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D~I HOC Qu6c GIA TP HO CHi MINHTRUONG DAI HOC BAcH KHOA.. .
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cif ROC DA,.'.(T6i ban ldri tlui ba)
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NHA XUAT BAN D~I HOC QUOC GIATP HO CHi MINH -2010
MUC LUCLt11NO'I DA'u 5
un MO DA'u NHAN LA'N TAl BAN THO HAl 9
cAc KY HlfU 11
Chuang 1 TfNH CHAT VAT LY CUA OAT 191.1 Dinh nghla dat 191.2 Cac thanh phan cau thanh dat w nhien 221.3 Cac chi tieu V?t ly cua dat 381.4 Cac chi tieu trang thai cua dat 501.5 Xep loai dat 59
J.6 Darn chat dat 62Bai t?P chuong 1 70
Chuang 2 UNG SUAT TRONG OAT 712.1 Ung suat trong moi truong dan h6i 722.2 Ung suat trong moi trucng dat 97
Bai tap chirong 2 147
Chuang 3 BIEN DANG CUA OAT NEN 1493.1 Di,ic trirng thuy h9C cua dat 1503.2 Su chay lien tuc trong dat 1703.3 Dac trung bien dang cua dat 1823.4 Ly thuyet co ke't Terzaghi - thai ~an lun 2083.5 Tinh ~~ so co ke't Cv' 2243.6 DQ lun do nen thtr cap cua nen dat 2283.7 Giai bai toan Terzaghi bang' phuong phap g§.n dung 2313.8 Bai toan co ke't tharn 3 chieu . 2393.9 Anh huang cua nen ngang len bai toan co ke't 2453.10 Van d~ lun cua rn6ng 246
Bai tap chuong 3 272
Chuang 4 SUC CH!U TAl CUA flAT NEN 2754.1 Tong quan v~ sac chong dit cua da't 2754.2 Thi nghiem xac dinh thong so chong cAt trong phong 2894.3 Sac chiu tai cua da't nen 3324.4 On di~h mai doc . 366
Bai tap chuong 4 373
Chuang 5 Ap LyC NGANG CUA flAT 3765.1 Tong quan v~ ap luc ngang cua da't 3765.2 Ph an loai ap luc ngang cua da't 3775.4 Ly thuyet Coulomb 3925.5 Ly thuyet can bang gici han digm 4025.6 Ap hrc ngang cua da't len cong trinh thuc 4065.7 Cong trinh chan da't va tuong chan da't 409
Bai tap chirong 5 416r
Chuang 6 TRANG THAI Tal HAN 4176.1 Nhirong - gioi han dan h5i - ngudng deo 4176.2 LQtrinh irng suat 4286.3 Ung xli chong dit cua da't co ke"'tthirong 4336.4 Ung xli chong dit cua da't co ke"'ttrudc nang' 4646.5 Khong gian irng xli dan h5i va mat ngudng deo
cua ly thuyet trang thai tdi han 4756.6 Ung xli chong dit cua da't co ke"'ttruce nhe 481
Bai tap chuong 6 490
Chuang 7 MO HINH CAM CLAY 4927.1 Nhirng l~p luan co ban cua mo hinh cam clay 4937.2 Mo hinh earn clay goc 4947.3 Mo hinh earn clay cai tien 5387.4 Ko va dap irng' co ke"'tcua da't 5627.5 'I'irong quan thi nghiem da't - trang thai toi han va
sire chong cAt khong thoat nude cua da't 5657.6 Ung dung tinh toan cong trinh bang phuong phap
lQtrlnh irng suat 567Bai t~p chuong 7 590
TAl LlfU THAM KHAo F>91
lOI NQIDAULoai nguai da xay dung nhieu conl trinh. lan. co nen. m6ng vilng
