CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Suggestions regarding Data Collection, and Additional 09 0918 Nofa Ac Background

8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg

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Qgm I}jm 1, 5;>; }{anqmp {ucxfam `lnufqv cj {muhcubnj`m bmnp}um pmlm`qfcj `ufqmufn, amhfjfqfcjp,

nja `nl`}lnqfcj bmqgcap* Ounjqmmp pgc}la um{ln`m qgm ac`}bmjq {ucxfama fj qgm Am`mbemu 5;;6

JCHC nbmjabmjq wfqg qgfp ac`}bmjq* Ounjqmmp num mj`c}unoma qc umumna qgm pm`qfcjp umlnqma qc

qgm bmnp}ump qgmv gnxm pmlm`qma* @J@P n{{um`fnqmp nja `cjqfj}mp qc n``m{q hmmaen`d cj qgm

Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump [flcq* Naafqfcjnl `lnufhf`nqfcj nja bmnp}ump bnv em fpp}ma hcu

qgm 5;>> JCHC*

MA]@NQFCJ [UFCUFQV NUMN

]jbmq ma}`nqfcjnl jmmap wfqgfj cbb}jfqfmp mp{m`fnllv qgcpm qgnq gml{ `gflaumj nja vc}qgn`gfmxm p}``mpp fj p`gccl nja {umxmjq qgmb hucb auc{{fjo c}q emhcum gfog p`gccl ouna}nqfcj*

Q}qcufjo {ucounbp b}pq pmlm`q Bmnp}ump MA>, MA5, nja MA=* Qgmv bnv pmlm`qnaafqfcjnl bmnp}ump hucb MA8"MA>>*

Bmjqcufjo {ucounbp b}pq pmlm`q Bmnp}ump MA0, MA1, nja qgmj nq lmnpq cjm bmnp}umhucb MA="MA>>*

Qmn`gmu @cu{p b}pq pmlm`q Bmnp}ump MA> nja MA5 nja Bmnp}ump MA>5"MA>?*Bmnp}ump MA >7 nja MA >6 num c{qfcjnl Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmnp}ump*

Cqgmu Ma}`nqfcj {ucounbp b}pq `gccpm bmnp}ump MA>, MA5, nja qgmj nq lmnpq cjmbmnp}um hucb MA="MA>>*

Bmnp}um MA>9

J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc pqnuq fj nj Nbmuf@cu{p ma}`nqfcj {ucounb*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Q}qcufjo, cu {ucxfafjo cqgmu n`nambf` p}{{cuq qc mlmbmjqnuv p`gccl

nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Ma}`nqfcj {ucounb9 Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup gml{ pq}amjqp bnfjqnfj mjucllbmjq fj nja

p}``mma fj p`gccl 'bmjqcufjo {ucounbp }pm MA0 nja MA1&* Qgm gml{qgnq Nbmuf@cu{p

bmbemup {ucxfam acmp jcq jmma qc em fj afum`q pmuxf m qc qgm pq}amjqp* Gcwmxmu, qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup b}pq {ucxfam afum`q p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb {cppfelm*

Mlmbmjqnuv nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp9 pq}amjqp mjucllma fj ounamp D">5*

Pqnuq fj9 pq}amjqp mjucllma fj qgm ma}`nqfcj {ucounb nq qgm emofjjfjo ch qgm {ucounb

vmnu* @c}jqp bnv em }{anqma fh qgm j}bemu ch {nuqf f{njqp fj`umnpmp*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqmBmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

@c}jq ch pq}amjqp wgc mjucll fj qgm {ucounb* Pq}amjqp bnv cu bnv jcq `cb{lmqm qgm

{ucounb* Mn`g pq}amjq pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m a}ufjo qgm {ucounb vmnu*

Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9

gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA>SMA5*ac`

Bmnp}um MA

59

J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc `cb{lmqm {nuqf`f{nqfcj fj nj Nbmuf@cu{p ma}`nqfcj

{ucounb*

Umhmumj`mp# PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Q}qcufjo, cu {ucxfafjo cqgmu n`nambf` p}{{cuq qc mlmbmjqnuv p`gccl


2/39

5

N}qgcufqv9 nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Ma}`nqfcj {ucounb9 Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup gml{ pq}amjqp bnfjqnfj mjucllbmjq fj nja

p}``mma fj p`gccl 'm`m{q bmjqcufjo cu Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp&* Qgm gml{qgnq

Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup {ucxfam acmp jcq jmma qc em fj afum`q pmuxf`m qc qgm pq}amjqp*

Gcwmxmu, qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup b}pq {ucxfam afum`q p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb

{cppfelm*

Mlmbmjqnuv nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp9 Pq}amjqp mjucllma fj ounamp D">5*@cb{lmqm {nuqf`f{nqfcj9 Nq qgm c}qpmq ch qgm n`qfxfqv, qgm {ucounb pgc}la fjaf`nqm gcw

bnjv anvp cu gc}up num um~}fuma fj cuamu qc `cb{lmqm qgm n`qfxfqv* Qgmj qgmv wfll cjlv

`c}jq qgm j}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc bmmq qgnq qgumpgcla ev qgm mja ch qgm vmnu* Qgfp

j}bemu wfll em }pma np qgm amjcbfjnqcu hcu pmlm`qma bmnp}ump nja qgmumhcum qgm nbc}jq

ch nqqmjanj`m pgc}la em mjc}og qc fjhl}mj`m qgm ump}lqp*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

@c}jq ch pq}amjqp hucb Bmnp}um > wgc `cb{lmqm {nuqf`f{nqfcj fj qgm n`qfxfqv np

fjaf`nqma ev necxm amhfjfqfcj*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA>SMA5*ac`

Jcqmp9 Qgfp fp qgm {ufbnuv bmnp}um @J@P wfll }pm qc mpqnelfpg gcw bnjv pq}amjqp num{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj ma}`nqfcj {ucounbp cqgmu qgnj bmjqcufjo cu Qmn`gmu @cu{p* Bmnp}um >

nja Bmnp}um 5 qcomqgmu wfll fjaf`nqm gcw bnjv pq}amjqp auc{ c}qnum umqnfjma ev qgmpm

{ucounbp*

N{{lf`njqp {ucxfafjo n Bmjqcufjo [ucounb b}pq }pm Bmnp}ump MA0 nja MA1 nja qgmj nq

lmnpq cjm bmnp}um hucb MA="MA>>*

Bmnp}um MA

09

J}bemu ch afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg#bmjqcu bnq`gmp qgnq num `cbbmj`ma ev qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Bmjqcufjo pq}amjqp, fj`l}afjo na}lq cu {mmu bmjqcufjo*

Amhfjfqfcj chDmv Qmubp

Bmjqcup num na}lqp wgc {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj cu vc}qg qguc}og mfqgmu `cbb}jfqvenpma {ucounbp cu p`gccl enpma {ucounbp9

Fj p`gccl enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu

nq lmnpq cjm gc}ucj`m n wmmd cxmu jfjm bcjqgp*

Fj `cbb}jfqv enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu nj nxmunom ch

hc}u gc}up n bcjqg cxmu n qwmlxm bcjqg {mufca*Bmjqcufjo umlnqfcjpgf{p num famnllv cjm bmjqcu {mu `gfla, e}q `c}la em pbnll ouc}{ wfqg

n unqfc ch jc bcum qgnj >90*

Afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg9 fj`l}amp qgcpm vc}qg wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma nja >

cu bcum ch qgm hcllcwfjo9 'N& _gc num c}q"ch"p`gccl vc}qg, fj`l}afjo c}q"ch"p`gccl

vc}qg wgc num }jmb{lcvma* 'E& _gc num fj cu nofjo c}q ch hcpqmu `num* '@& _gc gnxm

lfbfqma Mjolfpg {uchf`fmj`v* 'A& _gc num gcbmlmpp cu wgc gnxm u}j nwnv hucb gcbm*

'M& _gc num nq"ufpd qc lmnxm pm`cjanuv p`gccl wfqgc}q n af{lcbn* 'H& _gc num hcubmui}xmjflm chhmjamup cu nq ufpd ch amlfj~}mj`v* 'O& _gc num fjafxfa}nlp wfqg afpneflfqfmp*

'Hucb PNN&

M`cjcbf` Afpnaxnjqnom9 mlfofelm hcu humm 'nq cu emlcw >0;- ch {cxmuqv& cu uma}`ma

'emqwmmj >0;- qc >7=- ch {cxmuqv& l}j`g4 bnv cu bnv jcq n`q}nllv em n``mppfjo

hummuma}`ma l}j`g* Pmm9 gqq{9www*mup*}pan*ocxEufmhfjo@gflaJ}qufqfcjl}j`g*gqb

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

[ucounbp wfll `c}jq qgm j}bemu ch ~}nlfhvfjo bmjqcu"bmjqmm bnq`gmp qgnq num fjfqfnqma

cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm {ucounb vmnu* Fh qgm {ucounb bcaml nllcwp hcu pbnll ouc}{

bmjqcufjo fjpqmna ch cjm"cj"cjm bnq`gmp, nll {nuqf`f{nqfjo bmjqmmp fj qgm ouc}{ pgc}la


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0

@cllm`q Anqn9 em `c}jqma*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA0S-5;MA1*ac

Bmnp}um MA

19

J}bemu ch afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg#bmjqcu bnq`gmp qgnq wmum p}pqnfjma ev qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb hcu nq lmnpq qgm um~}fuma qfbm {mufca*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Bmjqcufjo pq}amjqp, fj`l}afjo na}lq cu {mmu bmjqcufjo*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Bmjqcup num na}lqp wgc {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj cu vc}qg qguc}og mfqgmu `cbb}jfqv

enpma {ucounbp cu p`gccl enpma {ucounbp9 Fj p`gccl enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam

p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu nq lmnpq cjm gc}ucj`m n wmmd cxmu jfjm bcjqgp*

Fj `cbb}jfqv enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu nj nxmunom ch hc}u

gc}up n bcjqg cxmu n qwmlxm bcjqg {mufca*Bmjqcufjo umlnqfcjpgf{p num famnllv cjm bmjqcu {mu `gfla, e}q `c}la em pbnll ouc}{ wfqg

n unqfc ch jc bcum qgnj >90*

Afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg9 fj`l}amp qgcpm vc}qg wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma nja >

cu bcum ch qgm hcllcwfjo9 'N& _gc num c}q"ch"p`gccl vc}qg, fj`l}afjo c}q"ch"p`gccl vc}qg

wgc num }jmb{lcvma* 'E& _gc num fj cu nofjo c}q ch hcpqmu `num* '@& _gc gnxm lfbfqma

Mjolfpg {uchf`fmj`v* 'A& _gc num gcbmlmpp cu wgc gnxm u}j nwnv hucb gcbm* 'M& _gc

num nq"ufpd qc lmnxm pm`cjanuv p`gccl wfqgc}q n af{lcbn* 'H& _gc num hcubmu i}xmjflm

chhmjamup cu nq ufpd ch amlfj~}mj`v* 'O& _gc num fjafxfa}nlp wfqg afpneflfqfmp* PNN

M`cjcbf` Afpnaxnjqnom9 mlfofelm hcu humm 'nq cu emlcw >0;- ch {cxmuqv& cu uma}`ma

'emqwmmj >0;- qc >7=- ch {cxmuqv& l}j`g4 bnv cu bnv jcq n`q}nllv em n``mppfjo

hummuma}`ma l}j`g* Pmm9 gqq{9www*mup*}pan*ocxEufmhfjo@gflaJ}qufqfcjl}j`g*gqb

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

[ucounbp wfll `c}jq qgm j}bemu ch ~}nlfhvfjo bmjqcu"bmjqmm bnq`gmp qgnq num p}pqnfjma

cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm {ucounb vmnu* Fh qgm {ucounb bcaml nllcwp hcu pbnll ouc}{

bmjqcufjo fjpqmna ch cjm"cj"cjm bnq`gmp, nll {nuqf`f{nqfjo bmjqmmp fj qgm ouc}{ pgc}la em

`c}jqma*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA0S-5;MA1*ac

Jcqmp9 Qgfp fp qgm {ufbnuv bmnp}um @J@P wfll }pm qc mpqnelfpg gcw bnjv pq}amjqp num{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj bmjqcufjo {ucounbp* Bmnp}ump MA0 nja MA1 num fjqmjama qc em }pma

qcomqgmu qc fjaf`nqm qgm umqmjqfcjauc{ c}q unqm*

N{{lf`njqp {ucxfafjo nj Ma}`nqfcj [ucounb 'fj`l}afjo Bmjqcufjo& b}pq `gccpm nq lmnpq cjm

bmnp}um hucb Bmnp}ump MA="MA>>* @gccpm n bmnp}um qgnq nlfojp wfqg vc}u {ucounb

ampfoj* Q}qcufjo {ucounbp num um~}fuma qc `gccpm Bmnp}um MA= np cjm ch qgmfu bmnp}ump*

'Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp pdf{ qc Qmn`gmu @cu{p pm`qfcj*&

Bmnp}um MA =9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wfqg fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& Pq}amjq n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Pq}amjqp9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*

Fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m9 np bmnp}uma ev nj fb{ucxma ambcjpqunqfcj ch

pdflldjcwlmaom nq {cpq"qmpq np `cb{numa qc {um"qmpq 'onfj p`cum& }pfjo n pqnjanuafyma

fjpqu}bmjq* Bnjv pqnjanuafyma qmpq fjpqu}bmjqp {ucxfam m{m`qma lmxmlp ch fb{ucxmbmjq

hcu {nuqf`}lnu pqnuqfjo {cfjqp* Qgcpm wc}la em qgm bcpq n{{uc{ufnqm fb{ucxmbmjq lmxmlp


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1

hcu {ucounbp qc pmlm`q* [ucounbp bnv um~}mpq n {cpq"qmpq cjlv nppmppbmjq c{qfcj qgnq

wc}la `c}jq np fb{ucxma cjlv qgcpm pq}amjqp wgc {muhcub nq ounam lmxml cj qgm {cpq"

qmpq* Cjlv qgcpm {ucounbp qgnq ambcjpqunqm qgmv num pmuxfjo emlcw ounam lmxml pq}amjqp

nja qgnq ambcjpqunqm n p}hhf`fmjq umnpcj hcu jcq `cja}`qfjo n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq bnv

um~}mpq qgfp c{qfcj*

Pqnjanuafyma qmpqfjpqu}bmjq9 gnp emmj xnlfanqma mqmujnllv cj n unjacblv"pmlm`qma{c{}lnqfcj ch pq}amjqp* Pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp omjmunllv pgc}la JCQ em }pma hcu jcj"

Qmn`gmu @cu{p [ucounbp np fq fp m{m`qma qgnq qgm `gflap `lnppuccb qmn`gmu wc}la gnxm

qgm {ufbnuv mhhm`q cj qgmpm p`cump* [ucounbp bnv um~}mpq qc }pm qgm pqnqm, pqnjanuafyma

qmpq e}q jmma qc ambcjpqunqm qgnq fq fp n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qgmfu `fu`}bpqnj`mp*

Qgm Jnqfcjnl @mjqmu cj Ump{cjpm qc Fjqmuxmjqfcj wme"pfqm ch qgm ]*P* Am{nuqbmjq ch

Ma}`nqfcj {ucxfamp pcbm fjhcubnqfcj nec}q nppmppbmjq qcclp 'qgmv nll qgmb {ucoumpp

bcjfqcufjo qcclp& nq qgm hcllcwfjo pfqm9

gqq{9www*uqf1p}``mpp*cuo`gnuq{ucoumppBcjfqcufjo{ucoumppbcjfqcufjoqcclp`gnuq*gqb

Jcqm qgnq qgmpm num jcq p{m`fhf`nllv um`cbbmjama, jcu num qgmpm qgm cjlv fjpqu}bmjqp qgnq

{ucounbp `c}la }pm e}q qgm pfqm {ucxfamp occa fjhcubnqfcj nec}q gcw qc `cjpfamu wgf`g

qccl vc}u {ucounb bfogq gccpm*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

[ucounbp wfll um{cuq qgm j}bemu ch pq}amjqp hucb Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1

wgc9

'>& n`gfmxm qgm onfj cu nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp qgnq wnp n{{ucxma nq ounjq nwnua, njacu

'5& {muhcub cj ounam lmxml fh qgm {cpq"qmpq cjlv bmqgca fp emfjo }pma*

Nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma9

Qgm nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma qc `c}jq np fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m b}pq em

p{m`fhfma fj qgm n{{ucxma ounjq n{{lf`nqfcj* Fh qgm [ucounb fp }pfjo afhhmumjq qmpqp hcu

afhhmumjq ouc}{p ch `gflaumj, qgmj afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp bnv em p{m`fhfma ev qmpq*

Pcbm qmpqp bnv p{m`fhv afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp enpma cj qgm {um"qmpq ump}lqp*

[ucounbp pgc}la pmlm`q n pqnjanuafyma qmpq qgnq9

'>& bmnp}ump qgm qv{mp ch pq}amjq pdfllpdjcwlmaom qgm {ucounb fp quvfjo qc fb{ucxm

qguc}og fqp mhhcuqp,

'5& fp n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qgm ounam lmxml,

'0& gnp ambcjpqunqma xnlfafqv cu umlfneflfqv hcu qgm {c{}lnqfcj qgmv num pmuxfjo,

nja '1& fp `cb{nqfelm wfqg nja n``m{qnelm qc qgm p`gccl wgmum qgm {ucounb fp {ucxfafjo

pmuxf`mp 'afhhmumjq qmpqp bnv em }pma nq afhhmumjq p`gcclp&*

Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp nabfjfpqmuma ev qgm p`gccl9'JCQM9

Qgmpm qmpqp num jcq lfdmlv qc em n{{uc{ufnqm hcu q}qcufjo {ucounbp nja bnv jcq em }pma

}jlmpp nj m`m{qfcj gnp emmj ounjqma*& Qgmpm qmpqp gnxm qgm naxnjqnom ch nlumnav emfjo

fj {ln`m nja gnxfjo nj fjhunpqu}`q}um qc p}{{cuq qgmfu }pm, nja ch `c}upm pq}amjqp wc}lagnxm qndmj qgmpm qmpqp njvwnv* Pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp `nj cjlv em }pma fh qgmv num

nabfjfpqmuma nq qgm mja ch qgm {ufcu vmnu nja qgmj nonfj nq qgm mja ch qgm `}uumjq vmnu

'qgfp wfll jcq em qgm `npm hcu nll ounam lmxmlp&*

Ceqnfjfjo qmpq p`cump hucb p`gccl pvpqmbp9

Hcu {ucounbp jcq qgmbpmlxmp nabfjfpqmufjo qgm qmpq, qgm [ucounb wfll jmma qc gnxm pcbm

hcub ch noummbmjq, p}`g np nj BC] 'bmbcunja}b ch }jamupqnjafjo& wfqg qgm p`gccl qc

mjp}um qgnq anqn hcu qgm jmmama `gflaumj `nj em pm`}uma* Anqn num jmmama cj qgm ouc}{ ch


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=

`gflaumj vc} num pmuxfjo, e}q jcq cj fjafxfa}nl `gflaumj* Um~}mpqfjo anqn fj qgfp wnv acmp

jcq xfclnqm HMU[N 'qgm Hnbflv Ma}`nqfcjnl Ufogqp nja [ufxn`v N`q&*

Vc} num jcq lfdmlv qc em nelm qc `c}jq `gflaumj wgc wmum fj n afhhmumjq p`gccl afpquf`q fj

qgm vmnu {ufcu qc pmuxf`m cu qunjphmu nwnv hucb qgm p`gccl a}ufjo qgm p`gccl vmnu* Pmm qgm

Umpc}u`m [n`dmq hcu n p}oompqma bmqgca ch um~}mpqfjo qgm anqn vc}u {ucounb jmmap*

Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch cqgmu pqnjanuafyma qmpqp9 Qgm qmpq pgc}la em nabfjfpqmuma qc qgm

pq}amjqp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm {ucounb emhcum qgmv emofj pmuxf`m nja nonfj jmnu qgm mja ch

qgm pmuxf`m amlfxmuv {mufca* Pcbm qmpqp p}oompq bmnp}ufjo fb{ucxmbmjq nq bcum {cfjqp

a}ufjo qgm vmnu* [ucounbp pgc}la hcllcw qgm fjpqu}`qfcjp {ucxfama ev qgm qmpq qgmv gnxm

pmlm`qma*

Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj nja p`gccl umlnqfcjpgf{ qf{p `nj em hc}ja nq9

gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmSMA=*ac

Cqgmu Jcqmp9 [ucounbp pgc}la umbmbemu qgnq 5;>; bnudp qgm emofjjfjo ch qgm Jnqfcjnl[muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump [flcq* [ucounbp c{qfjo"fj num {nuq ch nj m`fqfjo c{{cuq}jfqv

hcu }p nll qc wcud qcomqgmu nja fj `cji}j`qfcj wfqg qgm ]*P* Am{nuqbmjq ch Ma}`nqfcj

qc amqmubfjm gcw qc empq bmnp}um qgm fb{cuqnjq mhhcuqp qc fb{ucxm n`nambf`n`gfmxmbmjq* _m nll jmma qc umbmbemu qgnq qgm [flcq ofxmp }p qgm c{{cuq}jfqv qc

lmnuj wgnq fp wcudfjo, wgnq fpjq wcudfjo, nja qc quv c}q afhhmumjq n{{ucn`gmp emhcum

n hfjnl xmupfcj ch Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump fp {ucb}lonqma*

Nq qgfp qfbm wm num {flcqfjo n bmnp}um ch n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq hcu lfqmun`v njabnqg cjlv*

Bmnp}um MA 89 J}bemu ch vc}qg wgc gnxm fb{ucxma qgmfu p`gccl nqqmjanj`m cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp fjxclxmbmjq wfqg qgm pq}amjq*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Pq}amjq mjonombmjq, fj`l}afjo pq}amjq nqqmjanj`m nja pq}amjqemgnxfcu*


Vc}qg9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*Nbmuf@cu{p [ucounb Fjxclxmbmjq9 Pqnuqp cj qgm anqm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup emofj

wcudfjo wfqg pq}amjqp nja mjap wfqg qgm anqm qgmfu fjxclxmbmjq wfqg qgm pq}amjqp mjap cu

qgm mja ch qgm `cjqun`q vmnu, wgf`gmxmu `cbmp hfupq* _cudfjo wfqg qgm pq}amjqp acmp

jcq jmma qc em fj afum`q wcud wfqg qgm pq}amjqp* Gcwmxmu, qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup

b}pq {ucxfam afum`q p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb {cppfelm*

Nqqmjama9 J@LE n{{ucxma amhfjfqfcj*

Enpma cj qgm n`nambf` lfqmunq}um, qgm ampfuma qnuomq fp nqqmjama 6;- ch p`gccl anvp*

Gcwmxmu, @J@P um`cojfymp qgnq pcbm pq}amjqp bfogq bndm g}om fb{ucxmbmjqp wfqgc}q

gfqqfjo qgm 6;- qnuomq nja wm wnjq qc `n{q}um qgnq `gnjom cxmu qfbm*

Gcw qc@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

_fll jmma qc amqmubfjm qcqnl {cppfelm p`gccl anvp emqwmmj pqnuq nja mja anqm* Qgmj }pfjonqqmjanj`m um`cuap amqmubfjm qgm n`q}nl j}bemu ch anvp nqqmjama*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA8SMA?*ac`

P`gccl `lnppuccb nqqmjanj`m lcop* Qc omq nq fb{ucxmbmjq cxmu qfbm {ucounbp wfll

jmma qc ceqnfj anqn cj nqqmjanj`m {ufcu qc Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp fjxclxmbmjq wfqg


6/39

8

pq}amjq*

Naafqfcjnl

Jcqmp9

Qgfp bmnp}um fp n{{uc{ufnqm cjlv hcu {ucounbp pmuxfjo pq}amjqp wfqg {umxfc}plv

ambcjpqunqma nqqmjanj`m {ucelmbp* [ucounb pgc}la ambcjpqunqm qgnq pq}amjqp

{umxfc}plv gna {ccu nqqmjanj`m nja qgnq nhqmu nqqmjafjo qgm {ucounb, qgm pq}amjqp

nqqmjanj`m fb{ucxma*

Bmnp}um MA ?9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc gnxm jcq emmj p}p{mjama cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp fjxclxmbmjq*

Umhmumj`mp#N}q

gcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Pq}amjq mjonombmjq, fj`l}afjo pq}amjq nqqmjanj`m nja pq}amjq

emgnxfcu*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp


Nbmuf@cu{p [ucounb Fjxclxmbmjq9 Pqnuqp cj qgm anqm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup emofj

wcudfjo wfqg pq}amjqp nja mjap wfqg qgm anqm qgmfu fjxclxmbmjq mjap cu qgm mja ch qgm

`cjqun`q vmnu "" wgf`gmxmu `cbmp hfupq* _cudfjo wfqg qgm pq}amjqp acmp jcq jmma qc em

fj afum`q wcud wfqg qgm pq}amjqp Gcwmxmu, qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup b}pq {ucxfam afum`q

p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb {cppfelm*

P}p{mjpfcj9 Nll afp`f{lfjnuv n`qfcjp qgnq ump}lq fj qgm pq}amjq emfjo m`l}ama hucb `lnpp*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

@c}jq pq}amjqp wgc gnxm JCQ emmj p}p{mjama emqwmmj qgm pqnuq nja mja anqm ch qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup fjxclxmbmjq*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA8SMA?*ac`

