Coal as an energy carrier - today and into the future · 2008-09-14 · Coal as an energy carrier - today and into the future Robert M Davidson International Symposium ... Lignite

© IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

Coal as an energy carrier -today and into the future

Robert M Davidson

International SymposiumMoving Towards Zero Emission Plants

Leptokarya Pieria, Greece, 20-22 June 2005

www.ieagreen.org.uk


Outline

• IEA World Energy Outlook 2004

• Roadmaps and activities outside Europe


IEA World Energy Outlook 2004

www.iea.org

http://www.iea.org/

http://www.iea.org/


World primary energy demandFossil fuels account for almost 90% of the growth in energy

demand between now and 2030

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Nuclear powerHydro power

Other renewables

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mto

e

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mto

e

IEA – World Energy Outlook (2004)


Increase in world primary energy production by region

Almost all the increase in production to 2030 occurs outside the OECD

3%12%

85%

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

1971-2002 2002-2030

Mto

e

OECD Transition economies Developing countries

31%

10%

59%

share of total increase (%)



Electricity deprivation

In 2030 there could still be 1.4 billion people without electricity



0

4 000

8 000

12 000

16 000

20 000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mt o

f CO

2

OECD Transition economies Developing countries

Global emissions grow 62% between 2002 & 2030, and developing countries’ emissions will overtake OECD’s in the 2020s

World energy-related CO2 emissions



CO2 emissions by sector: 1990-2030CO2 emissions in power generation and transport are

expected to increase the most

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

1990 2002 2010 2020 2030

mill

ion

tonn

es o

f CO

2

Power Generation Other Transformation Industry Transport Other Sectors



Roadmapsand activities outside Europe

USA

Japan

Australia

China

India


IEA CCC reports related to pathways

• Clean coal technologies

• Clean coal technologies roadmaps

• Towards zero emission coal-fired plants(in draft)


USAStrategy and Presidential Initiatives

Key initiatives:

• Vision 21 – 21st century energy plant

• Clean Coal Technology - the President’s Coal Research Initiative which includes theClean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI)

• FutureGen – Integrated Sequestration and H2Research Initiative


Vision 2121st century energy plant

• Set of long-term strategic goals

• “Ultimate power plant” by 2015

• Fuel flexible, multi-product slate

• High efficiency (coal >60% HHV; gas >75% LHV; CHP 75-80% thermal)

• Near zero emissions (with CCS)

• Electricity costs at market prices

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/


Clean Coal Technology &The President’s Clean Coal Power

Initiative

• $2 billion over 10 years• Central power systems

focus• Gasification and

advanced combustion• Hydrogen from coal• CO2 capture and storage• Advanced research• Power Plant Improvement

Initiative (PPII) –2001 only

• Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI) –2001-2011

http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/cleancoal/


Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI)

• The demonstration part of the President’s Coal Research Initiative

• Co-financing (<50% DOE)• Helping utilities to address

targets of CSI and GCCI• CCPI 1 (2003 solicitation)

6 projects ($927m total value; $255m DOE)

• CCPI 2 (2004)4 projects ($1,833m total; $410m DOE)


FutureGenIntegrated Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative

• Launched February 2003• $1 billion over 10 years

(80% federal)• 275 MW coal gasification-based,

high efficiency plant by 2015• “Polygeneration” - producing

H2/electricity• Near zero emissions plant with

CCS (1My/y of CO2)• World’s 1st prototype “ZE coal”

plant• May incorporate fuel cell hybrid

cycle and may use coal/biomass• Open to non-US participation

http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/


JapanC3 (Clean Coal Cycle) Initiative

C3 Study Group launched January 2004

Considers:

• Full production, use and disposal chain

• Technologies for environmentally friendly utilisation

• Infrastructure measures to stabilise coal prices

• International cooperation necessary

• Gasification as core technology but also oxy-coal combustion – Australian co-operation

http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/C3InterimReporte.pdf


Japan’s C3 roadmap forrealising zero-emission coal utilisation

Coal gasification technology

Fixing technolog

2010

Air-blowing

gasification

Oxygen-blowing

gasification

High-grade coal

gasification

CO2 separation/ recovery

CO2 fixing

Timing of commercialization

Demonstration test

Demonstration testR＆D

Zero-emissionZero-emission

Demonstration test

2015 2020 2025 20302004

Demonstration test

R&D

R&D

Realization of zero-emission

2005

Commercial facility of

IGFC

Demonstration test

Gasification furnace for

industrial use

A-IGCC/A-IGFC

46-48% (Transmission-end

efficiency)

>65% (Transmission-end efficiency)

R&D

Assimilation with separation/fixing

technologies

HydrogenCH4

Chemicals

FC FC FC FC FC FC

FC FC

CO2

Power

H2

Demonstration test of the new separation and recovery

technologies

Deployment to fully-fledged storage

Improvement of heat efficiency

On the assumption that the amount is the same as the current unit price of coal-fired power generation (¥5.9/kWh as calculated on a trial basis by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan)