chdc tren nhieu loai nen. dCit kluic nhau nh.u Kim tif thtip, V<ln ljtruong thanh, ctu: toa thanh. Hy Lap, thanh. plui La Ma, ... tit hangngati ruim. truce, tluim chi ciing dii biet su dung CQC g6, gia cuang ddtbtitig cac manh. tre, ram, ra, cha gai, ... 6 Vi~t Nam, cdc cong trinlithanli Co?Loa treti ddt y~u, de, dap, vac/~ ddt ciing dti co tu rCitnhieudai truac. Tuy nhien, ly thuy~t tinh toanthi miii den. tld ky thu 18, 19moi ddn duoc hinli thanli bai ctu: cong trinh. nghieti cuu v~ sac cluingcdt, vJ ap luc dCit len. tuang cluiri ctla Coulomb, sif cluiy cua nuac trongddt cua Darcy, ung suCit trong moi truang dan h6i ctla Boussinesq, vatiep d6 pluit trien manli trong ruia ddu tld kj 20, tT-a thanh. man hocd(Je lqp gidng day trong ctu: truang Dai hoc. Giai doan nay phdi k~d~n sif ra doi cua ly thuy~t c(f k~t (1923), dinh. d~ v~ ung sudt hiiahieu. (1933) va cac cong thuc sac chiu. tai ctla nen. dCit duaimong nangva mong CQC (1943) ctla Terzaghi, tinh ddni chat ctla dCit (1933) cuaProctor, kluii niem v~ tip luc tien. c(fk~t (preconsolidation pressure,1936) cua Casagrande, nhiing M? sung v~ sac ben. ctla ddt c(f k~t truac(1937) ctla Hoorsleu, nluing ldt qua nghieti cuu v~ ung xu ctla ddthhotig baa hoa (1954) ctla Skempton va Bishop, loi gitii gidi tich v~sac chiii tdi ctla nen. ddt duai mong n?ng va tip life dCit Len. tuang cluin(1965) la d6ng so» ctla Sokolooski.
Cong tac tinh totin. neti m6ng cho d~n nhiing ruim ctia tluip kj 80ctla tld kj 20 treti toan. tld giai d~u dua treti co sa moti ca hoc dCitnay, ma hi~n nay mot thtuit ngii hay duac dung d~ di~n ta la classicalsoil mechanics, c6 tld dicli la co hoc dCit pho? thong hay co hoc dCit cddiin, trong do co hai khuynh huang tinh toan:
Khuynh huang thii nluit tinh toan n~n m6ng cong trinli theo ungsuCit to?ng bao g6m ang sudt hiiu hieu. va -tip luc nuac l6 r6ng oai cacdac trung cluing cdt co duac tit thi ngliiem. cdt true tiep, ung bien. hoacung luc. Thi nghiem. nay thong thuang khong do duoc tip luc nuac 16r6ng trong qua trinh. cdt dCit neti chi c6 duac ctu: dij,c trung ch(fng cdtang ooi ung eud: to?ng pluip tuyen. 0'". Khuynh huang nay d~n ngaynay ciing con duoc su dung a ctu: nuac th~ giai ~!la ba vi thi nghieninhanh ch6ng oa hlui re tien, khong doi lioi chuyen. oien thi nghiemtrinli dQ cao.
6
Khuynh huang thu. hai tinh toan nen. mong cong trinli theo ungeudt lulu hi~u oai ctic dtic trung cho'ng cdt co duoc tit thi nghiem. nettba true theo it nluit hai phuong pluip: hhoru; co' k~t - khong tlioat nuac(unconsolidated undrained method vi~t tdt la UU) va co' k~t - khongthoat nuac (consolidated undrained method viit tdt La CU). Ngoai racon phuang phap co' k~t - thoat nuoc (consolidated drained methodvi~t tdt la CD), phuang pluip nay to'n rrit nhieu. thai gian cho mot rruiu.ddt nen. chi sa dung cho nghien. cuu va cac cong trinli Ion. Thi nghiem.ba true cho ctu: d(jc trung cho'ng cd: n9i tai (rp', c') ung ooi truang ungsurit lulu. hi~u va cac dac trung cluing cdt bi~u kien. (rpw c.) ung ooiung su/it tf/ng, cho phep tinh sue chiu. tdi tuc thai ctla nen. drit ngaysau khi xay dung (short term) ma trong neri drit con t6n tai ap lucnuac l6 r6ng tluing du do tdi cong trinh. va sue chiu tdi ldu. dai cilanen. ddt sau khi tip If!C nuac l6 r6ng tluing du pluiti tan h~t (longterm). Khuynh huang nay dii duoc sa dung a cac nuac ph.uang Ttiy titklui ltiu.