P`gccl `lnppuccb afp`f{lfjnuv um`cuap*

Naafqfcjnl

Jcqmp9

Qgfp bmnp}um fp n{{uc{ufnqm cjlv hcu {ucounbp pmuxfjo pq}amjqp wfqg {umxfc}plv

ambcjpqunqma p}p{mjpfcj {ucelmbp* Qgm [ucounb pgc}la ambcjpqunqm qgnq pq}amjqp

{umxfc}plv gna p}p{mjpfcj {ucelmbp nja qgnq nhqmu nqqmjafjo qgm {ucounb, qgmv gna jc

p}p{mjpfcj fpp}mp*

Bmnp}um MA 79 J}bemu ch vc}qg wfqg am`umnpma p}epqnj`m ne}pm, nuumpq, cu onjo fjxclxmbmjq*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Pq}amjq mjonombmjq, fj`l}afjo pq}amjq nqqmjanj`m nja pq}amjq

emgnxfcu*

Amhfjfqfcjp9 Vc}qg9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*

Onjo fjxclxmbmjq9 Bnv bmnj nppc`fnqfjo wfqg onjo bmbemup cu {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj onjo

n`qfxfqfmp*P}epqnj`m ne}pm9 Bnv bmnj }pm ch nl`cgcl, qcen``c, cu cqgmu au}op, fj`l}afjo ne}pm ch

{ump`uf{qfcj au}op*Nuumpq9 Bmnjp nj n`qfcj ev n {clf`m chhf`mu qgnq fp `nllma nuumpq ev qgnq lnw

mjhcu`mbmjq nomj`v umonualmpp ch wgmqgmu qgm nuumpq ump}lqp fj n `cjxf`qfcj*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqmBmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Bmnp}um omqp nq qgm fjpqnj`mp ch p}epqnj`m ne}pm, nuumpq, cu onjo fjxclxmbmjq emhcum nja

nhqmu qgm Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb*

Mfqgmu chhf`fnl {clf`m um`cuap cu {um"{ucounb nja {cpq"{ucounb p}uxmvp4 [um"{ucounb

p}uxmv pgc}la umhmu qc nq lmnpq {ufcu vmnu* Fh p}uxmvp num }pma, qgmv jmma qc em xnlfanqma

fjpqu}bmjqp* Np qgfp fjhcubnqfcj fp gfoglv pmjpfqfxm, qgm p}uxmv {uc`mpp fp nlpc xmuv

fb{cuqnjq* Pmm anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p nja pcbm p}uxmv mnb{lmp nq9

gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmSB7*ac

Naafqfcjnl

Jcqmp9

Qgfp bmnp}um fp n{{uc{ufnqm cjlv hcu {ucounbp pmuxfjo pq}amjqp wfqg {umxfc}plvambcjpqunqma p}epqnj`m ne}pm, nuumpq, cu onjo fjxclxmbmjq {ucelmbp* Qgm [ucounb


7/39

?

pgc}la ambcjpqunqm qgnq pq}amjqp gnxm gna nq lmnpq cjm ch qgmpm {ucelmbp fj qgm {npq nja

qgnq nhqmu nqqmjafjo qgm {ucounb, qgmv m{mufmj`ma n am`lfjm fj qgnq {ucelmb*

Bmnp}um MA 69 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp ouna}nqfjo hucb gfog p`gccl*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Pm`cjanuv p`gccl ouna}nqfcj unqmp*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp


Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

P`gcclafpquf`q {ucbcqfcj nja ouna}nqfcj um`cuap ch fjafxfa}nl pq}amjqp wgc {nuqf`f{nqma

fj Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA6SMA>;*ac`

Jcqmp9 Qgfp {muhcubnj`m fjaf`nqcu fp empq p}fqma hcu Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp qgnq {ufbnuflv pmuxm>>qg nja >5qg ounamup nja wgcpm ceim`qfxm fp {ucbcqfjo gfog p`gccl ouna}nqfcj*

@nj vc} amxmlc{ n umnpcjnelm enpmlfjm cu `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ `cjpfpqfjo ch qgm{c{}lnqfcj vc} {lnj qc pmuxm3 Hcu mnb{lm, wgnq fp qgm qv{f`nl gfog p`gccl

ouna}nqfcj unqm ch qgm {c{}lnqfcj vc} fjqmja qc pmuxm3 Qgfp wfll em`cbm vc}u`cb{nufpcj ouc}{ cu pmuxm np vc}u enpmlfjm* Qgm vc}qg pmuxma fj vc}u {ucounb

pgc}la gnxm n gfogmu unqm ch gfog p`gccl ouna}nqfcj qgnj qgfp ouc}{*

_fll vc} em nelm qc pmq n umn`g qnuomq, qgm bfjfb}b njqf`f{nqma {mu`mjq ch pq}amjqp{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj vc}u ma}`nqfcj cu bmjqcufjo {ucounb wgc vc} gc{m wfll ouna}nqm

hucb gfog p`gccl4 wfll qgm {mu`mjqnom vc} pmq `gnllmjom vc}u {ucounb qc umn`g qgnq

qnuomq3

Bmnp}um MA >;9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp mjqmufjo {cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcjp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Unqm ch `cllmom mjucllbmjq nja `cjqfj}ma `cllmom mjucllbmjq hcu

um`f{fmjqp ch n gfog p`gccl af{lcbn*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Pq}amjqp9 qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*

[cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcjp bnv fj`l}am qwc"vmnu nja hc}u"vmnu `cllmompMjqmufjo9 bmnjp bnquf`}lnqfjo np n h}ll"qfbm cu {nuq"qfbm pq}amjq*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1 fp qgm amjcbfjnqcu*

Umofpqunqfcj um`cuap qgnq `cjhfub pq}amjq mjucllbmjqp cu pmlh um{cuq cj hcllcw }{ p}uxmvp*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA6SMA>;*ac`

Jcqmp9 Qgfp {muhcubnj`m fjaf`nqcu fp empq p}fqma hcu Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp qgnq hc`}p cj

{um{nufjo gfog p`gccl pq}amjqp hcu `cllmom*

@nj vc} amxmlc{ n umnpcjnelm enpmlfjm cu `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ `cjpfpqfjo ch qgm{c{}lnqfcj vc} {lnj qc pmuxm wgc mjqmu {cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcjp3 Cu, wgnq fp qgm

qv{f`nl {cpq"pm`cjanuv p`gccl mjucllbmjq unqm ch qgm {c{}lnqfcj vc} fjqmja qc pmuxm3Qgfp wfll em`cbm vc}u `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ cu pmuxm np vc}u enpmlfjm* Qgm vc}qg pmuxma

fj vc}u {ucounb pgc}la gnxm n gfogmu unqm ch {cpq"pm`cjanuv p`gccl mjucllbmjq qgnj

qgfp ouc}{*

_fll vc} em nelm qc pmq n umn`g qnuomq, qgm bfjfb}b njqf`f{nqma {mu`mjq ch pq}amjqp{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj vc}u ma}`nqfcj cu bmjqcufjo {ucounb wgc vc} gc{m wfll mjqmu n

{cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcj4 wfll qgm {mu`mjqnom vc} pmq `gnllmjom vc}u {ucounb qc

umn`g qgnq qnuomq3


8/39

7

Bmnp}um MA >>9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp mnujfjo n {cpq"pm`cjanuv amoumm*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Unqm ch `cllmom mjucllbmjq nja `cjqfj}ma `cllmom mjucllbmjq hcu


Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Pq}amjqp9 qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*Amoumm9 bnv fj`l}am nj nppc`fnqm amoumm hucb nj n``umafqma n`nambf` {ucounb cu nj

c``}{nqfcjnl cu xc`nqfcjnl {ucounb4 n en`gmlcup amoumm 'm*, EN, NE, EP&4 n bnpqmup

amoumm 'm*9 BN, BP, BMjo, BMa, BP_&4 n {uchmppfcjnl p`gccl amoumm 'm*9 BA,AAP, AXB&4 cu n ac`qcunqm amoumm 'm*9 [gA, MaA&*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1 fp qgm amjcbfjnqcu*

Umofpqunqfcj um`cuap qgnq `cjhfub amoumm wnp mnujma cu pmlh um{cuq cj hcllcw }{ p}uxmvp*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmSMA>>*ac

Jcqmp9 Qgfp {muhcubnj`m fjaf`nqcu fp empq p}fqma hcu Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp qgnq hc`}p cj

{um{nufjo gfog p`gccl pq}amjqp hcu `cllmom cu {ucounbp qgnq wcud wfqg pq}amjqp fj `cllmomqc gml{ qgmb p}``mma*

@nj vc} amxmlc{ n umnpcjnelm enpmlfjm cu `cb{nufpcj ouc}{3 Hcu mnb{lm, ch qgmpq}amjqp vc} {lnj qc pmuxm, wgnq {uc{cuqfcj ch qgcpm wgc ouna}nqm hucb gfog p`gccl

qv{f`nllv `cb{lmqm n {cpq"pm`cjanuv amoumm3 Qgfp wc}la em vc}u `cb{nufpcj ouc}{

cu qgm ouc}{ wgc ac jcq um`mfxm vc}u pmuxf`m*

_fll vc} em nelm qc pmq n umn`g qnuomq, qgm bfjfb}b njqf`f{nqma {mu`mjq ch pq}amjqp{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj vc}u ma}`nqfcj cu bmjqcufjo {ucounb wgc vc} gc{m wfll mnuj n {cpq"

pm`cjanuv amoumm4 wfll qgm {mu`mjqnom vc} pmq `gnllmjom vc}u {ucounb qc umn`g qgnq

qnuomq3 Umbmbemu qgnq qgm qnuomq vc} pmq wc}la jmma qc em gfogmu qgnj wgnq c``}up

nlumnav fj qgm `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ pc qgnq vc} `nj pgcw qgm afhhmumj`m qgnq vc}u

{ucounb fp bndfjo*


9/39

6

Qmn`gmu @cu{p Bmnp}ump

Qgmpm bmnp}ump num fjqmjama qc em }pma ev Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp wgmum qgm Nbmuf@cu{p

bmbemup pmuxm np qgm {ufbnuv qmn`gmu fj n `lnppuccb pmqqfjo a}ufjo qgmfu {ln`mbmjqp* Qgm

Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup bnv pmuxm fj {}elf`, `gnuqmu, cu {ufxnqm p`gcclp qc naaumpp n `ufqf`nl

pgcuqnom ch qmn`gfjo {uchmppfcjnlp fj n gfog jmmap numn cu p`gccl*

N{{lf`njqp {ucxfafjo n Qmn`gmu @cu{p [ucounb b}pq }pm Bmnp}ump MA> nja MA5 njaBmnp}ump MA>5"MA>?* Bmnp}ump MA>7 nja MA>6 num c{qfcjnl*

Bmnp}um MA >59 J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc emofj pmuxfjo np qmn`gmup qguc}og n Qmn`gmu

@cu{p {ucounb*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq

nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj

hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Qmn`gmu9 Fp ump{cjpfelm hcu lmnafjo cjm cu bcum `lnppmp ch pq}amjqp fj ounamp D">5*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#@cllm`q Anqn9

Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp wfll famjqfhv qgm j}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc num

wcudfjo np qmn`gmup*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>

8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac

Bmnp}um MA >09 J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc cb{lmqma pmuxfjo np qmn`gmup qguc}og n

Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounb*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9



hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj*

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup famjqfhfma fj Bmnp}um MA>5 wgc `cb{lmqma qgmfu qmub

ch pmuxf`m*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp wfll famjqfhv qgm j}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc

`cb{lmqm qgm Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounb* Qgm @cu{cunqfcj wfll xmufhv wfqg Qu}pq Anqn*




Bmnp}um MA >19 J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp qmn`gfjo fj gfog jmma {}elf` p`gcclp

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9





Fjafxfa}nlp9 Qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0*Gfog jmma9 Njv p`gccl qgnq bmmqp qgm amhfjfqfcjp c}qlfjma fj qgm Un`m qc qgm Qc{ Jcqf`m

ch H}jafjo C{{cuq}jfqv '@HAN #971*06=N& hcu Gfog [cxmuqv P`gccl cu [mupfpqmjqlv Lcw

N`gfmxfjo P`gccl* gqq{9mac`dmq*n``mpp*o{c*ocx5;;6{ahM6"5?15?*{ah





10/39

>;

Bmnp}um MA >=9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp fj Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmu lnppuccbp wfqg fb{ucxma n`nambf`

{muhcubnj`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9


Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Pq}amjqp9 Qgm pq}amjqp `cb{lmqfjo qgm p`gccl vmnu wgc num mjucllma fj qgm `lnppmp qn}ogq

ev qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0 nja wgc num `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA5*

Fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m9 np bmnp}uma ev nj fb{ucxma ambcjpqunqfcj ch

pdflldjcwlmaom nq {cpq"qmpq np `cb{numa qc {um"qmpq 'onfj p`cum& }pfjo n pqnjanuafyma

fjpqu}bmjq* Bnjv pqnjanuafyma qmpq fjpqu}bmjqp {ucxfam m{m`qma lmxmlp ch fb{ucxmbmjq

hcu {nuqf`}lnu pqnuqfjo {cfjqp* Qgcpm wc}la em qgm bcpq n{{uc{ufnqm fb{ucxmbmjq lmxmlp

hcu {ucounbp qc pmlm`q* [ucounbp bnv um~}mpq n {cpq"qmpq cjlv nppmppbmjq c{qfcj qgnq

wc}la `c}jq np fb{ucxma cjlv qgcpm pq}amjqp wgc {muhcub nq ounam lmxml cj qgm {cpq"

qmpq* Cjlv qgcpm {ucounbp qgnq ambcjpqunqm qgmv num pmuxfjo emlcw ounam lmxml pq}amjqp

nja qgnq ambcjpqunqm n p}hhf`fmjq umnpcj hcu jcq `cja}`qfjo n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq bnv

um~}mpq qgfp c{qfcj*

Pqnjanuafyma qmpq#fjpqu}bmjq9 gnp emmj xnlfanqma mqmujnllv cj n unjacblv"pmlm`qma

{c{}lnqfcj ch pq}amjqp4 bnv em n pqnqm, pqnjanuafyma qmpq cu cqgmu pqnjanuafyma qmpq*Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

[ucounbp wfll um{cuq qgm j}bemu ch pq}amjqp hucb Bmnp}um MA5 wgc9

'>& n`gfmxm qgm onfj cu nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp qgnq wnp n{{ucxma nq ounjq nwnua, njacu

'5& {muhcub cj ounam lmxml fh qgm {cpq"qmpq cjlv bmqgca fp emfjo }pma*

Nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma9

Qgm nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma qc `c}jq np fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m b}pq emp{m`fhfma fj qgm n{{ucxma ounjq n{{lf`nqfcj* Fh qgm [ucounb fp }pfjo afhhmumjq qmpqp hcu

afhhmumjq ouc}{p ch `gflaumj, qgmj afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp bnv em p{m`fhfma ev qmpq*

Pcbm qmpqp bnv p{m`fhv afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp enpma cj qgm {um"qmpq ump}lqp*

[ucounbp pgc}la pmlm`q n pqnjanuafyma qmpq qgnq9

'>& bmnp}ump qgm qv{mp ch pq}amjq pdfllpdjcwlmaom qgm {ucounb fp quvfjo qc fb{ucxmqguc}og fqp mhhcuqp,

'5& fp n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qgm ounam lmxml,

'0& gnp ambcjpqunqma xnlfafqv cu umlfneflfqv hcu qgm {c{}lnqfcj qgmv num pmuxfjo,

nja '1& fp `cb{nqfelm wfqg nja n``m{qnelm qc qgm p`gccl wgmum qgm {ucounb fp {ucxfafjo

pmuxf`mp 'afhhmumjq qmpqp bnv em }pma nq afhhmumjq p`gcclp&*

Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp nabfjfpqmuma ev qgm p`gccl9 Qgmpm qmpqp

gnxm qgm naxnjqnom ch nlumnav emfjo fj {ln`m nja gnxfjo nj fjhunpqu}`q}um qc p}{{cuq qgmfu

}pm, nja ch `c}upm pq}amjqp wc}la gnxm qndmj qgmpm qmpqp njvwnv* Pqnqm pqnjanuafyma

qmpqp `nj cjlv em }pma fh qgmv num nabfjfpqmuma jmnu qgm mja ch qgm {ufcu vmnu nja qgmj

nonfj jmnu qgm mja ch qgm `}uumjq vmnu 'qgfp wfll jcq em qgm `npm hcu nll ounam lmxmlp&*

[ucounbp bnv um~}mpq n {cpq"qmpq cjlv nppmppbmjq c{qfcj qgnq wc}la `c}jq npfb{ucxma cjlv qgcpm pq}amjqp wgc {muhcub nq ounam lmxml cj qgm {cpq"qmpq* Cjlv qgcpm

{ucounbp qgnq ambcjpqunqm qgmv num pmuxfjo emlcw ounam lmxml pq}amjqp nja qgnq

ambcjpqunqm n p}hhf`fmjq umnpcj hcu jcq `cja}`qfjo n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq bnv um~}mpq qgfp

c{qfcj*

Ceqnfjfjo qmpq p`cump hucb p`gccl pvpqmbp9

Hcu {ucounbp jcq qgmbpmlxmp nabfjfpqmufjo qgm qmpq, qgm [ucounb wfll jmma qc gnxm pcbm


11/39

>>

hcub ch noummbmjq, p}`g np nj BC] 'bmbcunja}b ch }jamupqnjafjo& wfqg qgm p`gccl qc

mjp}um qgnq anqn hcu qgm jmmama `gflaumj `nj em pm`}uma* Anqn num jmmama cj qgm ouc}{ ch

`gflaumj vc} num pmuxfjo, e}q jcq cj fjafxfa}nl `gflaumj* Um~}mpqfjo anqn fj qgfp wnv acmp

jcq xfclnqm HMU[N 'qgm Hnbflv Ma}`nqfcjnl Ufogqp nja [ufxn`v N`q&*

Qgmpm anqn gnxm qgm afpnaxnjqnom qgnq vc} wfll jcq em nelm qc `c}jq `gflaumj wgc wmum fj

n afhhmumjq p`gccl afpquf`q fj qgm vmnu {ufcu qc pmuxf`m cu qunjphmu nwnv hucb qgm p`gccla}ufjo qgm p`gccl vmnu }jlmpp qgm qwc p`gccl pvpqmbp num wfqgfj qgm pnbm pqnqm nja

mhhcuqp num bnam qc bnq`g {um"pmuxf`m p`cump fj cjm afpquf`q wfqg {cpq"pmuxf`m p`cump fj

njcqgmu* Pmm qgm Umpc}u`m [n`dmq hcu n p}oompqma bmqgca ch um~}mpqfjo qgm anqn vc}

jmma*

Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch cqgmu pqnjanuafyma qmpqp9 Qgm qmpq pgc}la em nabfjfpqmuma qc qgm

pq}amjqp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm {ucounb emhcum qgmv emofj pmuxf`m nja nonfj jmnu qgm mja ch

qgm pmuxf`m amlfxmuv {mufca* Pcbm qmpqp p}oompq bmnp}ufjo fb{ucxmbmjq nq bcum {cfjqp

a}ufjo qgm vmnu* [ucounbp pgc}la hcllcw qgm fjpqu}`qfcjp {ucxfama ev qgm qmpq qgmv gnxm

pmlm`qma*

Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj nja p`gccl umlnqfcjpgf{ qf{p `nj em hc}ja nq9gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSC}q`cbmSMA>=*ac

Cqgmu Jcqmp9 [ucounbp pgc}la umbmbemu qgnq 5;>; bnudp qgm emofjjfjo ch qgm Jnqfcjnl[muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump [flcq* [ucounbp c{qfjo"fj num {nuq ch nj m`fqfjo c{{cuq}jfqv

hcu }p nll qc wcud qcomqgmu nja fj `cji}j`qfcj wfqg qgm ]*P* Am{nuqbmjq ch Ma}`nqfcj

qc amqmubfjm gcw qc empq bmnp}um qgm fb{cuqnjq mhhcuqp qc fb{ucxm n`nambf`

n`gfmxmbmjq* _m nll jmma qc umbmbemu qgnq qgm [flcq ofxmp }p qgm c{{cuq}jfqv qclmnuj wgnq fp wcudfjo, wgnq fpjq wcudfjo, nja qc quv c}q afhhmumjq n{{ucn`gmp emhcum

n hfjnl xmupfcj ch Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump fp {ucb}lonqma*

Nq qgfp qfbm wm num {flcqfjo n bmnp}um ch n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq hcu lfqmun`v njabnqg cjlv*

Bmnp}um MA >89 J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp qmn`gfjo fj {}elf` p`gcclp fj qgm vmnu nhqmu qmub ch pmuxf`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9




Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Fjafxfa}nlp9 Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA >0*

Qmn`gfjo9 Gnxfjo {ufbnuv ump{cjpfeflfqv hcu nq lmnpq cjm `lnppuccb ch `gflaumj fj ounamp

D">5*Nhqmu Qmub ch Pmuxf`m9 Umhmup qc qgm p`gccl vmnu nhqmu qgm qmub ch pmuxf`m mjap*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Hcllcw"}{ p}uxmv ch Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmbemup4 {ucounb nabfjfpqunqfxm um`cuap*




Bmnp}um MA >?9 J}bemu ch qmn`gmup umbnfjfjo fj qgm ma}`nqfcj hfmla, e}q jcq qmn`gfjo fj n {}elf`

p`gccl nhqmu qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9





12/39

>5

Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Qmn`gmup9 Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0Jcq qmn`gfjo fj n {}elf` p`gccl9 qmn`gfjo fj n {ufxnqm p`gccl pmuxfjo n

{umacbfjnjqlv lcw"fj`cbm `cbb}jfqv, p`gccl p}{{cuq pqnhh, p`gccl nabfjfpqunqfcj,

afpquf`q nabfjfpqunqfcj {clf`v, ma}`nqfcj jcj"{uchfqp, mq`*Nhqmu Qmub ch Pmuxf`m9 umhmup qc qgm p`gccl vmnu nhqmu qgm qmub ch pmuxf`m mjap*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqmBmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Hcllcw"}{ p}uxmv ch Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmbemup4 {ucounb nabfjfpqunqfxm um`cuap




Bmnp}ump MA>7 nja MA>6 num c{qfcjnl*

Bmnp}um MA >79 J}bemu ch qmn`gmup wgc gnxm gna n {cpfqfxm fb{n`q cj pq}amjq lmnujfjo np amqmubfjma ev

cepmuxnqfcj"enpma nppmppbmjqp ch qmn`gmu {muhcubnj`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9


Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Qmn`gmup9 Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

@cjpfpqmjq wfqg Un`m qc qgm Qc{, qgfp bmnp}um `nj em }pma np nj c{qfcjnl p}{{lmbmjq qc

n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq hcu nppmppfjo qmn`gmu mhhm`qfxmjmpp* Bmnp}um MA>= 'n`nambf`

{muhcubnj`m ch pq}amjqp& b}pq em }pma*




Cqgmu Jcqmp9 Un`m qc qgm Qc{ p}oompqp nj cepmuxnqfcj"enpma nppmppbmjq n{{ucn`g qc p}{{lmbmjq

pq}amjq {muhcubnj`m* gqq{9mac`dmq*n``mpp*o{c*ocx5;;6{ahM6"5?15?*{ah

Bmnp}um MA >69 J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo muqfhf`nqfcj qc qmn`g fj {}elf` p`gcclp nhqmu qgmfu

qmub ch pmuxf`m*Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9




Amhfjfqfcj ch

Dmv Qmubp

Um`mfxfjo muqfhf`nqfcj9 n``cuafjo qc J@LE pqnjanua*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q Anqn9

Hcllcw"}{ p}uxmv ch Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmbemup4 {ucounb nabfjfpqunqfxm um`cuap





13/39

>0

GMNLQG [UFCUFQV NUMN

]jbmq gmnlqg jmmap wfqgfj cbb}jfqfmp fj`l}afjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg num, afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja

gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj fjfqfnqfxmp, nja gmnlqg lfqmun`v*

N{{lf`njqp b}pq pmlm`q nq lmnpq cjm ch qgm bmnp}ump 'G>"G?& qgnq bnq`gmp qgmfu {ucounb

bcaml* N{{lf`njqp b}pq amxmlc{ qgmfu cwj nlfojma c}q`cbm bmnp}ump*

Bmnp}um

G>9

J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num }jfjp}uma, m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma, bmaf`nllv

}jamupmuxma, cu lfxfjo fj u}unl numnp }qflfyfjo {umxmjqfxm nja {ufbnuv gmnlqg `num

pmuxf`mp nja {ucounbp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'f& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma

fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp*

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, fj`l}afjo

cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj*

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Ma}`nqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp

wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp nec}q, nja mjonofjo

fjafxfa}nlp ampùfema fj qgfp ln}pm fj, fjfqfnqfxmp umonuafjo jnxfonqfjo qgm gmnlqgpmuxf`mp pvpqmb nja umonuafjo afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj, wfqg n

{nuqf`}lnu hc`}p cj cbbcj gmnlqg `cjafqfcjp, gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja cjafqfcjp, hcu

wgf`g afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj bmnp}ump mfpq nja hcu wgf`g

pc`fcm`cjcbf , omcoun{gf`, nja un`fnl nja mqgjf` gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp mfpq*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

]jfjp}uma9 Nj fjafxfa}nl ln`dp fjp}unj`m `cxmunom* 'Qgfp amhfjfqfcj fp `cjpfpqmjq wfqg

qgm Jnqfcjnl Gmnlqg Fjhcubnqfcj P}uxmv 'JGFP&*M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 Bmmq fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv ùfqmufn hcu

