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CO2 Capture Technology Options for Coal Fired Power Plant
Stanley SantosIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Lecture GHGT-10 Student Mentorship
2
Presentation Outline• Background
• Role of CCS in the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Power Generation Sector
• Technology Pathway of CCS – Importance of Power Plant Efficiency
• Overview• Post Combustion CO2 Capture• Oxyfuel Combustion CO2 Capture• Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture
• Overview to Economics• Concluding Remarks
3
WHAT IS ROLE OF CCS IN THE POWER GENERATION SECTOR?
Background Information
4
40% in 2007
Total Electricity Generation (17 408 TWh)
Coal39%
Oil7%
Gas20%
Nuclear16%
Hydro*16%
Other Renewables2%
Total Generation Capacity(4 054 GW)
Oil11%
Gas26%
Nuclear9%
Hydro*21%
Other Renewables2%
Coal31%
Source: IEA Energy Outlook 2006
World’s Source of Power Generation
Doubling of capacity by 2030
5
Growth in the Power Generation Sector
Cumulative power sector investment by the region for 2005 -2030
Source: IEA Energy Outlook 2006
6
Type of Investment in Power Generation between 2005 and 2030
An opportunity for the developing countries to adapt and use more energy efficient and less GHG emission technologies…
Source: IEA Energy Outlook 2006
7
Source: IEA ETP 2008
Emissions challenge (-50% of 2005) in 2050
8Source: IEA ETP 2008
Average Annual Power Generation Capacity Additions in the 450 ppm CO2 Stabilisation Case, 2013-2030
A large amount of capacity would need to be retired early, entailing substantial costs
9
POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGYOXYFUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGYPRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY
Overview to the Leading CO2 Capture Technologies for Power Generation
10
EPRI 2007
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POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY AND PATHWAY TO CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE
Important Pre-Requisite of CCS
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CO2 Abatement from Coal Fired Power Plants Requires a Twin Track Approach…
13
POST COMBUSTION CAPTUREOverview of CO2 Capture Technology for Power Generation
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Post-Combustion Capture
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CO2 Based Solvent Scrubbing• Use of Amine scrubbing to capture CO2 is the most mature
among the 3 mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.
• Amine based solvent is currently the commonly used for CO2
capture• widely used in food processing (ie. carbonated drinks) and chemical
industries (ie. Urea plant, natural gas processing)• Large scale demonstration (> 1 MT/yr of scale) – mostly in oil and gas
fields applicationso For example in Snohvit, Sleipner (Norway) and In Salah (Algeria)
• Current R&D Focus• Development of new type of solvents (improving efficiency)• Development of Absorption Tower Design (reducing CAPEX)• Development for application to coal fired power plant
Animated representation of CO2 removal from natural gas
Animated representation of CO2 removal from flue gas
18
Post-Combustion CO2 Capture (Kedah, Malaysia)
• 200 TPD CO2
separation plant using MHI KS1 Solvent (amine mixture).
• CO2 is captured from a UREA plant.
• This is operated by Petronas
19
Bellingham COGEN Power Plant (Flue Gas from Cogeneration Plant – Boston, USA)
Courtesy of Flour Daniel
350 TPD Liquid CO2 Plant using Flour Econamine FG SM* (proprietary MEA based solvent)
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Oxy-Coal Combustion Technology
21•2
Oxy-Combustion Technology
• Use of oxygen instead of air in a boiler – “Oxy-Combustion” is the least mature among the 3 mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.
• 3 key development issues• Boiler and burner development• Air Separation Unit – “Cost of oxygen production”• CO2 processing – “Removal of impurities”
22
1980’s
ANL/Battelle/EERC completed the first industrial scale pilot plant
1990 - 1995
EC Joule Thermie Project - IFRF / Doosan Babcock / Int’l Combustion
NEDO / IHI / Jcoal Project
First large scale 35MWt Oxy-Coal Burner Retrofit
Test done by International Combustion
1998 – 2001
CANMETUS DOE Project / B&W / Air Liquide
2003 - 2005
Vattenfall (ENCAP ++)CS Energy / IHI Callide Project
B&W CEDF 2008 30MWth CoalAlstom Alstom CE 2010 15MWth CoalDoosan Babcock DBEL - MBTF 2009 40MWth Coal
Alstom Schwarze Pumpe 2008 30MWth LigniteHitachi Babcock Schwarze Pumpe 2010 30MWth LigniteIHI Callide 2011 30MWeAlstom / AL Lacq 2009 30MWth Gas/Oil?CIUDEN El Bierzo CFB Facility 2011 30MWth Coal
El Bierzo PC Facility 2011 20MWth Coal
Coal
CIUDENBrindisi Test Facility 2012 48MWth CoalENEL HP Oxyfuel
2007
B&W CEDF (30MWt) large scale burner testing started
Updated by S. Santos (05/09/09)
2008
World’s FIRST 30 MWtfull chain demonstration
at Schwarze Pumpe Pilot Plant
By the end of 2010/2011, Users (i.e. Power Plant Operators) will have 6 burner manufacturers fully demonstrating “Utility Size
Large Scale Burners” which should give a high level of confidence
toward demonstration
2009 – Lacq – World’s first 30MWt
retrofitted Oxy-NG boiler
2011 – CIUDEN –World’s first 30MWt Oxy-CFB Pilot Plant
2011 – Callide –World’s first 30MWe retrofitted Oxy-coal
power plant
By 2014-2018
Demonstration of 50– 300MWe full scale power plant.