Cd hai khuynh huang d~u chi tinh totui duoc khd ruing chiii uiito'ng quat ctla nen. ddt rrui khong hi~u ro n~n ddt dang ung xa cti tldth~ nao tai cac diem. rieng biet hluu: nhau. M(jt hluic, oiec tieti doand9 lun chi duoc tliuc hien. cho dierri tai tam mong hay true tam mongbang tren. co sa ixi oiu giiia ly thuy~t ung sudt moi truong da~ h6i oaik~t qua thi nghierti nen khong na hong (oedometer test) tren. mdu ddtnguyen dang hoac hem nguyen. dang c9ng them gid thuy~t nen. d6ngnluit va ddng huang rtit klio co duoc trong tliuc t~. Tuy utiy, co h9C dritco~ddn dang chietri den. han 80% cac stich. giao khoa.
Trang nhung nam cuoi tluip nien 60 va ddu tluip nien 70 th~ ky20, cong oiec tinh totiti k~t cdu. beti treri chuy€n sang ca sa ly tliuyetdati h6i deo hoac tinh theo trang thai tai han, dai dien. La hai quypham tinh be tong cot thep ctla Pluip, BA 68 va ctla My, ACI 72. Mucd9 tinh totui ung sudt trong cdu. kien. bU9Cvq.t lieu. lam vi~c liieu. quahan ua duang nhieti luiu. qtui ee h~t sue nghieni trong neu. nlui pluin.n~n mong cong trinh. kh6ng dap utig duoc pham. vi lun lech. giai luuibai tinh nluiy lun. ctla h~t cdu. Trong bo'i canli nliu vq.y, ca h9C drit toihart dii xu/it hieti qua mo hinh. cam clay ooi sf! dong g6p rtit tan ctlactu: nlui ca h9C ddt ctla Yucng qudc Anh: hluii nieni co h9C ddt tai luui(critical state soil mechanics, 1968) ctia Schofield oa Wroth; hluii niemtruit gioi luin. bien. dang deo (bien. dang khong h6i pliuc) ctia drit co' h~ttliuong (drit y~u) va drit co' ldt truac nlie hoac ruing trong qua trinli
7
chiu. tac dQng ctla ling sudt lech. (chiu. nett - ceit hotic no - cdt hay ceitthiuiti tuy) va duang toi luui (critical state line) ling uai trang thai pluihoai truot (1968) ctla Roscoe va Burland; quan h~ ung sudt - bien.dang trong ling xii: chiu tdi czta dtit (1971) ctla Burland; ... Ciing pluiik~ d~n sf! gia tang ruing luc tinh toan nhanh ch6ng nha Sf! plui: trien.cong ngh~ tinli toan dieti tii: va pliuang pluip tinli gdn dung la phuangphap pluui tii: lulu hari dii gap pluin. quan trong tuu: slj ra dai va ph attrien. nhanh chong ctla co hoc ddt tai han.