Bmaf`nfa cu P@GF[ fj qgm pqnqm wgmum qgm fjafxfa}nlhnbflv n``mppfjo pmuxf`mp umpfamp4

ac jcq gnxm qc bmmq cqgmu mlfofeflfqv ùfqmufn*

Bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma9 Nj fjafxfa}nl wgc lfxmp fj n bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma numn, np

amhfjma ev GGP, cu fp n bmbemu ch n bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcj* Qgm qmub

bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcj gnp qgm bmnjfjo ofxmj qgnq qmub fj pm`qfcj00;'e&'0& ch qgm [}elf` Gmnlqg Pmuxf`m N`q '15 ]*P*@* 5=1e'e&'0&&* [ucounbp bnv nlpc

{ucxfam i}pqfhf`nqfcj hcu cqgmu bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp*

Gmnlqg`num pmuxf`mp9 N``mppfelm, cb{umgmjpfxm, cjqfj}c}p, nja ccuafjnqma num qc

{umpmuxm gmnlqg nja {umxmjq, qumnq cu bnjnom afpmnpm cu fjhfubfqv, {ucxfama nja

`cjpfpqmjqlv nxnflnelm fj qgm cjqmq ch hnbflv nja cbb}jfqv*[umxmjqfxm gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp9 [umxmjqfxm gmnlqg emgnxfcu fp %njv n`qfxfqv

}jamuqndmj ev nj fjafxfa}nl wgc 'emlfmxma qc em& gmnlqgv hcu qgm {}u{cpm ch {umxmjqfjo

cu amqm`qfjo flljmpp fj nj npvb{qcbnqf` pqnqm% 'Dnpl nja @cee >688, {*518&*

[ufbnuv gmnlqg `num9Qgm `cj`m{q ch {ufbnuv gmnlqg `num wnp amhfjma ev qgm _cula

Gmnlqg Cuonjfynqfcj fj >6?7 np ecqg n lmxml ch gmnlqg pmuxf`m amlfxmuv nja nj n{{ucn`g

qc gmnlqg `num {un`qf`m* [ufbnuv `num, np qgm {ucxfpfcj ch mppmjqfnl gmnlqg `num, fp qgm

enpfp ch n gmnlqg `num pvpqmb* Qgfp fp fj `cjqunpq qc pm`cjanuv gmnlqg `num, wgf`g fp`cjp}lqnqfxm, pgcuq qmub, nja afpmnpm cufmjqma hcu qgm {}u{cpm ch nppfpqfjo qgm {ufbnuv

`num {un`qfqfcjmu*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq }ja}{lf`nqma jmw fjafxfa}nlp wgc n`q}nllv }pm qgm {umxmjqfxm nja {ufbnuv gmnlqg

`num pmuxf`mp nja {ucounbp, np n ump}lq ch qgm ounjqmmp n`qfxfqfmp*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG>SG5SG0*ac

`


14/39

>1

Ounjqmm um`cuap qgnq num hcllcw"}{ anqn cj `lfmjqp umhmuuma qc gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp nja

{ucounbp* Um~}fump ounjqmm qc hcllcw"}{ wfqg lfmjq*

Bmnp}um

G59

J}bemu ch `lfmjqp qc wgcb fjhcubnqfcj cj gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, gmnlqg `num n``mpp

nja gmnlqg emjmhfqp {ucounbp fp amlfxmuma*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp hcu }jfjp}uma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo p}`g

fjafxfa}nlp wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma gflaumj*


cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj*

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'f& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj jnxfonqfjo qgm

gmnlqg pmuxf`mp pvpqmb*



fjafxfa}nlp amp`ufema fj qgfp ln}pm fj, fjfqfnqfxmp umonuafjo jnxfonqfjo qgm gmnlqg

pmuxf`mp pvpqmb nja umonuafjo afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj, wfqg n

{nuqf`}lnu hc`}p cj cbbcj gmnlqg `cjafqfcjp, gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja cjafqfcjp, hcuwgf`g afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj bmnp}ump mfpq nja hcu wgf`g


Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Qgm fjhcubnqfcj bnv em amlfxmuma }pfjo bmqgcap p}`g np fjafxfa}nl"lmxml fjqmun`qfcjp,

ouc}{"lmxml fjqmun`qfcjp, gcqlfjmp, lmnufjogc}pmp, mq`*

Gmnlqg fjp}unj`m9 Ufpd nuunjombmjq qgnq npp}ump hfjnj`fnl `cxmunom hcu n amhfjma

unjom ch gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp, djcwj np emjmhfqp, cjlv fh qgmpm num um~}fuma* @cxmunom fp

chhmuma qc nj fjafxfa}nl cu ouc}{ fj m`gnjom hcu umo}lnu {nvbmjqp '{umbf}bp {nfa

umonualmpp ch }pm ch emjmhfqp& ev n lf`mjpma qgfua {nuqv 'jcq n gmnlqg `num {ucxfamu& cu

mjqfqv, }p}nllv nj fjp}unj`m `cb{njv cu ocxmujbmjq nomj`v qgnq {nvp hcu bmaf`nl

pmuxf`mp e}q acmp jcq um`mfxm cu {ucxfam gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp*

[umxmjqfxm gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp9 [umxmjqfxm gmnlqg emgnxfcu fp %njv n`qfxfqv

}jamuqndmj ev nj fjafxfa}nl wgc fp 'emlfmxma qc em& gmnlqgv hcu qgm {}u{cpm ch

{umxmjqfjo cu amqm`qfjo flljmpp fj nj npvb{qcbnqf` pqnqm% 'Dnpl nja @cee >688, {*518&*

Fj qgm `cjqmq ch gmnlqg`num pmuxf`mp qgfp bnv fj`l}am qgm {ucxfpfcj ch n unjom ch

n`qfxfqfmp p}`g np fbb}jfynqfcjp, hnbflv {lnjjfjo, nja gmnlqgwmlljmpp ma}`nqfcj* Bcum

eucnalv qgfp fj`l}amp fjafxfa}nlp mjonofjo fj lfhmpqvlm gnjomp 'm*o*, j}qufqfcj, mmu`fpm&

qc gml{ bfqfonqm ufpd ch afpmnpm*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq }ja}{lf`nqma jmw fjafxfa}nlp wgc num {ucxfama wfqg fjhcubnqfcj, np n ump}lq ch

qgm ounjqmmp n`qfxfqfmp* Fh bcum qgnj cjm bmqgca ch amlfxmuv fp }pma 'm*o*, n ouc}{"lmxml

fjqmun`qfcj hcllcwma ev nj fjafxfa}nl"lmxml fjqmun`qfcj&, c}jq qgm `lfmjq cjlv cj`m*



`

Ounjqmm um{cuqp nja lcop ch fjqmun`qfcjp wfqg `lfmjqp*

Bmnp}um

G09

J}bemu ch `lfmjqp mjucllma fj gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, nja gmnlqg emjmhfqp

{ucounbp*

Umhmumj`mp# PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'f& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma


15/39

>=

N}qgcufqv9 fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp*

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp hcu }jfjp}uma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo p}`g

fjafxfa}nlp wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma gflaumj4

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'f& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj jnxfonqfjo qgm

gmnlqg pmuxf`mp pvpqmb4


cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj4








Amhfjfqfcjch Dmv

Qmubp

Mjucllma wc}la bmnj jmwlv mjucllma, np n ump}lq ch ounjqmm n`qfxfqfmp* @lfmjqp bnv cubnv jcq gnxm mfpqfjo gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, cu {umxfc}p }pm ch gmnlqg pmuxf`mp nja gmnlqg

emjmhfqp {ucounbp*

Gmnlqg fjp}unj`m9 fp ufpd nuunjombmjq qgnq npp}ump hfjnj`fnl `cxmunom hcu n amhfjmaunjom ch gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp, djcwj np emjmhfqp, cjlv fh qgmpm num um~}fuma* @cxmunom fp

chhmuma qc nj fjafxfa}nl cu ouc}{ fj m`gnjom hcu umo}lnu {nvbmjqp '{umbf}bp {nfa

umonualmpp ch }pm ch emjmhfqp& ev n lf`mjpma qgfua {nuqv 'jcq n gmnlqg `num {ucxfamu& cu

mjqfqv, }p}nllv nj fjp}unj`m `cb{njv cu ocxmujbmjq nomj`v qgnq {nvp hcu bmaf`nl

pmuxf`mp e}q acmp jcq um`mfxm cu {ucxfam gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`qAnqn9

Qgm jmw }ja}{lf`nqma `lfmjqp qgnq wmum }lqfbnqmlv mjucllma fj n gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, gmnlqg

pmuxf`mp, cu gmnlqg emjmhfqp {ucounb* @c}jq mn`g lfmjq cjlv cj`m* Hcu mnb{lm,

mjucllfjo n `lfmjq fj gmnlqg fjp}unj`m nja qgmj mjucllfjo qgnq pnbm `lfmjq fj n gmnlqgpmuxf`m wc}la `c}jq np cjm `lfmjq*



`

Ounjqmm um`cuap cu anqn 'n{{lf`nqfcj nja hcllcw"}{& cj `lfmjq mjucllbmjq nja gmnlqg

fjp}unj`m pqnq}p*

Bmnp}um

G19

J}bemu ch `lfmjqp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj {ucounbp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& [nuqf`f{nqfcj, nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja

fjafxfa}nlp wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp, fj afpmnpm{umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj fjfqfnqfxmp, {nuqf`}lnulv qgcpm wfqg n hc`}p cj

naaumppfjo cbbcj gmnlqg cjafqfcjp, naaumppfjo gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja am`umnpfjo

gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp*

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Lfqmun`v ch {nqfmjqp umonuafjo gmnlqg



16/39

>8


PNN n`qfxfqfmp9 'xff& Nppfpqfjo fj gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj fjqmuxmjqfcjp qgnq fb{ucxm gmnlqg

pqnq}p, nja gml{fjo {mc{lm nac{q nja bnfjqnfj gmnlqgv lfhmpqvlmp nja gnefqp qc fb{ucxm

gmnlqg pqnq}p4

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Ma}`nqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlpwgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp nec}q, nja mjonofjo






Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj {ucounb9 njv {lnjjma `cbefjnqfcj ch lmnujfjo m{mufmj`mp

ampfojma qc {umafp{cpm, mjnelm, nja umfjhcu`m xcl}jqnuv emgnxfcu `cja}`fxm qc gmnlqg fj

fjafxfa}nlp, ouc}{p cu `cbb}jfqfmp* 'Oummj, L_ nja Dum}qmu, B_*Gmnlqg

[ucbcqfcj [lnjjfjo9 Nj Ma}`nqfcjnl nja M`clcof`nl N{{ucn`g, 0ua ma* Bc}jqnfj

Xfmw, @N9 Bnvhfmla [}elfpgfjo @cb{njv4 >666*& Nj ma}`nqfcjnl {uc`mpp ev wgf`g

qgm {}elf` gmnlqg pvpqmb cjxmvp fjhcubnqfcj qc qgm cbb}jfqv umonuafjo cbb}jfqvgmnlqg pqnq}p, gmnlqg `num jmmap, {cpfqfxm gmnlqg emgnxfcup nja gmnlqg `num {clf`v fpp}mp*

'Jnqfcjnl [}elf` Gmnlqg [muhcubnj`m Pqnjanuap [ucim`q*&

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq }ja}{lf`nqma jmw `lfmjqp wgc {nuqf`f{nqm fj qgm ounjqmmp gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj

{ucounb* Fh qgm gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj {ucounb gnp b}lqf{lm pmppfcjp, qc{f`p, mq`*, `c}jq qgm

`lfmjq cj`m* Ac jcq `c}jq lfmjqp ev j}bemu ch pmppfcjp* Hcu mnb{lm, fh n gmnlqg

ma}`nqfcj {ucounb bmmqp cj`m n bcjqg hcu cjm vmnu, nja gnp >5 {nuqf`f{njqp wgc`cb{lmqm, qgmj cjlv um{cuq >5 'jcq >11&*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG1SG=SG8*a

c`

Ounjqmm `cllm`qp anqn cj `lfmjqp nqqmjafjo mn`g pmppfcj* Lcop, `npm bnjnombmjqpvpqmbp, mq`*

Bmnp}um

G=9

J}bemu ch `gflaumj nja vc}qg mjonoma fj fj"p`gccl cu nhqmup`gccl {gvpf`nl

ma}`nqfcj n`qfxfqfmp wfqg qgm {}u{cpm ch uma}`fjo `gflagcca cempfqv*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xfff& Naaumppfjo gflagcca cempfqv qguc}og fj"p`gccl nja nhqmu"p`gccl

