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CO 2 : valuable source of carbon. Coordinator of the Working Group “Carbon Capture and Storage“ Italian Association Chemical Engineering (AIDIC) . Ezio Nicola D’Addario. April 16th, 2012 Rome – Campus Bio-Medico University. SUSTAINABILITY IN CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION. AGENDA. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CO2: valuable source of carbon
Coordinator of the Working Group “Carbon Capture and Storage“ Italian Association Chemical Engineering (AIDIC)
Ezio Nicola D’Addario
April 16th, 2012 Rome – Campus Bio-Medico University
SUSTAINABILITY IN CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION
1. Main Options of Carbon Capture and Utilization
2. Direct Use of Solar Energy: photosynthesis, microalgae
3. Sustainability and Life Cycle Analysis
4. Biodiesel from Microalgae, Different LCA Literature Case Studies
5. Concluding Remarks
AGENDA
2
USES OF CARBON DIOXIDE
http://extsearch1.netl.doe.gov
ESTIMATED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONGt CO2/y 1
2°, 3° Generation biofuel 0.4*
Building Material 1.6**Chemical Feedstocksand Intermediates 0.3
EOR 1.4TOTAL 3,7 ***
1. DNV position paper 7-2011, * 5% liquid fuel replacement 50% CO2 saving, ** 10 % global building material demand, *** 10 % total annual current emission
CCU and RESOURCES REQUIREMENT
PROS: Revenues from captured CO2
CONS: Rather new compared to CCS, CO2 scarcely reactive, energy requirements to be determined
DNV position paper 7-2011
DIRECT USE OF SOLAR RADIATION
DIFFUSE CO2 SOURCES Traffic, Residential, SME
LARGE CO2 STATIONARY SOURCES PG, Oil and Heavy Industry
ENERGY
& CHEMICALS
TRANSPORTATION DISTRIBUTION
CO2
CAPTURE
TERRESTRIAL, AQUATIC PLANT
and MACROALGAE
MICROALGAE
PHOTOSYNTHESYS
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protein
EXAMPLES OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY BIOMASS
M. Tredici. Symposium “ I Biocarburanti di seconda e terza generazione” Roma 14 April 2011
Biomass community Location Yield (t d.w. ha-1 y-1)
Photosynthetic efficiency (%)
Hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) (C3) Minnesota 8 -11 0.3- 0.4Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) Mississippi 11 – 33 (>150) 0.3- 0.9Switch grass (Panicum virgatum) (C4) Texas 8-20 0.2- 0.6Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (C4) Texas-California 22 - 47 0.6-1.0Coniferous forest England 34 1.8Maize (Zea mays) (C4) Israel 34 0.8Tree plantation Congo 36 1.0Tropical forest West Indies 60 1.6
Algae Different locations 70 2-2.5
Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) Hawaii-Java 64-87 1.8-2.6Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Hawaii, Puerto Rico 85-106 2.2-2.8
SUSTAINABILITY AND LCA
Inventory
ImpactAssessment
LCA FRAMEWORK
ISO 14040:2006
Goal and scope
ISO 14044:2006
I. Gavilan, BP Sustainability in biofuel, 2008
MAIN IMPACT CATEGORIES
GLOBALGLOBAL
Soil and groundwater
contamination
LOCALLOCALToxic emissions
NoiseElettromagnetic
pollution
REGIONALREGIONAL
Greenhouse Gas Effect
Depletion
of ozone
layer
Depletion of no renewable resources
Acid rain
Water
euthrophicationVisual pollution
Land Use Change Photochemical oxidant
formation
MAIN LCA INDICATORS
CO2; CH4; N20…[grams, gi]
GHG Effect(100 years)[g CO2 eq]
GLOBAL WARMINGPOTENTIALΣ GWPi * gi
GASi GWP100
g CO2 eq/gi
CO2 1
CH4 23
N20 296
Halon 1301 5600Carbon
tetrafluoride 6500
Dry extraction: feasible, Wet extraction: to be checked, consumptions proportional to inlet
TYPICAL DIAGRAM FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
10*100*0.3 mConcrete PVC
0.25 m/s
Washing water(each 2 months)Water from dewatering
22.2 Wh/kg CO250 MW Coal Power
Station, dehydration and compression
1000 ha ponds
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
CULTIVATION OF Chlorella vulgaris BASIC DATA
