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CO2
INJECTION AT K12-B
MONITORING AND MODELLING
2ND
COMBINED MEETING OF THE IEAGHG MODELLING AND MONITORING
NETWORKS, EDINBURGH, 2016
HIGHLIGHTS OF K12-B
First site in the world where CO2 is being injected into the same reservoir from which it originated
First and only operational CO2 storage project in the Netherlands, CO2 injection started in 2004
Serves as field laboratory on a fully productive gas platform in the Southern North Sea
CO2 injection performed on the mature, still producing natural gas field K12-B
12 years of capturing and re-injection of CO2 without any major incidents
Long term ongoing scientific research
Close collaboration between operator and
research institutes
7 July 20162 | Monitoring of K12-B
AIM OF THE INITIAL CO2
RE-INJECTION PROJECT
To investigate the feasibility of CO2 injection and storage in a for the
Netherlands typical Rotliegend natural gas reservoir
The initial feasibility study would address :
Legal, regulatory and social aspects
Necessary surface and sub-surface equipment
Economics of underground injection and storage
Expected behaviour of the natural gas field
Safety, monitoring and environmental aspects
Initial project was performed by Gaz de France and TNO
7 July 20163 | Monitoring of K12-B
LOCATION AND SIZE
Gas field in the Dutch sector of the North Sea
150 km North West of Amsterdam
8 km long & 2.5 km wide
7 July 20164 | Monitoring of K12-B
LOCATION AND SIZE
Overlay of the field as reference*
7 July 20165 | Monitoring of K12-B
K12-B6Upper Slochteren
Main reservoir
Lower Slochteren60% water saturation
Plug
Gas field in the Upper and Lower Slochteren*
Aeolian and fluvial sediments
Permian age
Zechstein salt seal
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
3900 m Depth*
Compartmentalized
128C
Low permeability
7 July 20166 | Monitoring of K12-B
OVERVIEW OF THE CO2
INJECTION FACILITIES
The CO2 is separated from the natural gas by means of an adsorption process with a solvent
A compression unit compresses the CO2 to approximately reservoir pressure to enable injection
Full-scale unit would be about 10 to 20 times larger than that of the current demonstration unit
7 July 20167 | Monitoring of K12-B
CO2
INJECTION AT K12-B
All wells were originally developed as natural gas producers
In 2004 actual CO2 injection started in single well compartment 4*
Investigate injectivity and test the injection facility
Investigate the behavior of CO2 in the well and the reservoir
Over 10 kt were injected using the K12-B8 well
Injection continued in 2005 in multi well compartment 3*,
additional goals:
Investigative well integrity under CO2 injection conditions*
Investigate possibilities for CO2 EGR
Over 100 kt CO2 re-injected and counting
K12-B8 – Injector/Producer
K12-B6 – Injector
K12-B5 - Producer
K12-B1 - Producer
K12-B3st1 - Producer
7 July 20168 | Monitoring of K12-B
DYNAMIC FLOW MODELS
History matched cellular models for pressure and flow were created*
Later also CO2 concentrations in production wells were modelled*
Various simulators where used and numerous updates were created
12
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6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500
Time [days]
CO
2 p
rod
uc
tio
n B
1 [
ma
ss
%]
B1 CO2 prod. Sim.
B1 CO2 prod. Obs.
7 July 20169 | Monitoring of K12-B
BACK PRODUCTION INJECTED CO2
Well K12-B8 is a gas producer that stopped producing mid-2004.
This well was used end 2004 and early 2005 for the first phase of CO2 injection in the K12-B field
(10 months of CO2 injection)*.
The figure shows the predicted reservoir pressure rises
slightly during the suspended state of the B8 producer.
This rise in pressure can be attributed to the low
transmissivity of faults, which allows for continuous and
gradual drainage of natural to the lower pressure
adjacent sub-compartment.*
7 July 201610 | Monitoring of K12-B
7 July 2016
BACK PRODUCTION INJECTED CO2
The well was back produced in 2007 after leaving the re-injected CO2 untouched for three years in
the reservoir.*
Measurements were taken (incl. CO2 concentration),
providing insights in the behavior of CO2 in the
depleted gas reservoir.
The experiment was repeated in 2014
11 | Monitoring of K12-B
BACK PRODUCTION INJECTED CO2
According to simulations the re-injected CO2
would stay rather close to the injector.
Simulation results, right after the second back
production period, indicate even higher CO2
concentrations near the injector / producer
7 July 201612 | Monitoring of K12-B
BACK PRODUCTION INJECTED CO2
The simulator calculated higher CO2 concentrations than measured and also a different
curve / development of the concentration through time.*
This means that the actual transport and fate of the
CO2 in the reservoir is not completely described
correct by the simulator.
We expect this to be caused by a more distinct
spreading and dispersion of the CO2 in reality than
what is calculated by the simulator.
This is being investigated under the EU Mirecol
project.
7 July 201613 | Monitoring of K12-B
K12-B1
0
5E-11
1E-10
1,5E-10
2E-10
2,5E-10
3E-10
3,5E-10
4E-10
4,5E-10
5E-10
1-8-
2004
17-2
-200
5
5-9-
2005
24-3
-200
6
10-1
0-20
06
28-4
-200
7
14-1
1-20
07
1-6-
2008
18-1
2-20
08
6-7-
2009
Tra
cer
Concentr
ation (
L/L
)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
CO
2 fra
ction (
%)
PMCP
1,3-PDMCH
CO2 fraction
K12-B5
0
5E-11
1E-10
1,5E-10
2E-10
2,5E-10
3E-10
3,5E-10
4E-10
4,5E-10
5E-10
1-8-
2004
17-2
-200
5
5-9-
2005
24-3
-200
6
10-1
0-20
06
28-4
-200
7
14-1
1-20
07
1-6-
2008
18-1
2-20
08
6-7-
2009
Tra
cer
Concentr
ation (
L/L
)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
CO
2 f
raction (
%)
PMCP
1,3-PDMCH
CO2 fraction
Objective: study the migration and the retardation effect of CO2 and CH4 in the reservoir
Initially 2 chemical tracers were injected in the K12-B6 well at start of CO2 injection in 2005
Tracer concentration was measured in the 2 (3) producers to identify exact breakthrough*
CHEMICAL TRACERS
K12-B6 – Injector
K12-B5 - Producer
K12-B1 - Producer
K12-B3st1 - Producer
7 July 201614 | Monitoring of K12-B
Last month (June 2016) new chemical tracers were injected in K12-B6
Tracers where designed together with CSIRO (Australia)
The tracers are expected to migrate at different velocities through the reservoir
Objective is roughly the same as the initial test, but we now also have tracers to mimic CO2*
CHEMICAL TRACERS
7 July 201615 | Monitoring of K12-B
Already the use of tracers has contributed to an improved understanding of how the CO2 migrates
through the reservoir and the general potential for CO2 enhanced gas recovery.
Current project on new chemical tracers is expected to further improve the general understanding
of CO2 injection in nearly depleted gas fields
CHEMICAL TRACERS
7 July 201616 | Monitoring of K12-B
OUTLOOK
Actual detection at production wells of the new innovative tracers
Experiment to restore the original natural salt seal
by removal of part of the casing
7 July 201617 | Monitoring of K12-B
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
