cloud – sold to the public, mega-scale infrastructure
n Hybrid cloud � composition of two or more clouds
Some … Clouds 31 \]^_ ` Clouds 32 ab/19
cd efgc C���� hijkjlj�k mo�pq�or
Community
Cloud Private
Cloud
Public
Cloud
svwxyz {|}~z� Deployment
Models
Service
Models
Essential
Characteristics
Common
Characteristics
�}����x� �� �Service (SaaS)
�|���}x� �� �Service (PaaS)
���x���x~��~x� �� �Service (IaaS)
���}~x�� �}}|y��
�x}ad Network Access ���yz �|���y�y�v ����~x�z ��x�y��
�� �����z ��|�-Service
�}� {}�� �}����x�
�yx�~�|y���y}� ��x�y�� �xy�����y}�
�z�����z ���~xy�v
s}�}����y�v ����y�� ���|� ���y|y��� {}��~�y��
��}�x���y� �y��xyw~�y}�
��/19
��� ¡ ¢�£¤�¥¦¥§¨
©ª«¬ ®¯ª°±² 33
³ Four main components: § one Cloud platform, with an externally available interface
accessed via web ´µ ¶µµ·¸¹º´¸ »¼´½ ´½¸ ¹¸º¾ µ¹ ¿¼¹´Àº¾ ¼Á´¸¹Áº¾infrastructure
§ one virtualization infrastructure and the management system for the control, monitoring, and billing for client requests
§ one internal memory system ÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÈÃ ÉÅÇ a database
§ one internal manager ´µ ½ºÁʾ¸ external requests (management, queuing, and controlling)
Cloud Computing software systems have a typical structure based on components ËÌÍË ÎÍÏ ÎÐÑÑÒÏÓÎÍËÔwith each other via well defined interfaces (often Web Services)
Õ Goal and requirements Ö Cost reduction ×ËÐ ÑÓÏÓÑÓØÔ ÙÔÚÛÐÜÑÔÏË ÎÐÝËÞ ÔÏÔßàÜÞ
storage, computing power, …) Ö Scalability on demand áâãäåæâçãä èéêëìãë íê éê îãìéäïíç
way”, all system resources are virtualized as for virtual machine, agreed and granted in SLA (Service Level Agreement
ð Automated provisioning and ease of use ñòóôõôóöcomputing + infrastructure, platform, and SaaS)
Õ Technical areas of intervention Ö Management ×ÝÜÝËem resources, power-saving, …)
ð Interoperability & portability ñ÷øóøù øúúõôûøóôüýþù øý÷virtual machine images)
Ö Measurement and monitoring ×ÙÜÏÍÑÓÎ ÐÏ ÛÓÏÔmonitoring, accounting control, …)
Ö Security (privacy/data control, reputation, …)
Cloud computing …
©ª«¬ Clouds 34
�ÿ/19
C���� ��� �������
Not exactly
for everything J
©ª«¬ Clouds 35 �3/19
Cloud computing today
The Cloud term and its related technologies have
become very common also for non technical users
- Advertising
- Humor
- Buzzword
����� ��� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� advanced technologies
also very widespread solutions, but also has stimulated a some
directions as guidelines for Global and Local Politics toward the
necessity and the unavoidably of the adoption
• G Cloud in UK
• USA: Federal Cloud (1/4 of total IT expenses)
• UE pushing toward European Cloud
Some … Clouds 36
Complete model of service
S�� roles and offerings a! still not so widely available
Some significant aspects
"#$% & Clouds 38
A taxonomy
"#$% & Clouds 39
Many aspects have been solved, not all of them are, some still hard to tackle • Virtualization
� New forms of resource virtualization
• Differentiated and global resource localization
� Federation and coordination of global resources
• Security, Privacy and SLA adherence
� Verifiable and trusted assurance policies
• Easy Control, handling and management by user
� Easy-to-use and user friendly actions and tools
• Data and QoS management
' self-* and automated system capable of adaptation
• API and platform enhancements
� New platforms e new interaction modes
Some open technological probems
"#$% & Clouds 40
Several directions and guidelines can be applied coming from neighbor areas
• Mobility
• Green e sustainability
• Novel business models
• Open-source and globally-available resources
• Peculiar legal aspects
Related Issues and Areas
L( )(*+,-,./( 0-,124 5 41 6789 : Clouds 41
Cloud computing: pros and cons
6789 : Clouds 42
Integration
Cloud : perception and challenges
Security
6789 : Clouds 43
Cloud as a new sector, unavoidable in expansion and spreading, but acceleration can be favored by standard acceptation
• Clarity about new roles and responsibility
• Open source standard and implementations
• Integration with existing protocols (mobile …)
• Supports for sustainability
• Global and local legal clarity
• Ties with other areas:
Big Data, Open Data, and Smart City
Standard: a necessity
6789 : Clouds 44
;</19
T=> ?@A =BD A@E>F
� GHI clouds
are disclosed
into the sky!
Thanks for
your
attention!
Some … Clouds 45