Lipid content, growth rate and productivity in the range of typical literature sourcesProtein content much lower in low Nitrogen culturesLower productivity showed by low N cultures balanced by their higher heating value (photosynthetic efficiency almost the same)
• Lower mass downstream efficiency implies higher biomass production for wet cultures which requires higher energy and fertilizer in comparison to dry cultivation• All configurations, except low N wet, have high energetic requirements compared to energy in the biofuel (37.8 MJ/kg) • Overall balance negative only for normal dry option
CULTIVATION OF Chlorella v. PRELIMINARY INVENTORY Base 1 Kg Biodiesel
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND Chlorella v. Base 1 MJ Biodiesel
Cumulative Energy Demand: Ecoinvent data base, Electricity produced with the European mix, Heat produced with natural gas, Buildings 30-year lifespan then dismantled and concrete landfilled, steel based materials and plastics recycled, Electrical engines changed every 10 years Low N wet confirms the most favorable option (higher fertilizers and cultivation requirements not compensated by lower drying energy of low N dry)
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF BIODIESEL AND PETROLEUM DIESEL Base 1 MJ Fuel
Assessment carried out by using the CML method *, Reference fuel: Ecoinvent database, Rapeseed Europe, Palm Oil Malaysia, Soybean USA, Byproducts emissions allocated on the base of energy content
Algae show:• very low impacts for eutrophication (better control of fertilizers) and land use (higher biomass productivity),• worst impacts for GWP (except soybean), mineral resource, ozone depletion, ionizing radiation and photochemical oxidation (higher use of fertilizers and electricity including 30 % nuclear) • GHG reduction (58,7 g CO2 eq / MJ) in line with current EU targets (54.5 g CO2 eq / MJ), but lower than 2017 EU targets (41. 9 for exiting plants, and 33.5 g CO2 eq / MJ for new plants)
* Guine´e, J. B. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment Springer: New York, 2002
EU ref value: 83,8 gCO2 eq / MJ
COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY DEMAND MJ/MJ Biodiesel
Lardon, 2009 low N dry case 2.32 MJ
H. H. Khoo et al Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 5800–5807
R. Baliga and Susan E. Powers. Sustainable Algae Biodiesel Production in Cold Climates. International Journal of Chemical Engineering Volume 2010, Article ID 102179.
Algae biodiesel production in New York State (USA) based on life cycle energy and environmental impact parameters. Upstate NY was chosen as a challenging case for algae biodiesel production due to shorter days and cold temperatures during winter months.
RECENT STUDIES
Edward D Frank, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions affect the life-cycle analysis of algal biofuels. Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (2012) Article ID 014030. Accepted for publication 20 February 2012 Published 13 March 2012
Parameters included in the sensitivity: lipid content: 12, 25, 50 %, Productivity:12.5, 25, 50 g/m2/d, CHP electrical efficiency: 28, 33, 38 %, Mixing Power: 2, 48, 83 kWh/ha/d, …
CONCLUDING REMARKS
LCA case studies biodiesel production from microalgae confirm that environmental impacts depend on process and technology aspects as well as on energy supply options, location and possible scenarios
Helpful inputs for research still going on this subject could derive from preliminary LCA including indicators related to the depletion of non renewable resources and climate change as well as to water eutrophication, land requirements, toxicity (human and marine), etc.
These conclusions suggest that environmental aspects should be integrated in any technical economical studies usually carried out to compare different CCU research options
LCA appears an useful tools usable at this purpose
Thank you for your attention
FOR MORE INFORMATIONName Surname: Ezio Nicola D’Addario
Job Title: FreelancerContact: [email protected]