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Cloud of Things06/23/2014
Seong Hoon Kim ([email protected])
Associate Research Director at Auto-ID Lab
Korea
Department of Computer Science
KAIST
발표 내용
• Internet of Things – Definition
– Applications
• Current Trends– Cheap hardware
– OpenAPI
– Growth of devices/user
– Sharing Economy
– Crowdsourcing
• Cloud of Things
– Definition
– Ecosystem
– Research trends
– Business trends
• Conclusion
2
Internet of Things (1/2)
In 1999, the Internet of Things" was first
coined by Kevin Ashton who cofounded
the Auto-ID Center at the MIT
Business Processes
and Applications
Software and Network
Hardware
No concrete consensus! What they commonly say is that “the Internet
embraces everyday objects and lets them available anywhere, anytime.”
People or systems are able to access real-world through the Internet.
INTERNET OF THINGS (2/2)
If IoT is realized?
• Internet상의상태와실세계의상태가일치
• 실세계의다양한상황 정보를실시간으로정확하고세밀하게제공
4인 3T,
소근소근
Full, 시끄러움
Full, 조용,
몬순 커피
2인2T
테이블 4, 조용
휴업
2인 4T 4인 2T
4인 2T
8인 2T, 조용4인 3T, 시끄러움
검색: “어은동 카페”
CHECK ON THE BABY
TRACK ACTIVITY LEVELS
MONITOR AN AGING FAMILY
http://postscapes.com
새로운 IoT 서비스 (But, not limited)
< FOR YOUR BODY >
KEEP YOUR PLANTS ALIVE
LIGHT YOUR HOME IN NEW WAYS
< FOR YOUR HOME >
KEEP STREETS CLEAN
RECEIVE POLLUTION WARNINGS
USE ELECTRICITY MORE
EFFICIENTLY
< FOR YOUR CITY >
KEEP TRACK OF ASSETS
STOP GUESSING
MAINTAIN QUALITY
< FOR INDUSTRY >
An API to your car: OpenXC
How can we acquire data from
IoT?
• Who will install and share smart things?
7
공공기관의 사물
공공데이터 공개 및 OpenAPI
Source: Mbee.M
기업 중심의 사물 인터넷인프라 구축
Open IoT/M2M
Platform
B2B
4인 3T,
소근소근
Full, 시끄러움
Full, 조용,
몬순 커피
2인2T
테이블 4, 조용
휴업
2인 4T 4인 2T
4인 2T
8인 2T, 조용4인 3T, 시끄러움
Crowdsourcing
개인 (사업자) 참여!
Current trends in ICT
• Five trends
1.Cheap hardware
2.OpenAPI
3.Growth of devices/user
4.Sharing Economy
5.Crowdsourcing
8
Current trends in ICT:
1. Small and Cheap hardware
• Raspberry Pi:
Open source 개인 인공위성 (20만원)
48 만원
RFduino: $21
• Nordic 32 bit ARM Cortex-M0
processor
• Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy
Arduino
Prices: $29.95
Specs & Features:
ATmega328 microcontroller
14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)
32k Flash Memory
Connectivity: Can be extended with
shields (Wifi, GSM, Bluetooth, etc)
BeableBone
Prices: $45
Specs & Features:
ARM Cortex-A8
2GB on-board storage using eMMC, 512MB
DDR3 (800MHz x 16), microSD card slot
Connectivity: Can be extended with shields
(Wifi, GSM, Bluetooth, etc) $99.99 USD
$159
$25
Current trends in ICT:
2. Open API
- 순수 기능 인프라를 아웃소싱 하는API 비지니스의 등장.
- 쉬운 API 의 인기.
http://data.go.kr/
http://www.apistore.co.kr/
https://thingspeak.com/
Current trends in ICT:
3. Growth of devices/user in IoT
• 개인당디바이스수 증가
• Can we use all your devices
every time?
– Smart things will be idle in
most of time.
11
Current trends in ICT:4. Paradigm Shift: Sharing Economy
• Sharing Economy
• Sharing economy-based companies
– AirBnB, Uber, Fon, NeighborGoods,
RelayRides, etc
12
Source: End study project; Collaborative consumption and neighborhoods
Current trends in ICT:
5. Crowdsourcing
• Crowdsourcing: the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers.
13Crowdsourcing.org
Current trends in ICT
14
• Cheap devices
– More opportunity to buy smart things on the cheap
• Open API
– Interfaces to control and data acquisition of smart thing for value creation with BigData processing
• Multiple devices/user
– More idling smart things
• Sharing Economy
– Individual people will share and consume smart things themselves as well as their data and APIs.