Target :“Commercialised by 2020”
Vattenfall - Janschwalde (PC -250MWe)KEPCO/KOSEP - Yongdong (PC - 100MWe)
FutureGen2 – Illinois (PC – 200 Mwe)Endesa/CIUDEN - El Bierzo (CFB - 300MWe)
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ANL - EERC StudyWorld’s 1st Oxy-Coal Pilot Scale StudyTower Furnace (~ 3MWth)
24
Vattenfall’s Effort in Leading Oxyfuel Development
2009 2010 20112005 2006 2007 2008
Pre- and Order planning
Permission planning
Execution planning
Commissioning
Erection
Operation
Time Table for Implementation of Oxy-Fuel Project
Courtesy of Vattenfall
25
Artist’s View
26
2727
Jänschwalde demonstration plant(view from south east)
Fuel feeding
Lignitedryer
Oxyfuelboiler
ASU
Flue gas cleaning
CO2-compressionPreparation and cleaning ofLignite condensate
PCC
Cooling waterpump
CO2-transport
CO2-compression
NH3-storage
2828
Jänschwalde demonstration plant. 500 MW with oxyfuel and post combustion capture
29
Pre-Combustion Capture(IGCC with CO2 Capture)
30
Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture(IGCC with CO2 Capture)
• Pre-combustion capture process is not a new concept. - It is primarily based on production of synthetic gas, separating the CO2 and using the decarbonised gaseous fuel for the gas turbine
• One of the main elements is the gasification of the fuel feedstock to produce your syngas.
• Gasification technologies could produce, in addition to a range of energy products, a waste gas stream, which is high in CO2 and at moderate pressure. This offers an opportunity to capture the CO2 using physical solvent.
32
Integrated Gasification Combine Cycle with CO2
CaptureShift & CO2
Capture
CO2
Shift & CO2
Capture
CO2
33
Coal IGCC in Operation Worldwide
34
IGCC – Currently in OperationNuon – Buggenum250 MWel
JPower – Fukushima 250 MWel
35
Dakota Synthetic Natural Gas Production Plant
36
CO2 Delivery to Weyburn
37
Rectisol Units of Dakota Gasification Plant
38
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF CCS FOR THE POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY
Impact of CO2 Capture Technology to Efficiency and Economics
39
Power Generation Efficiency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Post-comb
IGCCslurry
IGCC dry Oxyfuel Post-comb
Oxyfuel
Without capture With capture
39
Efficiency, % LHV
Source: IEA GHG studies
Coal Natural gas
40
Capital Cost
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
PostFluor
PostMHI
IGCCslurry
IGCCdry
Oxyfuel PostFluor
PostMHI
Oxyfuel
Without capture With capture
Source: IEA GHG studies
US $/kW
Coal Natural gas
Based on 1 US $/Euro
41
7.5
5.4
4.9
610 700 1000
Extra cost for CO2capture
Extra cost for
FGD
Power plant, excluding FGD
Capital cost, M$
Cost of electricity, c/kWh
Extra cost for FGD
New 500MW Power Plants
42
HEADLINE MESSAGESConcluding Remarks
43
Concluding Remarks• CCS will play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions from the power generation sector.• Several activities have been initiated worldwide in the
development of Carbon Capture for Power Generation industry.
• There are two set of horse race among the three options for newly build and retrofit plant. There is no leader at the moment!
• We need large scale demonstration of the carbon capture technology to build the confidence necessary for a rapid deployment.
• We need to overcome the challenges that CCS should face toward its path to commercialisation.
43
44
Sleipner capturing and injecting 1Mt/y CO2 since 1996
Weyburn capturing and
injecting 1.6 Mt/y CO2 since 2000
In-Salah capturing and injecting 0.8 Mt/y CO2 since 2004
Snohvit capturing and injecting 0.7Mt/y
CO2 since 2008
Rangeley injecting
0.8 Mt/y CO2since 1980’s
Total Anthropogenic CO2 captured and injected currently 5 Mt/y
Largest CO2 Storage Projects
45