{gvpf`nl n`qfxfqfmp, nja {ucxfafjo j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj qc pq}amjqp, fj mlmbmjqnuv p`gcclp

nja pm`cjanuv p`gcclp*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

@gflaumj nja vc}qg b}pq em mjucllma fj mlmbmjqnuv, bfaalm, cu gfog p`gccl {ucounbp

wfqgfj n {}elf`, `gnuqmu, {ufxnqm, cu gcbm"p`gccl nuunjombmjq*

[gvpf`nl ma}`nqfcj n`qfxfqfmp b}pq em fj naafqfcj qc umo}lnu n`qfxfqfmp qgnq wc}la gnxm

emmj {ucxfama ev qgm p`gccl cu nhqmup`gccl {ucounb '`njjcq p}{{lnjq mfpqfjo

n`qfxfqfmp&* Cjm ocnl ch qgm {gvpf`nl n`qfxfqv pgc}la em qc uma}`m cu {umxmjq `gflagccacempfqv*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq ch qgm j}bemu ch `gflaumj n`qfxmlv {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm n`qfxfqfmp* Jcq i}pq qgm

j}bemu mjucllma cu mxmj qgm j}bemu nqqmjafjo, e}q unqgmu qgm j}bemu wgc mjonom fj

qgm n`qfxfqfmp* @c}jq mn`g `gfla cjlv cj`m*




17/39

>?

c`

Bmnp}um

G89

J}bemu ch `gflaumj nja vc}qg um`mfxfjo j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj wfqg qgm {}u{cpm ch

uma}`fjo `gflagcca cempfqv*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xfff& Naaumppfjo gflagcca cempfqv qguc}og fj"p`gccl nja nhqmup`gccl

{gvpf`nl n`qfxfqfmp, nja {ucxfafjo j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj qc pq}amjqp, fj mlmbmjqnuv p`gcclpnja pm`cjanuv p`gcclp*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

@gflaumj nja vc}qg b}pq em mjucllma fj mlmbmjqnuv, bfaalm, cu gfog p`gccl {ucounbp

wfqgfj n {}elf`, `gnuqmu, {ufxnqm, cu gcbm"p`gccl nuunjombmjq*

J}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj b}pq em fj naafqfcj qc wgnq qgmv wc}la gnxm umo}lnulv um`mfxma np

{nuq ch {lnjjma p`gccl }uuf`}l}b cu nhqmup`gccl n`qfxfqv '`njjcq p}{{lnjq mfpqfjo

n`qfxfqfmp&* Qgm ma}`nqfcj pgc}la em n{{uc{ufnqm qc qgm ounam lmxml*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq ch qgm j}bemu ch `gflaumj nqqmjafjo qgm j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj pmppfcjp* Fh

amlfxmuma qc n `lnppuccb, `c}jq qgm j}bemu ch `gflaumj fj nqqmjanj`m qgnq anv 'jcq qgm

mjucllbmjq ch `gflaumj fj qgm `lnppuccb&* Mxmuv mhhcuq pgc}la em bnam qc `c}jq mn`g

`gfla cjlv cj`m* Fh qgm j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj {ucounb fj`l}amp b}lqf{lm qc{f`p cu

pmppfcjp, `c}jq mn`g `gfla cj`m*



c`

Bmnp}um

G?9

J}bemu ch `lfmjqp um`mfxfjo lnjo}nom qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp nq `lfjf`p nja fj

mbmuomj`v uccbp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'x& [ucxfafjo qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp nq `lfjf`p nja fj mbmuomj`v uccbp qc

fb{ucxm gmnlqg pmuxf`mp*



Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

@lfjf`9 Njv bmaf`nl hn`flfqv cu mpqnelfpgbmjq wgmum bmaf`nl pmuxf`mp num {ucxfama, nja

wgmum bcum qgnj cjm bmaf`nl p{m`fnlqv fp {un`qf`ma* Qgfp bnv fj`l}am {}elf` gmnlqg

`lfjf`p, gcp{fqnlp, mq`*

Mbmuomj`v uccbp9 Lc`nqma fj gcp{fqnlp cu `num hn`flfqfmp nja gnjalm `npmp qgnq um~}fum

fbbmafnqm nqqmjqfcj*Qunjplnqfcj9 Fj`l}amp ecqg wufqqmj nja xmuenl, fjqmu{umqfxm pmuxf`mp qc gml{ {nqfmjqp jcq

hl}mjq fj Mjolfpg wufqfjo njacu p{mndfjo emqqmu `cbb}jf`nqm qgmfu bmaf`nl jmmap nja

}jamupqnja qgmfu bmaf`nl fjpqu}`qfcjp*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq }ja}{lf nqma jmw `lfmjqp wgc um`mfxm qgm lnjo}nom qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp* Fh nj

mj`c}jqmu fjxclxmp bcum qgnj cjm {mupcj 'm*o*, hnbflv bmbemup&, `c}jq mn`g fjafxfa}nlpm{nunqmlv*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qSG?*ac

Ounjqmm `cllm`qp anqn cj `lfmjqp wgc um`mfxma qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp nq `lfjf`p cu mbmuomj`v

uccbp* Lcop, `npm bnjnombmjq pvpqmbp, mq`*


18/39

>7

C[[CUQ]JFQV [UFCUFQV NUMN

]jbmq jmmap umlnqfjo qc m`cjcbf` c{{cuq}jfqv hcu m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqgfj

`cbb}jfqfmp fj`l}afjo hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v, gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m, ice qunfjfjo, nja j}qufqfcjnl

nppfpqnj`m*

N{{lf`njq b}pq pmlm`q nq lmnpq cjm bmnp}um 'C>"C7& qgnq bnq`gmp qgmfu {ucounb bcaml*

'Pmm bmnp}ump C>5"C>? fh {ufbnuv hc`}p ch {ucounb fp cj bmbemu amxmlc{bmjq*& Fh pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C>, b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C6* Fh pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C0, b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>;* Fh pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C=, b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>>* Fh pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}ump C5, C1, C8, C?, cu C7, n{{lf`njqp b}pq amxmlc{ qgmfu cwj

nlfojma bmnp}um*

Bmnp}um

C>9

'b}pq nlpc

pmlm`q

Bmnp}um C6&

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v

pmuxf`mp*

Umhmumj`mp#N}qgcufqv9

PNN n`qfxfqv9'f& [ucxfafjo hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v ma}`nqfcj qc m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnomafjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v ma}`nqfcj wfqg umonua qc ùmafq bnjnombmjq,

hfjnj`fnl fjpqfq}qfcjp fj`l}afjo enjdp nja umafq }jfcjp, nja }qflfynqfcj ch pnxfjop {lnjp*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma9 B}pq em um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv

um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7

gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n {ccu ùmafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfja cj cjm cu

bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*Fjafxfa}nlp9 Bnv em n pfjolm fjafxfa}nl cu bnv um{umpmjq n hnbflv4 bnv em ch njv nom

`cjpfamuma nj na}lq fj qgm pqnqm wgmum pmuxf`mp num {ucxfamaHfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v pmuxf`mp9 hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v ma}`nqfcj wfqg umonua qc ùmafq

bnjnombmjq, hfjnj`fnl fjpqfq}qfcjp fj`l}afjo enjdp nja ùmafq }jfcjp, nja }qflfynqfcj ch

pnxfjop {lnjp PNN*

Gcw qc@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

]ja}{lf`nqma `c}jq ch Fjafxfa}nlp qc wgcb qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v pmuxf`mp num {ucxfama*Jcqm qgnq qgfp fp jcq pfb{lv n umhmuunl pmuxf`m* Fjafxfa}nlp bnv `cjqn`q qgm cuonjfynqfcj

bcum qgnj cj`m a}ufjo qgm vmnu qc omq gml{ e}q mn`g fjafxfa}nl pgc}la em um{cuqma gmum

cjlv cj`m* Pmuxf`mp bnv em {ucxfama fj"{mupcj, cj qgm {gcjm, cu ev mbnfl*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>SC}q`c

bmSC6*ac

Qun`dfjo bm`gnjfpb n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qv{m ch pmuxf m* Bnv em n pfoj"fj pgmmq cu n qun`dfjo

anqnenpm*

Bmnp}um

C59

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo ice qunfjfjo nja cqgmu

pdfll amxmlc{bmjq pmuxf`mp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Qgm j}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqg n``mpp qc

ice qunfjfjo nja cqgmu pdfll mjgnj`mbmjq*

PNN n`qfxfqv9 Hn`flfqnqfjo mjucllbmjq fj nja `cb{lmqfcj ch ice qunfjfjo hcu m`cjcbf`nllv

afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp*

Amhfjfqfcj M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 B}pq em um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm


19/39

>6

ch Dmv

Qmubp

mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[,

Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n {ccu `umafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfja

cj cjm cu bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*

Ice qunfjfjo9 c``}{nqfcjnl pdfll qunfjfjo amlfxmuma fj nj fjpqfq}qfcjnl cu lnppuccb pmqqfjo

cu pdfll qunfjfjo {ucxfama fj nj m{mufmjqfnl wcud{ln`m pmqqfjo 'bnv em `nllma cj"qgm"ice

qunfjfjo cu wcud m{mufmj`m&* [* 0, Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj

Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*Cqgmu pdfll amxmlc{bmjq pmuxf`mp9 qgmpm fj`l}am9

Umbmafnl Ma}`nqfcj p}`g np Na}lq Enpf` Ma}`nqfcj, OMA Ma}`nqfcj, Na}lq MPLMa}`nqfcj*

@lnppuccb pchq pdfllp qunfjfjo qgnq {ucxfamp fjhcubnqfcj nec}q n{{uc{ufnqmwcud{ln`m emgnxfcu cu ice pmnu`g pdfllp*

Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

]ja}{lf`nqma c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp cb{lmqfjo qgm ice qunfjfjo cu pdfll amxmlc{bmjq pmuxf`m

hcu wgf`g qgmv gnxm pfojma }{*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC5*ac

P}oompqma bmqgca fp c}upm nqqmjanj`m um`cuap*

Bmnp}um

C09

'b}pq nlpc

pmlm`q

Bmnp}um

C>;&

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo ice {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'xff& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp

qc ice {ln`mbmjq nppfpqnj`m*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 B}pq em um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm

mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[,

Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n {ccu `umafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfjacj cjm cu bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*Ice qunfjfjo9 C``}{nqfcjnl pdfll qunfjfjo amlfxmuma fj nj fjpqfq}qfcjnl cu lnppuccb pmqqfjo

cu pdfll qunfjfjo {ucxfama fj nj m{mufmjqfnl wcud{ln`m pmqqfjo 'bnv em `nllma cj"qgm"ice

qunfjfjo cu wcud m{mufmj`m&* [* 0, Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj

Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*

Cqgmu pdfll amxmlc{bmjq pmuxf`mp9 qgmpm fj`l}am9

Umbmafnl Ma}`nqfcj p}`g np Na}lq Enpf` Ma}`nqfcj, OMA Ma}`nqfcj, Na}lq MPLMa}`nqfcj*

@lnppuccb pchq pdfllp qunfjfjo qgnq {ucxfamp fjhcubnqfcj nec}q n{{uc{ufnqmwcud{ln`m emgnxfcu cu ice pmnu`g pdfllp*

[* 0, Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*

Gcw qc@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

]ja}{lf`nqma c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp cb{lmqfjo qgm ice {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp hcu wgf`g qgmvgnxm pfojma }{*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC0SC}q`c

bmSC>;*ac

@c}upm nqqmjanj`m um`cuap*


20/39

5;

Bmnp}um

C19

J}bemu ch gc}pfjo }jfqp amxmlc{ma, um{nfuma, cu cqgmuwfpm bnam nxnflnelm hcu lcw"

fj`cbm fjafxfa}nlp, hnbflfmp cu {mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& Qgm j}bemu ch gc}pfjo }jfqp e}flq cu fb{ucxma hcu m`cjcbf`nllv

afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp cu lcw"fj`cbm hnbflfmp*

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fj qgm cjpqu}`qfcj, umgneflfqnqfcj, cu {umpmuxnqfcj ch gc}pfjo