Co hoc ddt tai hari cho phep ph/in. tich. bai totui n~n cong trinh.mot each. kha ddy dil nh.u thdy duac truong ling sudt; truang bien.dang; truang tip luc nuac l6 r6ng tluing du; truang luu. t6c nuac cluiytrong ddt trong cung mot bai totui 0 mot thai diem. tuy y. Pluui kluicrdt d~ dang tinli totui d6ng thai k~t cdu ben. tren va nen. dtit hen duaiooi df) an toan ctin. thiet. '
M{)t s6 ky thuat n~n mong duoc ra dai va hoan chlnh. tilly thuy~tco hoc ddt tai luui nh.u gia tdi truoc bdng hut cluut khong vi. chi co phtuiticli bdng If) trinli utig sud: mai d~ dang thdy rang phuang phap nay'~hong phat sinh ling sudt lech. 0 bien chiu. tdi nen. khong bi truot.
Di keni ooi co IUiC ddt toi luui la thiet k~ nen. mong theo ly thuy~ttrang thai gioi hart va ly thuy~t xac sudt, .cd hai doi hoi df) tin ctiy rdtcao ctla ctic dac trung cluing cdt. Dang co hai khuynh huang nluim. amhieu. cliinli xac dac trung co hoc ctla ddt d~ dua uao pluin. tich. va tinhloan nen mong cong trinh:
- Tang df) chinh xac cong tac ldy mdu ddt nguyen. dang khi kluiosat neti cong trinh, tang df) chinh xac· qua trinh. thi nghiem.
- Sii: dung k~t qua th.i ngliiem. liien. truang nh.u: xuyen. df)ng SPT;xuyen. tinli CPT va CPTU; neti ep ngang (pressiometer ofMenard); cdt canli (uanetest); dilatometer; ....
Mttc du, co hoc ddt tai han. ra doi dil hati ba cliuc ruirn. va la motbuac pluit trien. klui xa trong linli cue co hoc dtit va nen mong congtrinli nliung ciing chi moi duoc ling dung rf)ng rtii a nliiing nuac pluittrien. trong oong hati muoi ruirri qua. Tren thi truang sach. Co hoc ddttoi luin chi moi dat khodng 20% vi. sinh sau de muon. Hiett nay, monco hoc ddt bao trurri cd co hoc ddt tai han.
Di~u mong moi ctla cluing toi la giup cho sinh oien, hoc oien. caohQC, ctu: nha nghien. cuu v~ co hoc ddt - n~n mong cong trinli co them
8
mot tai lieu. nho d~ tham khdo. Nhung kdn thuc co han. mong duac sljLuong tlui khi co nhilng sai sot trong quy~n sach. nay va nit vui mungduac nluui cac j ki~n gop j.
M9i j kdn dong gop, pht: binli va tluic mdc xin gili v~ dia chi:
Bi) man Dia Co Nen Mong, Khoa Ky thtuit Xay dung, Truang Daih9C Bach khoa - Dei h9C Qu6c gia thanli phd H6 Chi Minh, 268 LjThuang Kift, Quq,n 10, Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh.
Hoac theo dia chi e.mail: [email protected].
T6c gia
PGS - TS CHAu NGQC AN
591
'A ?TAl LIEU THAM KHAO. .
