Co-managementforsustainabledevelopment

Generalprinciplesandcondi7onsforimplemen7ngfisheries

co-management

RobertLeeFAOFisheriesIndustryOfficer

RobertULee

SustainableDevelopment

“Developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenera8onsto

meettheirownneeds”.

Fisheriesareconductedinanenvironmentallysustainableandeconomicallyviablemanner

RobertULee

ComanagementIs

•  Notonlyresourcemanagementbyfisheriesmanagers.

•  Notpar7cipa7oninmee7ngs

•  Notallstakeholderswantcomanagementorsustainabledevelopment

Isnot•  Stakeholdersmanaging&

rightstouseresource•  Processandmaking

decisionstogether•  Smallstepstobuildtrust

andresponsibility•  Isaboutempowermentto

makedecisionstoprotecttheresourcestheyco-ownandtheirlivelihoods

•  Governance=jus7ce,fairness,respect,equality

RobertULee

Comanagement• Mul7-stakeholders=Complex• Partnersknowledgeandbeliefinwhy,whatclearbenefitsorincen<ves,whodecides,howitshouldbedone.• Nego7atedandProcessoriented• CommonagreementInformalWri?enwithclearlydefinedrights,responsibili7es,consequences• Monitored–Coregroup• Legal–OwnershipofprocessandtheRights• Agreedplanstomanagetheresource=simpleandimplementable

RobertULee

StudyPommeroy,Katon&Harkes1998

Philippines,Bangladesh,Thailand,Vietnam,Malaysia,IndonesiaPhilippines LocalGovernmentCodeof1991,thenewFisheriesCode,andthe

Na7onalDevelopmentPlanThailand Na7onaldevelopmentplansupportcommunity-basedmanagement

ini7a7vesVietnam MinistryofFisheriessupportspar7cipatoryapproachestoresource

managementandlocaluser-rights.Fisheriesmasterplan2011-2015Vision2020

Malaysia DepartmentofFisheriesisdevelopinganewfisheriespolicy,whichwillendorseco-managementarrangements.

Bangladesh Jointlypromo7ngsustainableuseofopenwaterfisheriesresourcesthroughtheac7vepar7cipa7onofusersinmanagement

Indonesia Na7onaldevelopmentplanpar7cipa7onoffishersineconomicdevelopment.revitalizetradi7onalresourcemanagementsystemsthroughcomanagementarrangements.RobertULee

Keycondi<onsessen<alforcommonpoolresources

Clearlydefinedboundaries(Highimportance)

Shouldbemanageable,knowledgeofecosystem,availabletechnologies,systemofmarkers,

Cleardefini<onofMembers(Highimportance)

Whoisauthorizedtofishandpar7cipateindecisionmakingisdefined.

BenefitsexceedCosts(Highimportance)

Fishersmustbeconvincedthatcomanagementwillbringbenefits

Managementrulesareenforced(Highimportance)

Rulesaresimple,monitoringandenforcementabletobeeffectedandsharedbyallfishers

Coopera<onandleadershipatcommunitylevel.(Highimportance)

Thereisanincen7veandwillingnessoffisherstoac7velypar7cipate,with7me,effortandmoney,infisheriesmanagement.Individualorgrouptakesresponsibilityforthemanagementprocess.

Par<cipa<onindecisionmakingandchangingarrangements.(Highimportance)

Peoplewhomakedecisionsalsocollectinforma7on.Ac7vepar7cipa7on

RobertULee

Importantcondi<onsforpoolresourcesGroupCohesion(Mediumimportance)

Samegears,proximitytomanagedarea,religion,socioeconomicandculturalhomogeneity

LegalRighttoOrganize(Mediumimportance)

Righttoorganizeandmakearrangementsrelatedtoitsneeds.Enablinglegisla7onfromthegovernmentdefiningandclarifyinglocalresponsibilityandauthority.