}jfqp, fj`l}afjo mjmuov mhhf`fmjq gcbmp, hcu m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp*Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Gc}pfjo }jfq9 N pfjolm"hnbflv gcbm 'fj`l}afjo n bceflm gcbm fh {mubnjmjqlv {ln`ma&,

nj n{nuqbmjq, cu n uccb fj n ouc}{ gcbm hcu {mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp*Amxmlc{ma9 Amxmlc{ bmnjp e}fla jmw cu p}epqnjqfnllv umgneflfqnqm 'qgm nlqmujnqfxm qc

umgneflfqnqfcj fp qgnq qgm }jfq wnp }jfjgnefqnelm cu pccj wc}la gnxm em`cbm pc&* Fjxclxmp

um{ln`fjo bnicu pvpqmbp p}`g np qgm ucch, qgm {l}befjo, qgm wfufjo, qgm hc}janqfcj, cu

mlmxnqfjo qgm }jfq np um~}fuma ev n hlcca {lnfj pqnjanua*

Um{nfuma9 Um{nfu fp n bcum bcampq lmxml ch {gvpf`nl wcud cj qgm }jfq, p}`g np

wmnqgmufyfjo, {nfjqfjo, um{ln`fjo n{{lfnj`mp*

@nj }pm acllnu `}q"chh qc afpqfjo}fpg amxmlc{ma hucb um{nfuma 'm*o*, 0;D}jfq& cu `nj

afpqfjo}fpg ev wgmqgmu bnicu pvpqmbp num um{ln`ma* Acllnu `}q"chh wc}la um~}fum xnl}fjo

xcl}jqmmu lnecu, afpqfjo}fpgfjo emqwmmj pdfllma qunamp nja cqgmu wcudmup*

Cqgmuwfpm bnam nxnflnelm9 N`qfxfqfmp qgnq bndm nxnflnelm qguc}og fb{ucxma n``mpp ngc}pfjo }jfq qgnq fp fj qgm gc}pfjo pqc`d nja lfdmlv qc umbnfj gnefqnelm* Hcu mnb{lm,

nppfpqnj`m fj pmnu`gfjo hcu qgm }jfq, n umjq p}epfav qgnq bndmp qgm }jfq nhhcuanelm qc qgm

fjafxfa}nl cu hnbflv*Fjafxfa}nlp nja hnbflfmp9 pnbm np `mjp}p amhfjfqfcj ch gc}pmgcla*

[mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp9 P}epmq ch fjafxfa}nlp nja hnbflfmp qgnq bmmqp n amhfjfqfcj umlnqma

qc fjneflfqv qc lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv wfqgc}q p}{{cuq '`c}la }pm G]A amhfjfqfcj&* Pm{nunqmbmjqfcj fj qgfp bmnp}um bnv jcq em jmmama, e}q `c}la lmnxm fq fj nja `c}jq }jfqp hcu

{mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp pm{nunqmlv qc n`djcwlmaom mb{gnpfp cj qgfp {c{}lnqfcj*Lcw"fj`cbm9 B}pq em um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9

QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n

{ccu `umafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfja cj cjm cu bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*

Gcw qc@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

]ja}{lf`nqma c}jq chGc}pfjo ]jfqp amxmlc{ma, um{nfuma, cu cqgmuwfpm bnam nxnflnelm npamhfjma gmum hcu lcw fj`cbm fjafxfa}nlp, hnbflfmp cu {mupcjp wfqg afpneflfqfmp* Qgfp `c}jq

fjaf`nqmp qgnq qgm wcud gnp emmj `cb{lmqma qc bndm qgm }jfqp nxnflnelm e}q qgmv bnv cu

bnv jcq gnxm emmj c``}{fma*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC1SXmqmun

jpSC}q{}qSX8*ac

Fjp{m`qfcj um{cuq, `muqfhf`nqm ch c``}{nj`v, cu cqgmu xmufhf`nqfcj hucb nj mqmujnl nomj`v

qgnq qgm wcud wnp `cb{lmqma*

Bmnp}um

C=9'b}pq nlpc

pmlm`q

Bmnp}um

C>>&

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo gcbmlmpp fjafxfa}nlp,

um`mfxfjo gc}pfjo {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo gcbmlmpp

fjafxfa}nlp, fj hfjafjo {ln`mbmjq fj nja bnfjqnfjfjo gc}pfjo*

Amhfjfqfcj M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma9 B}pq em um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv


21/39

5>

ch Dmv

Qmubp

um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7

gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n {ccu `umafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfja cj cjm cu

bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*

Gcbmlmpp9 ]pm `}uumjq G]A amhfjfqfcj, wgf`g lfbfqp gcbmlmpp {mc{lm qc {mc{lm wgc

p{mja qgm jfogq fj n {ln`m jcq fjqmjama hcu g}bnj gnefqnqfcj, fj nj mbmuomj`v pgmlqmu, cu

fj n qunjpfqfcjnl gc}pfjo hn flfqv* Xmuv afhhf`}lq qc afpqfjo}fpg cqgmu {mc{lm nq ufpd ch

gcbmlmppjmpp hucb {ccu {mc{lm fj omjmunl*Fjafxfa}nlp9 Mn`g }jf~}m {mupcj wgc wfll em c``}{vfjo qgm }jfq lmonllv fj`l}afjo na}lqp

nja `gflaumj e}q jcq }jecuj `gflaumj*Gc}pfjo {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp9 Gml{p ~}nlfhvfjo fjafxfa}nlp hfja n{{uc{ufnqm gc}pfjo, hfja

qgm umpc}u`mp qc p}{{cuq }pm ch n{{uc{ufnqm gc}pfjo, nja nppfpqp fjafxfa}nlp fj n``mppfjo

qgm n{{uc{ufnqm gc}pfjo* Bnv cu bnv jcq ump}lq fj nj n`q}nl {ln`mbmjq* Pmuxf`m um~}fump

nj mjonombmjq wfqg qgm fjafxfa}nl fj {mupcj, ev {gcjm, cu qguc}og n wme"fjqmuhn`m*

[nb{glmqp, euc`g}ump, cu wme"enpma fjhcubnqfcj qgnq acmp jcq fjxclxm n g}bnj fjqmun`qfcj

fp jcq p}hhf`fmjq*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`qAnqn9

@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np amhfjma necxm emjmhfqqfjo hucb qgm gc}pfjo {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`m*

@nj cjlv `c}jq mn`g fjafxfa}nl cj`m a}ufjo qgm {ucounb vmnu mxmj qgc}og fq bnv em

jm`mppnuv qc {ucxfam pmuxf`mp qc qgm fjafxfa}nl bcum qgnj cj`m*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC=SC}q`c

bmSC>>*ac

@lfmjq qun`dfjo anqnenpm cu qun`dfjo hcub*

Bmnp}um

C89

J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo mbmuomj`v hcca hucb hcca enjdp, hcca {njqufmp, cu

cqgmu jcj{uchfq cuonjfynqfcjp*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xfff& @nuuvfjo c}q n {ucounb qgnq pmmdp qc mlfbfjnqm g}jomu fj lcw"fj`cbm

`cbb}jfqfmp nja u}unl numnp qguc}og pmuxf`m fj {ucim`qp

'F& fjxclxfjo hcca enjdp, hcca {njqufmp, nja jcj{uchfq cuonjfynqfcjp qgnq {ucxfamhcca a}ufjo mbmuomj`fmp

'FF& pmmdfjo qc naaumpp qgm lcjo"qmub `n}pmp ch g}jomu qguc}og ma}`nqfcj nja qgmamlfxmuv ch n{{uc{ufnqm pmuxf`mp

'FFF& {ucxfafjo qunfjfjo fj enpf` gmnlqg, j}qufqfcj, nja lfhm pdfllp jm`mppnuv qcnllmxfnqm g}jomu fj cbb}jfqfmp nja u}unl numnp4 cu nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj

ceqnfjfjo fjhcubnqfcj nec}q hmamunllv p}{{cuqma j}qufqfcj {ucounbp

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Jcqm qgnq qgfp bmnp}um fp nec}q mbmuomj`v nppfpqnj`m wgf`g fp jcq bmnjq qc ampfojnqm

uc}qfjm gml{ fj bmmqfjo n hnbflvp jmmap* Qgm mbmuomj`v bnv em m{mufmj`ma ev qgm

hnbflv {mupcjnllv p}`g np qgmfu gc}pm e}ujfjo acwj cu fq bnv em m{mufmj`ma ev qgm

`cbb}jfqv bcum eucnalv p}`g np n jnq}unl afpnpqmu*

Gcw qc

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`qAnqn9

@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp hcu wgcb qgm afpqufe}qma hcca fp fjqmjama* Pgc}la cjlv em `c}jqma

qgm hfupq qfbm qgmv num pmuxma*

Nll bmbemup ch n hnbflv pgc}la em `c}jqma* Hcu mnb{lm, fh qgm hcca fp ofxmj qc nj

fjafxfa}nl qc eufjo gcbm qc n hnbflv ch 1 qgnj qgm `c}jq fp 1 unqgmu qgnj >*



@lfmjq qun`dfjo anqnenpm cu qun`dfjo hcub*


22/39

55

Bmnp}um

C?9

J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo p}{{cuq, pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj nja#cu umhmuunlp qc

nllmxfnqm lcjo"qmub g}jomu*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xfff& @nuuvfjo c}q n {ucounb qgnq pmmdp qc mlfbfjnqm g}jomu fj lcw"fj`cbm

`cbb}jfqfmp nja u}unl numnp qguc}og pmuxf`m fj {ucim`qp

'FX& fjxclxfjo hcca enjdp, hcca {njqufmp, nja jcj{uchfq cuonjfynqfcjp qgnq {ucxfamhcca a}ufjo mbmuomj`fmp

'X& pmmdfjo qc naaumpp qgm lcjo"qmub `n}pmp ch g}jomu qguc}og ma}`nqfcj nja qgmamlfxmuv ch n{{uc{ufnqm pmuxf`mp

'XF& {ucxfafjo qunfjfjo fj enpf` gmnlqg, j}qufqfcj, nja lfhm pdfllp jm`mppnuv qcnllmxfnqm g}jomu fj cbb}jfqfmp nja u}unl numnp4 cu nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj

ceqnfjfjo fjhcubnqfcj nec}q hmamunllv p}{{cuqma j}qufqfcj {ucounbp

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Lcjo"qmub g}jomu9 umhmup qc qgm ]PANp amhfjfqfcj ch lcw hcca pm`}ufqv cu xmuv lcw

hcca pm`}ufqv Pmm gqq{9www*mup*}pan*ocxEufmhfjoHccaPm`}ufqvlnemlp*gqb#lnemlp

P}{{cuq, pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj, cu umhmuunlp9 gml{p ~}nlfhvfjo fjafxfa}nlp n``mpp hcca,

{ucxfamp j}qufqfcjnl pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj nja lfhm pdfllp qc nllmxfnqm qgm hcca fjpm`}ufqv

m{mufmj`ma ev qgm fjafxfa}nlhnbflv* Pmuxf`m um~}fump nj mjonombmjq wfqg qgm fjafxfa}nl

fj {mupcj, ev {gcjm, cu qguc}og n wme"fjqmuhn`m* [nb{glmqp, euc`g}ump, cu wme"enpma

fjhcubnqfcj qgnq acmp jcq fjxclxm n g}bnj fjqmun`qfcj fp jcq p}hhf`fmjq*

Gcw qcBmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo qgm p}{{cuq, pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj njacu umhmuunlp* Mn`gfjafxfa}nl pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m umonualmpp ch qgm j}bemu ch afhhmumjq pmuxf`mp

um`mfxma a}ufjo qgm vmnu* Cjlv `c}jq fjafxfa}nlp afum`qlv mjonoma fj qgm pmuxf`m*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC?*ac

Cqgmu

Jcqmp9

[ucounbp bnv jcq hc`}p qgmfu pmuxf`mp pclmlv cj {ucxfafjo umhmuunlp qc Hmamunl nppfpqnj`m

{ucounbp*

Bmnp}um

C79

J}bemu ch gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo hcca, qunjp{cuqnqfcj, cu cqgmu pmuxf`mp

qgnq nllcwp qgmb qc lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Naaumppfjo fpp}mp hn`ma ev gcbm"ec}ja `fqfymjp, p}`g np jmmap hcu

hcca amlfxmufmp, lmonl nja bmaf`nl pmuxf`mp, j}qufqfcj fjhcubnqfcj, nja qunjp{cuqnqfcj*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp9 Fjafxfa}nlp }jnelm qc lmnxm qgmfu {mupcjnl umpfamj`m a}m qc

afpneflfqv, fji}uv, cu nom4 bnv em n pgcuq"qmub cu lcjo"qmub jmma4 hcu mnb{lm, nj

fjafxfa}nl bnv gnxm eucdmj gf{ qgnq {umxmjqp qgmb hucb aufxfjo hcu n hmw bcjqgp e}q nhqmu

qgm fji}uv gnp gmnlma qgmv jc lcjomu um~}fum gml{ qc lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv*Lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv9 Fjafxfa}nlp lfxm fj n {ufxnqm umpfamj`m 'gc}pm, n{nuqbmjq, bceflm

gcbm, mq`*& unqgmu qgnj fj nj nppfpqma lfxfjo hn`flfqv, j}upfjo gcbm, cu ouc}{ gcbm*