1. K.Terzaghi, Theorical Soil Mechanics, John Willey, 1943.
2. D.W.Taylor, Fundamentals of soil Mechanics, John Willey, 1948.
3. K.Terzaghi, R.B.Peck, Mecanique des sols appliquees aux travauxpublics et au btitiment, Dunod, 1957.
4. G.A.Leonard, Foundation engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1962.
5. A.Caquot, J. Kerisel, Traite de Mecanique des sols, Gauthiers-Villards, 1966.
6. R.B.Peck, Hanson, Thornburn, Foundation. Engineering, JohnWilley, 1957 &1974.
7. G.E.Sowers, Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations.MacMillan USA, 1970.
8. G.Parry, Stress-strain behaviour of soil, Cambridge University,1971.
9. Spangler, Soil Engineering, lTC-Pennsylvania, 1971.
10. Design Manual, Soil Mechanics, Foundation, and Earthstructures, Navfac DM-7, Washington D.C, 1971.
11. Broms, Precast Pilling Practice, Thomas Telford-London, 1981.
12. Sanglerat, The penetrometer and soil exploiration, Elsevier,1972.
13. Quy pham xay dung 45-78, Chl ddn thi~t k~ mong nong, 1978.
14. T.W.Lambe, R.V.Whitman, Soil mechanics SI version, JohnWilley, 1979.
15. Das, Principles of Foundation Engineering, PWS-Kent_Boston,1984.
16. Xirtovich, Co hoc dtit, 1987.
17. F.Schlosser, Elements de Mecanique des sols. P. Ponts etChaussees, 1988.
29. F.Darve, P.Y.Hicher, J.M.Reynouard,geomateriaux, Hermes-Paris, 1995.
30. J.A.R.Ortigao, Soil mechanics tri the light of critical statetheories, Balkema, 1995.
Mecanique . des
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18. A.R.Rodriguez, H.Castillo, G.F.Sowers, Soil mechanics in.highway engineering, Trans Tech Publications - Germany, 1988.
19. F.Darve, Greco Geomateriaux, Institut de Mecanique deGrenoble, 1989.
20. W.F.Chen, E. Mizuno, Nonlinear anlysis in Soil Mechanics,Elsevier, 1990
21. Holtz, Kovacs, Introduction a La Geotechnique, PolytechniqueMontreal Canada, 1991.
22. Bergado, Chai, Improvement techniques of soft Ground insubsiding and lowland environment, AIT, '1992.
23. Atkinson, An introduction to the Mechanics of Soils andFoundations, John Willey, 1993.
24. D.M. Wood. Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanies.Cambridge University, 1994.
25. NF P94-074 Essais a l'appareil triaxial, Homologuee, 1994.
26. F.Schlosser, Exercises de Mecanique des sols, P. Ponts etChaussees, 1995.
27. Whitlow, Basic Soil Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
28. Raj, Geotechnical Engineering, McGraw-Hill,' 1995.
31. K.Terzaghi, R.B.Peck, G.Mesri, Soil Mechanics in. engineeringpractice 3rd ed., John Willey, 1995.
32. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1996.
33. Yandzio, Design Guide for Steel Sheet Pile Bridge Abutments,SCI- London, 1998.
34. Chau Ngoc An, Analyse de l'influence des caracteristiquesmecaniques et hydrauliques sur le comportement des barragesenterre et en enrochement, These de Docteur, Institut NationalPolytechnique de Grenoble, France, 1999.
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35. Philipponnat, Hubert, Fondations et Ouvrages en terre, Eyrolles,2000.
I
36. R.F. Craig, Soil Mechanics, Spon press - New York, 200l.
37. A Verruijt, Soil Mechanics, Delft University of Technology, 200l.
38. Chau Ngoc An, Nen. mong, NXB DHQG TP HCM, 2002.
39. Coussy, Fleureau, Mecanique des sols non eaturee, Lavoisier-Hermes, 2002.
,
40. A Aysen, Soil Mechanics, Balkema Publishers, 2002.
41. Das, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering 5th ed. BillStenqtlist, 2002.
42. R.O. Davis, AP.S. Selvadurai, Plasticity and Geotechnics,Cambrige Uni, 2002.
43. A Vuez, Mecanique des sols, I.N.S.A de Rennes, 2003.
44. Chau Ngoc An, Ca hoc ddt, NXB DHQG TP HCM, 2004.
45. H.G.Kempfert, B. Gebreselassie, Excavations and Foundation inSoft Soils, Springer, 2006.
46. M. Budhu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, John Wiley & Sons,2007.
47. Hai, Sui Yu, Plasticity and Geotechnics, Springer, 2006.
48. Chau Ng<;>cAn, Nen. mong cong trinh, NXB Xay dung Ha N9i,2008.
co HOC BAT•Chau Ngoc An
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