Decentraliza<onanddelega<onofauthority.(Mediumimportance)

Formalpolicyand/orlawsfordecentraliza7onofadministra7vefunc7onsanddelega7onofmanagementresponsibilityand/orauthoritytolocalgovernmentandlocalgrouporganiza7onlevels.Cannotowntheprocess

Coordina<onbetweengovernmentandcommunity.(Mediumimportance)

Coordina7ngbodybetweengovernmentandcommunity.Tomonitorthelocalmanagementarrangement

Exis<ngorganiza<on.(Mediumimportance)

Experiencewithcommunitybasedsystems.Representa7veofallresourcebasedusersinterestedinfisheriesmanagement

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace•  Incen7ves–selfmo7va7onornego7ated–  Basedonknowledgeandinforma7on–  Knownbeforetheprocessbegins–  Easierandfaster–selfrecogni7onoftheproblem– Willingtotakeac7on–  Differentmo<ves Differentstakeholders•  Pres7ge Poli7cians•  Money Tourism,fishers,traders,processors•  Livelihoods Fishers•  Recogni7on Communityheads•  Sustainability Developmentpartners•  Foodsecurity ProvincialandNa7onalGovernment•  RuleofLaw Navy,CoastGuard,Police•  Intl.Agreements Min.Environment,MARD,•  ImageofVietnam HeadofState,Government,Ci7zens

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace• Leadership–fromwithinaCoreGroup– Elected– Basedonknowledgeandinforma7onabouttheresource

– Acceptedbythefishersfromacoregroup– Willingtotakethelead– Sharingofresponsibili7esandshorttermsofoffice.

– Shouldnotbedependantononeperson– Capacitybuilding– Governmentarepartnersnotleaders–givespace

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace• Partnerscommiced– Understandingofotherpartner’sposi7on,needs,fears

– Buildingconsensus– Sanc7onsfornoncompliance– SecondChance?OrZerotoleranceor3strikesandyouareout?

– Trustisdevelopedandmaintainedbetweenpartners

– Mul7partnersleadstosustainability–financial,technicalandadministra7vesupportaherproject

RobertULeeEcolomarine@gmail.com

Whatmustbeinplace• Agreedplans––  ShouldbePriorityforallpartners–dailyexistence– Oneortwoachievableobjec7ves–  Keepitsimple–  Buildonexperience=progresstomorecomplex–  Informalatfirstleadingtowricenagreement–  Includeconflictmanagement–locallyformulatedrulesandenforcement.Facilitatedbygovernment.Forumforresolu7on

– Musttakeintoaccounttradi<onalmanagementsystems

–  Coordina7ngbody RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace

• Gender–MustNOTbelehout– Ac7vepar7cipa7oninthemembership– Goodgenderbalanceindecisionmakingandprocessfrombeginning

– Alterna7velivelihoodsforthefamilies– Protec7onofchildren– Differentperspec7ve– Allowedtopar7cipateandreceivetraining

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace• Monitoring–theagreedplans– Allpartnershavethecapacitytomonitor– Equipmentandmeanstomonitor– Rewardsforrepor7ng– PoliceandNa7onalpartnersinvolved– Repor7ngbacktoallpartners– Documenta7on– Communica7onandcoordina7on–free,non-threatening

– Showresults–Networkingispowerful– MandEdonebystakeholders

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace•  Capacitydevelopment––  Socioculturalandpoli7calcontext–  Capacitytoeffec7velypar7cipate–  Collec7veac7on,powersharing,dialogue–  Ideally-Stakeholdersgive7meandmoneyfortraining

–  Traininginleadership,communica7ons,fisheriesregula7ons,biology

–  Equipmentandmaterials–  Experttrainersandper7nentandtargetedknowledge–  Trainingoftrainers

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace•  LegalFramework––  LocalpowerstructureMUSTbeinagreement–  Sharingofbenefits,costsresponsibilityandauthority–  Sustainablewhenpropertyrightsareclearandenforced.Ownership=rightsandresponsibili<es&importanttodefendtheirrightfromoutsiders

–  Legi7mizeorganiza7ons–autonomousfrompoli7calpressure•  Recognizedbythecommunityandrepresentthemajority

–  Legalbasisforcomanagementmustexist

RobertULee

Whatmustbeinplace• Socialprepara7onphase––  Importantthatsufficient7mebeallocatedtosocialprepara7on,builddialogue,iden7fyposi7ons,buildtrust,buildself-relianceandconfidencetowardscollec7veac7on.

– Preparatoryphaseisconsideredimportant.

RobertULee

FinalResult•  Wricenresourcemanagementplans•  Appropriatephysicalboundariesareformulated

•  Willinglyimplementedbythemajorityofmainstakeholdersbylocalleadership

•  Legalframeworkwithoutlinestherights,ownership,responsibili7esandsanc7ons.

•  Managementplansaremonitoredbyamul7-stakeholdercoordina7ngbodyandleadstosustainabledevelopmentofthefisheries.