• Crowdsourcing
– Individual people will be the active participants of IoT data production at a microscopic level.
Internet of Things enabled and shared by individual people
Cloud of Things
Cloud of Things?
• Cloud of Things (CoT) is to provide smart things as a service
and allows clients to access smart things’ service (API).
Cloud of Things
15
An Ecosystem in Cloud of Things
Silent
room?
Physical Search
App. Developers or
Advanced End users
develop own applications. Cloud of Things
Smart workflow
End user
Other user-created
applications
CPU Memory Energy
Comm. Infra.Driver Software
Resourc
es
Incentive
16
Research Trend in Cloud of Things
• Sharing smart things’ services• Discovering smart things’ services
• Accessing smart things’ services
17
Five major approaches for enabling multi-tenancy
Sharing smart things’ services
• Multi-tenancy for sharing smart things
18
Source: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/ws-multitenantpart2/
isola
tion
sh
aring
isolationsharing
Sharing smart things’ services
MultiSense
• MultiSense* (IaaS-level Virtualization of smart things)
– Proportional share for mechanically steerable sensor networks
19
MultiSense Architecture
Constructing and interleaving
request groups
*Navin K. Sharma, David E. Irwin, Prashant J. Shenoy, and Michael Zink. 2011. MultiSense: fine-grained multiplexing for
steerable camera sensor networks. In Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Multimedia systems (MMSys '11).
Incorrect results Correct results
Sharing smart things’ services
Multi-tenancy for smart things • Multi-tenancy support for smart things
– Seong Hoon Kim, and Daeyoung Kim, “Enabling Multi-tenancy via Middleware-level Virtualization with
Organization Management in the Cloud of Things,” Services Computing, IEEE Transactions on, in revision
20
Physical
DevPrxy
App. A
Vdev.A conf.A
2secApp. B
Vdev.B conf.B
5sec
isola
tion
sharing
App. C
Vdev.C conf.C
1sec
Each virtual device
enables synchronous
program semantic.
Easy programming
Caching data
Sharing of common data
while minimizing duplicate
message transmissions.
Efficient messaging
Automatic adaptation
With regression
Middleware Layer
Sharing smart things ’ services
IoT Lab
• IoT Lab (http://www.iotlab.eu/)
– Crowdsourcing mechanisms and tools
– Virtualization
– Ubiquitous Interconnection and Cloudification, etc.
21
Sharing Smart Things ’ services
Connected Home
22
HomeHub
Security ……..
HomeStore
Z-Wave,
DLNA, WiFi,
etc.
HomeHub
centralizes all
devices for users
and apps
HomeStore helps
find compatible
devices and apps
HomeCloud
HomeCloud
enables remote
access and
control
Climate
*HomeLab: Shared infrastructure for home technology field studies, HomeSys workshop, Sep 2012
**Digital Neighborhood Watch: Investigating the Sharing of Sensed Data amongst Neighbors, Computer Supported
Collaborative Work (CSCW), Feb. 2013
**Cameras @ house
*HomeLab
Research Trend in Cloud of Things
• Sharing smart things’ service
• Discovering smart things’ service• Accessing smart things’ service
23
Discovering smart things’ services
• Discovery services in Cloud of Things
– Real-world status awareness.
– Complex dependency of smart things on the real-world
24
Smart
Things API
Smart
Things API Smart
Things API
Friend
LocationOwner
Sh
are
Source: http://www.social-iot.org
Many relationships in Social IoT
• An Extensible Discovery Service for Smart Things
– To enable the facilitated discovery, selection, and utilization of smart things
– A semantic discovery service for Web-enabled resources
– Discovery Strategies
• Multiple mapping scheme
– Microformats, Microdata, JSON, RDFa, Deferred Discovery,
HTTP-supported Discovery/Crawling
– Community-driven Strategy Creation and Extension
25
Simon Mayer and Dominique Guinard. 2011. An extensible discovery service for smart things. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Web of Things (WoT '11)
Discovering smart things’ services
Web-based discovery
Client interaction with the DiscoWoT service
• DigCovery* in IoT6 project
– context-awareness,
– geo-location, and
– identification technologies
26
*Antonio J. Jara, Pablo Lopez, David Fernandez, Jose F. Castillo, Miguel A. Zamora, Antonio F. Skarmeta, Mobile digcovery: discovering
and interacting with the world through the Internet of things. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. Feb 2014, Vol.18, Issue 2, pp 323-338
Bus stops discovery and reply for a specific bus stop query
Discovering smart things’ services
IP&URI-based discovery
Discovering smart things’ services
GS1/EPCglobal: ID-based discovery• Electronic Product Code (EPC) and EPC networks
27
Applications
Manufacturer Distributor Retailer
Product info.• Technical spec.