F/S

A-IGCC／A-IGFC

¥6/kWh* ¥6-¥7/kWh

55% (Transmission-endefficiency)

Coal gasification technology

Fixing technolog

2010

Air-blowing

gasification

Oxygen-blowing

gasification

High-grade coal

gasification

CO2 separation/ recovery

CO2 fixing

Timing of commercialization

Demonstration test

Demonstration testR＆D

Zero-emissionZero-emission

Demonstration test

2015 2020 2025 20302004

Demonstration test

R&D

R&D

Realization of zero-emission

2005

Commercial facility of

IGFC

Demonstration test

Gasification furnace for

industrial use

A-IGCC/A-IGFC

46-48% (Transmission-end

efficiency)

>65% (Transmission-end efficiency)

R&D

Assimilation with separation/fixing

technologies

HydrogenCH4

Chemicals

FC FC FC FC FC FC

FC FC

CO2

Power

H2

Demonstration test of the new separation and recovery

technologies

Deployment to fully-fledged storage

Improvement of heat efficiency

On the assumption that the amount is the same as the current unit price of coal-fired power generation (¥5.9/kWh as calculated on a trial basis by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan)

F/S

A-IGCC／A-IGFC

¥6/kWh* ¥6-¥7/kWh

55% (Transmission-endefficiency)


Australia – COAL21

Objectives/Issues/Activities

• To develop a National Clean Coal Strategy

• To promote and facilitate the demonstration, commercialisation and early uptake of CCTs in Australia

• To promote Australian R&D in CCTs

• To foster greater public awareness of the role of coal and the potential for CCTs

http://www.coal21.com.au/


Australiasummary of technology roadmaps

Pilot Implement

Demo Commercial

Pilot Demo Commercial

PilotEval Demo Commercial

Pilot Demo Commercial

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Lignite drying

Black and brown coal IGCC with CO2 capture

Geological storage of CO2

Oxyfuel combustion

Ultra Clean Coal

Australian Coal Association (2004)


Australia – Oxy-coal project

Joint feasibility study with Japan

Oxy-coal retrofitting with CO2 capture and geological storage

Two stages:

• Stage 1 – Detailed engineering feasibility study on the technical requirements and costs to convert an existing 30MWe PCC boiler to oxy-firing.

• Stage 2 – Establishment of an oxy-fired PCC demonstration plant capable of producing up to 150,000 tonnes per year of CO2 for geological storage over a test period of 3 to 4 years.


China

Subcritical PCC • Huge existing capacity• Massive numbers of new orders – 87GW in 2003,

hundreds of boilersSupercritical PCC

• Policy to rapidly deploy the technology• 43GW ordered in 2003, 93% of world supercritical

market, ~70 boilers• Ordering pattern continued through 2004 -2005

IGCC• Demonstration plant planned at Yantai

PFBC• Exploitation plans suspended

FBC• Numerous industrial scale FBC and CFBC


ChinaFuture Ordering Patterns

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

New Orders to meet IEA/Interfax/McCoy/China Energy ForecastThermal Capacity 2020 Prediction = 720GW

GW

10

20

30

40

43

No.600MWUnits


India

• Government and NTPC stating intentions to build supercritical PCC plant, but also showing interest in developing a gasification route

• BHEL operated 6 MWe fluidised bed gasifier IGCC during the late 1990s. Now seeking partners for 100 MWe demonstration plant

• Lignite-fuelled IGCC also planned

• Interest also in supercritical PCC and PFBC

• CFBC plants in operation since 1995


Process Evaluation and Demonstration Unit (PEDU)

Coal throughput 18 t/day

Gasifier diameter 450 mm

Gasification media air/steam mix

Gasification temperature 1000ºC

Gasification pressure 11 kg/cm2

Gas calorific value (HHV) 1050 kcal/m3

Coal size 1 to 4 mm

Courtesy of BHEL


Technology messages

• Pulverised coal combustion (PCC)

• Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)


The two principal technology options

Supercritical pulverised coal leading to ultra-supercritical steam conditions (>650C and >30 MPa), offering net efficiencies of 50% and above on an LHV basis over the next ten–twenty years.

In the longer term, IGCC could become the leading technology based on present knowledge as CO2capture and storage becomes the norm.

NOTE that there is predicted to be no significant difference between efficiencies of PCC and IGCC as they develop. HOWEVER, there is expected to be a lower efficiency penalty associated with IGCC where CO2 capture and storage are required.


PCC and IGCC plant

Tampa 250 MW IGCC plant in Florida

Iskenderun 1320 MW (gross) PCC plant in Turkey


Why we need both technologies

Uncertainty in R&D• not sure of outcomes and associated costs for

USC and IGCC

Time to deploy IGCC• will take 15-20+ years to see market

penetration

Construction policy in China and India• where most “new build” will occur

Documents

Coal as an energy carrier - today and into the future · 2008-09-14 · Coal as an energy carrier - today and into the future Robert M Davidson International Symposium ... Lignite