RobertULee

DataGatheringExis7ngData

Informa7ongathering

Sta7s7csOwnershipRegistra7onIden7fyStakeholders/AnalysisGapanalysis

TechnicalSocioeconomicEnvironmental

• Presenta7onofprojectatlocalworkshop

• Prepara7onofGAPdata

• ScreeningMee7ngswithvariousstakeholder

• Capacitybuilding

SocialPrepara7on

PreparatoryPhase

RobertULee

SocialPrepara7onPhase1

•  Mee7ngtoexplainprojectandsolicitcoopera7onforPar7cipatoryappraisalsurvey

•  Screeningofcommuni7es–forpar7cipa7on•  Choiceofcommuni7esbased–willingness,recogni7onofproblem

•  Setupdialogueforiden7fica7onoflocalleaders•  Advocacyforresourcesustainability•  Prepara7onofcapacityreduc7onplan

Developsenseofownership,regulardialogue,forma7onofcoordina7ngbody,understandinganddevelopinginterest,advocacy,supporttoplanningsharedunderstanding,priori7esofdifferentstakeholders

RobertULee

Choosingthecommune•  Extentthatfisheriesarethemainlivelihoods•  Extentthatfisherieshavemanagementproblems•  Extentofgoodworkingrela7onshipbetweenauthori7esandfishers

•  Extenttowhichfisheriescomanagementisperceivedasneeded

•  Presenceofotherdevelopmentprojectsandsocialinclusioninthearea(microfinance,

•  DecisiononsizeofgroupsmustbemadebasedoncapacityofPPMUandFA’stomanage,distancesbetweencommunes,homogeneity.

RobertULee

ExampleofStakeholderAnalysisName Strength Weakness ImportanceofCo

managementFisherieslivelihooddependence

SocialCohesion

Individuals Localknowledge -Unwillingtogroup Low High Low-Linkedtobuyernotcommunity

FisherAssocia7ons

-LocalKnowledge-Widemembership-Exis7ngstructure

-Poororganiza7onNotlegalized

High High NotonlyfishersAcceptedbycommunity

TraderAssocia7ons

-Accesstomarkets -Notconcernedaboutresources-Controlprices

Low Medium Onlytradersinassocia7on

FishProcessors -Businessskills-Investment-Knowhow

-Compe77onwithother-Profitnow-Controlprices

Low Medium Low–providerofemployment

TouristAssocia7on

-Providework-Needfish-Needsustainability

-Profitseeking

MediumtoHigh Low Low-

Otherfisheriesprojects

-Money,Interest,-ConnectedtoGovt.

-NotwillingtoworkwithCRSD-Protectowninterest

High Low

DARD -Mandatetomanage,-Fisheriesmanagement,laws

-LackofexperienceinComanagement

High High

PPMU -Goodprojectmanagementskills

-LackofexperienceinComanagement

High Medium Abilitytoinfluencecohesion

RobertULee

ExampleofStakeholderAnalysisName Strength Weakness ImportanceofCo

managementFisherieslivelihooddependence

SocialCohesion

Navy

Police

Tourismsector

EnvironmentMinistry

Womengroups

Feedmanufacturers

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Whoisfishing,howmany,whatgears,when,howmuch,whichspecies,CPUE,howmuchincomeandcosts,interestincomanagement,leveloforganiza7on,Whoelsehassignificantstakedotheywantcomanagement.