Um`mfxfjo hcca, qunjp{cuqnqfcj, cu cqgmu pmuxf`mp9 Fjafxfa}nl pgc}la um`mfxm qgm p}{{cuqp

jmmama qc bnfjqnfj fjam{mjamjq lfxfjo4 jcq nll fjafxfa}nlp wfll um~}fum qgm pnbm p}{{cuqp4

bnv fj`l}am hcca amlfxmufmp, lmonl nja bmaf`nl pmuxf`mp, j}qufqfcj fjhcubnqfcj,

qunjp{cuqnqfcj, mq`*

Gcw qcBmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq j}bemu ch ~}nlfhvfjo fjafxfa}nlp np amhfjma necxm wgc um`mfxm qgm pmuxf`m* Mn`gfjafxfa}nl pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m* Fh qwc gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp lfxm nq qgm pnbm

naaumpp, qgmv pgc}la ecqg em `c}jqma* Fh n gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nl lfxmp wfqg pcbmcjm mlpm

wgc fp jcq gcbm"ec}ja, qgm jcj"gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp fj qgm gc}pmgcla pgc}la jcq em

`c}jqma* Mn`g fjafxfa}nl pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m a}ufjo qgm {ucounb vmnu mxmj

qgc}og bcpq fjafxfa}nlp num lfdmlv qc jmma cj"ocfjo p}{{cuq*



23/39

50


[ucim`q Pqnu fjhcubnqfcj dfqp `umnqma hcu Pmjfcu @cu{p {ucxfam pcbm fjhcubnqfcj nec}q

gcw qc qun`d pmuxf`mp* Pmm gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuopqnup`"fjpqu}bmjq"

{n`dmqp

N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C> b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C6*Bmnp}um

C69

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqg fb{ucxma hfjnj`fnl

djcwlmaom*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'f& qgm amoumm ch hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma

fjafxfa}nlp*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 qgcpm `c}jqma np {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj Bmnp}um C>*Fb{ucxma Hfjnj`fnl Djcwlmaom9 qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v {ucounb pgc}la gnxm lmnujfjo

ceim`qfxmp* Qgm fb{ucxma hfjnj`fnl djcwlmaom pgc}la em enpma cj qgcpm {um"amhfjma

lmnujfjo ceim`qfxmp* Fjafxfa}nlp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v pmuxf`mp pgc}la

djcw bcum nhqmu qgmv {nuqf`f{nqm qgnj emhcum*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp {ucxfama pmuxf`mp fj Bmnp}um C> wgcpm {um"qmpq nja {cpq"qmpq p`cump

fjaf`nqm qgnq qgmv djcw bcum nec}q nq lmnpq cjm ch qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v qc{f`p {umpmjqma*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>SC}q`c

bmSC6*ac

B}pq cja}`q n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq qc amqmubfjm nbc}jq ch djcwlmaom onfjma*

N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C0 b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>;*

Bmnp}um

C>;9

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp {ln`ma fj icep*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9


qc ice {ln`mbmjq nppfpqnj`m*

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 Fjafxfa}nlp `c}jqma hcu Bmnp}um C0

[ln`ma fj icep9 fjafxfa}nl fp gfuma fj n jmw ice np n ump}lq ch ice {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp

{ucxfama4 fjafxfa}nl bnv gnxm emmj {umxfc}plv wcudfjo fj n afhhmumjq ice cu {umxfc}plv

}jmb{lcvma*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

Qgfp fp qgm j}bmunqcu hcu Bmnp}um C0*

@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo pmuxf`mp fj Bmnp}um C0 wgc num gfuma fjqc n jmw ice*

@c}jq mn`g fjafxfa}nl cjlv cj`m mxmj fh qgm fjafxfa}nl um`mfxmp {ln`mbmjq fj bcum qgnj

cjm ice*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC0SC}q`c

bmSC>;*ac

P}oompqma bmqgca fp n `c{v ch n``m{qnj`m lmqqmu hucb mb{lcvmu cu `c{v ch hfupq {nv pq}e*

N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C= b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>>*

Bmnp}um

C>>9

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo gcbmlmpp fjafxfa}nlp,

qunjpfqfcjma fjqc pnhm, gmnlqgv, nhhcuanelm gc}pfjo*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo gcbmlmpp

fjafxfa}nlp, fj hfjafjo {ln`mbmjq fj nja bnfjqnfjfjo gc}pfjo*

Amhfjfqfcj Gcbmlmpp9 [mc{lm wgc p{mja qgm jfogq fj n {ln`m jcq fjqmjama hcu g}bnj gnefqnqfcj, fj nj


24/39


25/39

5=

num jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup9 @}uumjq Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup

wgc num um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca

Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m*]jmb{lcvma9 ac jcq gnxm{nfa, umo}lnu mb{lcvbmjq cu wmum jcq pmuxfjo fj qgm

bflfqnuvjnqfcjnl o}nua wfqgfj qgm bcjqg {ufcu qc emofjjfjo qgmfu Nbmuf@cu{p qmub ch

pmuxf`m*Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

@c}jq ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc num }jmb{lcvma {ufcu qc

qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m n``cuafjo qc necxm amhfjfqfcj*


gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>5SC}q`c

bmSC>=*ac

P}oompqma9 Pmlh"um{cuq ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemu nq emofjjfjo ch qmub ch pmuxf`m* [ucounb

wfll gnxm qc wnfq }jqfl mja ch qmub ch pmuxf`m qc amqmubfjm fh qgm bmbemu pgc}la em

`c}jqma gmum* _c}la cjlv em `c}jqma fh9 '>& bmmq qgm `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np amhfjm necxm

nja '5& gnxm jcq emmj nabfqqma hcu njcqgmu qmub ch pmuxf`m*

Naafqfcjnl

Jcqmp9

Fh qgm n{{lf`njqp ocnl fp qc gml{ qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup ceqnfj mb{lcvbmjq a}ufjo qgmfu

qmub ch pmuxf`m qgnq bnv ump}lq fj qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup lmnxfjo pmuxf`m mnulv, qgmvpgc}la mjp}um qgnq qgm {ucounb gnp n{{ucxma ampfoj qgnq fj`l}amp mfq hcu `cb{mllfjo

{mupcjnl `fu`}bpqnj`mp np p{m`fhfma fj 1= @HU 5=55*50;*

Qgm {ucounb pgc}la `cllm`q qgm anqn nq qgm qfbm qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemu emofjp pmuxf`m*

Fj qgm h}q}um @J@P bnv em nelm qc `cllm`q qguc}og qgm {cuqnl fjpqmna*

_gnq wmum vc} acfjo bcpq ch lnpq bcjqg3

_cudfjo nq n umo}lnu ice Pmuxfjo fj qgm bflfqnuv umpmuxmp _cudfjo p{cunaf`nllv Lccdfjo hcu wcud Cqgmu SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

Bmnp}um

C>0 'b}pq

nlpc pmlm`q

C>8&

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc gnxm jcq

ceqnfjma qgmfu gfog p`gccl af{lcbn cu m~}fxnlmjq {ufcu qc qgm pqnuq ch qgmfu qmub ch

pmuxf`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Qgm j}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqg n``mpp qc

ice qunfjfjo nja cqgmu pdfll mjgnj`mbmjq*

Qgfp `cb{lfmp wfqg qgm @cu{cunqfcjp ocnl ch9 E}flafjo `gnun`qmu nja `umnqfjo `nummu nja

ma}`nqfcjnl c{{cuq}jfqfmp qguc}og qgm xcl}jqmmu m{mufmj`m*Pc}u`m9 @cu{cunqfcj wmepfqm9

gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`m*ocxnec}quclmSfb{n`qwgnqSwmSac*np{

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Qgfp bmnp}um fp n `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num mjqmuma fjqc qgm @cu{cunqfcjp Jnqfcjnl

Pmuxf`m Qu}pq anqnenpm, wgc `cb{lmqm qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m, mnuj nj ma}`nqfcj nwnua, cu

lmnxm pmuxf`m a}m qc `cb{mllfjo `fu`}bpqnj`mp 'pmm 1= @HU 5=55*5;;&* Fjafxfa}nlp wgc

num jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*

M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup9 @}uumjq Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemupwgc num um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca


26/39

58

Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

[ucounb wfll gnxm qc wnfq }jqfl mja ch qmub ch pmuxf`m qc amqmubfjm fh qgm bmbemu pgc}la

em `c}jqma gmum* _c}la cjlv em `c}jqma fh bmbemu bmmqp qgm `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np

amhfjma necxm*



Gnxm vc} ceqnfjma vc}u OMAaf{lcbn3

Vmp Jc Jcq p}um* M{lnfj* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS



bmSC>8*ac

CqgmuJcqmp9

Bmnp}um

C>1 'b}pq

nlpc pmlm`q

C>?&

J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc gnxm qgmfu gfog p`gccl af{lcbn cu m~}fxnlmjq

e}q gnxm jcq `cb{lmqma n `cllmom amoumm {ufcu qc qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9

PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Unqm ch `cllmom mjucllbmjq nja `cjqfj}ma `cllmom mjucllbmjq hcu



ma}`nqfcjnl c{{cuq}jfqfmp qguc}og qgm xcl}jqmmu m{mufmj`m*

Pc}u`m9 @cu{cunqfcj wmepfqm9gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`m*ocxnec}quclmSfb{n`qwgnqSwmSac*np{

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Qgfp bmnp}um fp n `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num mjqmuma fjqc qgm @cu{cunqfcjp Jnqfcjnl

Pmuxf`m Qu}pq anqnenpm, wgc `cb{lmqm qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m, mnuj nj ma}`nqfcj nwnua, cu

lmnxm pmuxf`m a}m qc `cb{mllfjo `fu`}bpqnj`mp 'pmm 1= @HU 5=55*5;;&* Fjafxfa}nlp wgc

num jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*@cllmom, np amhfjma hcu qgfp {muhcubnj`m bmnp}um, umhmup qc njv {cpqpm`cjanuv gfogmu

ma}`nqfcj fjpqfq}qfcj* Qgmumhcum, fq fj`l}amp cllmomp, }jfxmupfqfmp, nja qm`gjf`nl nja

xc`nqfcjnl p`gcclp 'amhfjfqfcj ch `cllmom {mu ]P @mjp}p&*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`qAnqn9

[ucounb wfll gnxm qc wnfq }jqfl mja ch qmub ch pmuxf`m qc amqmubfjm fh qgm bmbemu pgc}la

em `c}jqma gmum* _c}la cjlv em `c}jqma fh bmbemu bmmqp qgm `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np

amhfjma necxm*



Gnxm vc} ceqnfjma vc}u OMAaf{lcbn3

Vmp Jc


27/39

5?

Jcq p}um* M{lnfj* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSGnxm vc} `cb{lmqma n `cllmom amoumm3

Vmp Jc

Jcq p}um* M{lnfj* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS



bmSC>?*ac

N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C>5 b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>=*

Bmnp}um

C>=

J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup qgnq pm`}um

mb{lcvbmjq a}ufjo qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m cu wfqgfj cjm vmnu nhqmu hfjfpgfjo

Nbmuf@cu{p*

Umhmumj`mp#

N}qgcufqv9


qc ice {ln`mbmjq nppfpqnj`m


ma}`nqfcjnl c{{cuq}jfqfmp qguc}og qgm xcl}jqmmu m{mufmj`m*

Pc}u`m9 @cu{cunqfcj wmepfqm9

gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`m*ocxnec}quclmSfb{n`qwgnqSwmSac*np{

Amhfjfqfcj

ch Dmv

Qmubp

Qgfp bmnp}um fp n `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num mjqmuma fjqc qgm @cu{cunqfcjp ma}`nqfcj

qu}pq anqnenpm, wgc `cb{lmqm qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m, mnuj nj ma}`nqfcj nwnua, cu lmnxm

pmuxf`m a}m qc `cb{mllfjo `fu`}bpqnj`mp 'pmm 1= @HU 5=55*5;;&* Fjafxfa}nlp wgc num

jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*

M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup9 @}uumjq Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup

wgc num um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca

Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m

Pm`}ufjo mb{lcvbmjq umhmup qc {nfa, umo}lnu mb{lcvbmjq cu pmuxfjo fj qgmbflfqnuvjnqfcjnl o}nua wfqgfj qgm {npq wmmd*

Qgm p{nj ch qfbm hcu wgf`g n bmbemu wfll em `c}jqma }jamu qgfp bmnp}um fj`l}amp

mjucllbmjq qc >5 bcjqgp nhqmu n bmbemu lmnxmp pmuxf`m cu wfqgfj qgm p}epm~}mjq `v`lm hcu

qgm nl}bjf p}uxmv* Qgfp mjnelmp qgm bmnp}um qc fj`l}am bmbemup wgc ceqnfj mb{lcvbmjq

wgflm mjucllma fj qgm {ucounb*

Gcw qc

@nl`}lnqm

Bmnp}um#

@cllm`q

Anqn9

Fh qgm n{{lf`njqp ocnl fp qc gml{ qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup ceqnfj mb{lcvbmjq a}ufjo qgmfu

qmub ch pmuxf`m qgnq bnv ump}lq fj qg

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CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Suggestions regarding Data Collection, and Additional 09 0918 Nofa Ac Background