• Warranty spec.
• Instruction manual
• etc.
Product history
• Genuine or Imitation
• Freshness
• Where this is from?
• Etc.
Manufacturer
EPCIS server
Pro
duct q
uery
Korea
JapanChina
Taiwan
Australia
USA
Brazil
Switzerland
England
Object Name Service
(ONS) Server
ONS query
EPC
Information
Service
repository
Filtering
&Collection
middleware
Capturing Applications
DS query
Application
Real-time feedback
Smart
RFID
reader
Discovery Service (DS)
Discovering smart things’ services
GS1/EPCglobal: ID-based discovery
• GS1/ gtin+ on the web
– ID-based geo-distance item search
28
Discovery Service
ONS
Client
EPCIS A EPCIS B EPCIS C
Query DS address
Use API
Query location information
Register location Information
1km
Milk
£
11hr
1km
Map human-readable
keyword(s) to
Product category
identifier (GPC)
Contextual filters
are shown for
product category
User constraints
are specified
Information about matching
products and services
Research Trend in Cloud of Things
• Sharing smart things’ service
• Discovering smart things’ service
• Accessing smart things’ service
29
Accessing smart things’ services
• The need for Access Control
– Access-control policies at home must account for guests, children,
and all manner of temporary workers and visitors.**
30
** Blase Ur, Jaeyeon Jung, and Stuart Schechter, The Current State of Access Control for Smart Devices in Homes, in Workshop on Home
Usable Privacy and Security (HUPS), July 2013
Access control based on ownership
and social relationship
Simultaneous accesses to a shared
smart thing (e.g., a projector)
Accessing smart things’ services
Social-aware access control
• Sharing using social networks in a composable Web of Things
• Integration of smart things to the web
– Leveraging Web Authentication APIs
– Sharing Based on Social Networks
– Accessing Shared Things
31
Guinard, D.; Fischer, M.; Trifa, V., "Sharing using social networks in a composable Web of Things," Pervasive Computing and Communications
Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.702,707, March 29 2010-April 2 2010
Accessing smart things’ services
Time-based Access control
• Time-based Access Control
– e.g., If my daughter wanted watch George at 11 o’clock at night, I
wouldn’t want to do that.
32
Colin Dixon, Ratul Mahajan, Sharad Agarwal, AJ Brush, Bongshin Lee, Stefan Saroiu, and Paramvir Bahl, An Operating System for the Home, in NSDI, USENIX, April 2012
Accessing smart things
Dynamic Access control
• Access Control on smart things
– Dynamic access control – e.g., turn on air conditioner only if all windows are closed
33
Vicaire, P.A.; Zhiheng Xie; Hoque, E.; Stankovic, J.A., "Physicalnet: A Generic Framework for Managing and Programming Across Pervasive Computing
Networks," Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), 2010 16th IEEE , vol., no., pp.269,278, 12-15 April 2010
Accessing smart things’ services
Context-aware data reading from smart things
• Suman Nath, ACE: Exploiting Correlation for Energy-Efficient and Continuous
Context Sensing, in ACM MobiSys 2012. Awarded Best Paper.
– inference caching that allows ACE to opportunistically infer one context
attribute (AtHome) from another already-known attribute (Driving), without
acquiring any sensor data.
– speculative sensing that enables ACE to occasionally infer the value of an
expensive attribute (e.g., AtHome) by sensing cheaper attributes (e.g., Driving).
34
• Business Trends in Cloud + IoT
– Xively,
– SmartThings,
– NinjaBlocks,
– ThinkSpeak, and
– IFTTT
35
Xively (a.k.a, Cosm, Pachube)Develop, Deploy, and Manage
Xively Cloud Services™The world’s first IoT Public Cloud
Business Trends in Cloud and IoT
Xively
Business Trends in Cloud and IoT
SmartThings, Ninjablocks, and ThingSpeak
• IFTTT
– Recipes
38
Business Trends in Cloud and IoT
IFTTT
Conclusion
• To create a new value from IoT, smart things should be proliferate
d in the real-world
• Current Trends with Cheap hardware, Growth of # devices
/user, OpenAPI, Crowdsourcing, and Sharing Economy will drive Cloud of Things.
• CoT will create a new value for microscopic real-world interaction,
enabled by individual people.
• Your contribution on CoT could realize its vision and
create new values in our real life.
39
40