RobertULee

SocialPrepara7on&Capacitybuilding

PCU/PPMU

SelectTrainers

Trainingneedsanalysis

PrepareMaterials

SelectandtrainTrainers

CapacityBuilding

Ecosystem

Par7cipatoryapproaches

MonitoringandEvalua7on&Planning

Effec7vecommunica7ons

Organiza7onDevelopment

Subjects

Leadership

Ecosystem

Planning

Organiza7onDevelopment

Collec7veAc7ons

Subjects

StakeHolderAssocia<ons

SelectTrainersTrainingneedsanalysisPrepareMaterialsTrain

associa7onsandLeaders

CapacityBuilding

RobertULee

Nego7a7ngco-management

Localknowledge

Partnership

Planning

Implementa7onM&E

RobertULee

Nego7a7ngCo-management

Problemiden7fica7on

Longtermbenefits

ShorttermCosts

StatusofresourceDatacollec7on

Alterna7veLivelihoods

Knowledge

Coordina7ngbody

Developmentofrules

MonitoringandEvalua7on

Communica7ons

Networkingandfeedback

Partnersdevelop

Consulta7ons

Boundaries

Responsibility,rights

Legalityofplans

Collec7veAc7ons-priority

MCS

Developingplans

Monitoringimplementa7on

Applica7onofsanc7ons

Buildingtrust

MCS,sta7s7cs,

Feedbacktopartners

ImplementPlans

RobertULee

Legalexper7seOwnershipStatusofassocia7ons/groupsResponsibili7es

ReviewofLegisla7on

FlexibilityAuthoritySanc7onsTradi7onalsystemManagementplans

Valida7onandinclusion

ofstakeholder

ideas

Valida7onatna7onalworkshopHigherdecision

Modifica7onofexis7nglegisla7on

LegalReviewbasedonexperiencesinimplementa7on

RobertULee

Reducedboats=Lessoverfishing=BecerlivelihoodEffortControlandManagementOp7onsOp<ons EffectandConsequence

Buybackboats

Fleetreduced–Lossofjobs-Sciencebased,registra7on,MCS,sectoralrestructuring–lessmiddlemen.Needforalterna7velivelihoods.Obsoleteboatsdestroyed

Nonewboatbuilding Maintenanceandrepairsonly–Notechnologycreep–Howmanyreducedbasedonscience.

Protectedareas Protectreproduc7on–sciencebased–permanentclosurePar7cipatoryMCS,legalregula7ons,empowerment,enhancementwithstructures-costs,Possiblylimitedpossibili7es

PeriodicStopfishing Protectreproduc7on–sciencebased–reduceoverallproduc7on–valueadded

Obstacles

Stopandreducetrawling–costs–reduceconflict–improvebiodiversity-science

Specialreservedzones Reduceconflict–Monitoringandcontrolsneeded–sciencebased

CombatIUU Morebenefittolocals,MCS,laws,repor7ng,equipment,Governmentsupporttopolicing-

Gearandspecieslimita7ons

Type,numberandsizeofgearsreducedorregulated,speciessizeoramountallowedtobeharvestedisfixed

RobertULee

ExampleofPlanningforpreparatoryphaseNo. Result Ac<vi<es 1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr Resp. VND

000’s

1 Secondarydatareport

EmploymentofComponentCoordinator,ToRs,Gatherinforma7on,Review,FinalReport

PCU

2 AppraisalCompleted

1stCommunitymee7ng,Preparesurveymethodology,ToRs,conductsurveymee7ngs,interviews,integratebaselinedatafromResult1,analysisandfinalreport.Mappingoffishingareas,livelihoods.

PCUPPMUDARDPPC

3 2ndCommunityMee7ng

Organiza7onandplanning,implementa7on,mee7ngreport

DARDPPMUPPC

4 Iden7fica7onandselec7onofpilotcommuni7es

Dialogue,analysisofdatacollectedduringthe1,2and3aboveandstakeholderanalysis

PPCPCUPPMUDARD

5 Trainingneedsanalysis

ToRsfortrainers,needsanalysisforPMU,PPMU,DARD,FAs

PCU

6 Prepara7onofCapacityStrengthening

Prepara7onofmaterials,con7nua7onofregularmee7ngsanddialoguewithstakeholders

PCUPPMUPPC

7 Training Selec7onoftrainers,trainees,rolloutTrainingReport

PCUPPMUDARD

8 Year1.ProgressReport

Presenta7ontoStakeholdersprojectstatusandprepara7onofplanningforyear2

RobertULee

ExampleofPlanningforpreparatoryphaseNo. Result Ac<vi<es 1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr Resp. VND

000’s

1 Na7onalexpertsemployed

ComponentcoordinatorCallfortenders,Interviews,selec7onprocess

PCUPPMUs

2 BudgetPrepara7on

1stCommunitymee7ng,Preparesurveymethodology,ToRs,conductsurveymee7ngs,interviews,integratebaselinedatafromResult1,analysisandfinalreport.Mappingoffishingareas,livelihoods.

PCUPPMUDARDPPC

3 Detailedplanningworkshop

Organiza7onandplanning,implementa7on,mee7ngreport,foryear1

DARDPPMUPPC

4 Procurementofequipments

Preparespecifica7ons,tenderingprocess,purchaseanddelivery

PPCPCUPPMUDARD

5 Setupmonitoringandevalua7on

MandEconsultant PCU

6 Prepara7onandsigningofcoordina7onprotocol

Drahingandnego7a7ngagreementsandsigning

PCUPPMUPPC

7 Fleetreduced Consulta7ons,registra7ons,policydeveloped,reduc7onplanpreparedandpresentedbasedonnego7a7ons

RobertULee